physiology and anatomy

how are blood components formed?

Blood cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells and are formed in the bone marrow through the highly regulated process of hematopoiesis.

bone

Bone is the hard connective tissue that makes up most of the human skeleton It consists of an organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic (mineral) component, The minerals, mainly calcium and phosphate, give rigidity to bone

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Which way do arteries run in relation to the heart?

(Arteries run away from the heart.)

What are osteoblasts?

(The cells that produce bone tissue)

Which way do veins run in relation to the heart?

(Veins run toward the heart.)

hematopoisesis

: the formation of blood or of blood cells in the living body. or (manufacture of blood cells)

Periosteum

A specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body It is responsible for the life of the bone and is capable of repair The outer layer is a network of dense connective tissue containing blood vessels The inner layer is loose connective tissue containing osteoblasts/ is the first layer of bone. A thin layer of whitish connective tissue, it contains nerves and blood vessels. The periosteum supplies the cells from which the hard bone below the periosteum is built up. It is necessary for bone growth and repair, nutrition, and elimination of waste.

definition of anatomy

Anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of the human body

Blood Vessels

Arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body Capillaries are a system of microscopic vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems Veins form a low-pressure collecting system to return the waste-filled blood to the heart

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

lateral

Away from the midline of the body (side)

Blood and Blood Cells

Plasma is a straw-colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products Plasma is 91% water Red blood cells contain the blood protein hemoglobin, which plays an essential role in oxygen transport White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, have the primary function of fighting disease in the body

Spleen

Produces lymphocytes and monocytes, (It stores red blood cells, maintains an appropriate balance between cells and plasma in the blood, and removes and destroys nonviable red blood cells.)

Two semilunar valves have three crescent-shaped flaps

Pulmonary semilunar valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve allows blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

There are three types of neurons:

Sensory neurons Motor neurons Associative neurons

cardiac muscle

Striated in appearance but resembles smooth muscle in action Cardiac muscle forms most of the walls of the heart, and contraction of this muscle results in the heartbeat It combines the power of striated voluntary muscles with the steady reliability of smooth, involuntary ones

What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart?

The atria are the upper chambers and the ventricles are the lower chambers.)

Neurons

The basic function of neurons is to direct communication or nerve impulses

Central nervous system (CNS)

The brain and the spinal cord, Brain The brain is the primary center for the regulation and coordination of the body's activities, and each part of the brain controls different aspects of body function Spinal cord The spinal cord carries all of the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body and is the pathway for impulses going to and from the brain

Where are capillaries located in relation to the arteries and veins?

The capillaries form a system of microscopic vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems.)

muscular system

Gives us the ability to stand, walk, run, jump, move our eyes, smile, and frown It is composed of more than 600 individual muscles For muscles to make the body move, they must work together Each muscle consists of muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and vascular (blood) tissue

compact bone

Hard, dense, and very strong It forms the outer layer of bone, where it is needed for strength

homeostasis

The cell is the basic structural unit of the body. • A tissue is a combination of similar cells. • An organ is a collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function. • A body system consists of a group of organs that work together to perform a specifi c function. • An organism is a life form made up of interde- pendent parts (cells, tissues, organs, and body systems), all of which work together to main- tain life.

peripheral system

The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves/ The autonomic nervous system controls unconscious activities such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, and pupil size The somatic nervous system controls conscious activities

Endocrine System

The endocrine system consists of ductless glands and tissues that help regulate the body's activities The glands secrete hormones directly into the blood These hormones affect metabolism, growth, and development The hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, not through a duct

Heart Chambers

The heart functions as a double pump: The right side pumps blood to the lungs The left side sends blood to the rest of the body The coronary vessels supply blood to the heart muscle Each side is subdivided into an upper and a lower chamber

The Pericardium

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled membranous sac known as the pericardium Pericardial fluid between the layers prevents friction when the heart beats

body system background info

The human body has 10 systems Each system has specific organs within it Each body system performs specific functions In a healthy human being, all 10 systems are functioning

Urinary System

The kidneys are the site of formation of urine, which carries waste materials away from the blood The ureters transport the urine from the kidney The bladder stores urine until it can be eliminated The urethra is the conduit through which the bladder is emptied during the process of urination

Nervous System

The nervous system is the communication system of the body Instructions and directions are sent out by this system to the various organs in the body

epithelial tissue

The nose and the respiratory system are lined with mucous membrane, a specialized form of epithelial tissue

Muscle origin

The place where the muscle begins (originates) This is the more fixed attachment, the end of the muscle that is closer to the midline of the body, or both

Muscle insertion

The place where the muscle ends (inserts) It is the more movable end, the portion of the muscle that is farther from the midline of the body, or both

heart

The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae, the largest veins to enter the heart. Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. Blood flows from here into the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Blood then goes into the aorta, the largest of the arteries, and is pumped to all parts of the body except the lungs.

Digestive System

The role of the digestive system is to provide the body with the nutrients, water, and electrolytes necessary for life The digestive system functions under involuntary control

abdominal pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

distal

away from the point of attachment

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

organization

cell, tissue, organs, organ system

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic system

central and nervous system

what type of bone is adjacent to the Periosteum?

compact bone

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

cranial cavity

contains the brain

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Transeverse (Horizontal) Plane

divides superior and inferior

What system produces hormones?

endocrine system

bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

definition of physiology

is the study of how living things function, how parts work, what they do, and why

Cuadal and inferior

located near sacrum and tailbone

How are antibodies produced?

made by lymphocytes. each will make one type of antibody. lymphocytes will keep one antibody on its surface and when it attaches to an antigen it'll rapidly produce antibodies. and B cells

superficial

near the surface

osteum

pertaining to bone or sponge like

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle

cardiovascular system

Consists of the following: Circulatory system Heart Lymphatic system These systems provide life-sustaining capabilities for the survival of body cells and tissues, Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells and transporting carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells, as well as transporting hormones and antibodies throughout the body Regulating body temperature and chemical stability

axial skeleton

Consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum Its function is to protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems The bones of the skull are of primary importance to the dental assistant

appendicular skeleton

Consists of the upper extremities and shoulder girdle plus the lower extremities and pelvic girdle It protects the organs of digestion and reproduction

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Respiratory System

Delivers oxygen to the millions of cells in the body and transports the waste product carbon dioxide out of the body

Blood Typing and Rh Factor

Do you know what classification of blood you have? (Answers will vary.) If you don't know, how can you find out? (Answers will vary.) Which type of blood is the universal donor? (Type O) Which type is the universal recipient? (AB positive)

Lymphatic System

Drainage vessels absorb excess protein from tissues and return it to the bloodstream Lymphoid organs contribute to the immune system to assist with destruction of harmful microorganisms,Masses of lymphatic tissue that are located in the upper portions of the nose and throat, where they form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue

function of liver

Filtration. Digestion. Metabolism and Detoxification. Protein synthesis

Digestive System

Ingestion: Occurs when food is taken into the mouth Digestion: Begins in the mouth as food is masticated with saliva and then swallowed Movement: Chewed food is subjected to peristalsis, the rhythmic wavelike contractions that move the food through the digestive tract Absorption: Nutritional elements in the gastrointestinal tract pass through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream Elimination: In the large intestine, solid by-products of digestion are eliminated from the body in feces

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle is under the control of the autonomic nervous system and is not controlled voluntarily Visceral muscle is so named because it is found in the visceral (internal) organs, except the heart It is also found in hollow structures such as the digestive and urinary tracts

Cancellous bone

Lighter in weight, but not as strong as compact bone It is found in the interior of bones

Lingual tonsils are located

Lingual tonsils are located on the back of the tongue

Nasopharyngeal tonsils are found

Nasopharyngeal tonsils are found in the nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils are located

Palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx between the anterior and posterior pillars of

Blood Typing and Rh Factor

The safe administration of blood from donor to recipient requires typing and cross-matching Blood typing is based on the antigens and antibodies found in the blood The most important classifications are A, AB, B, and O Patients who receive blood that is incompatible with their own may experience a serious and possibly fatal reaction

skin stucture

The skin is composed of different layers, including the following: Epidermis The outer layer of the skin; has no blood supply of its own Dermis Contains many free nerve endings and receptors, which allow for detection of touch, temperature, and pain Subcutaneous fat A layer of loose connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying organs; insulates the body against heat loss and cushions underlying organs

Integumentary System

The skin is the body's first line of defense against disease Functions of the skin system: Helps regulate body temperature Provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body Excretes liquids and salts Provides sensitivity to touch Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to convert chemicals into vitamin D necessary for absorption of calcium

One-way valves prevent the backflow of blood and separate the chambers of the heart by opening and closing with each heartbeat

The tricuspid valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle The mitral valve has two cusps and lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Describe the upper and lower chambers

The upper chambers, the atria, receive blood. The ventricles, the lower chambers, pump blood.)

Urinary System

The urinary system is also known as the excretory system Its principal function is to maintain fluid volume and composition of the body fluids Waste products leave the body in the form of urine, and the needed substances are returned to the blood

skeletal system

There are 206 bones in the human body For descriptive purposes, the skeleton is divided into the axial and appendicular skeletal systems

medial

Toward the midline of the body

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

phrase Dr. Perrin always tells us

to try to teach you how to think

cephalic (superior)

toward the head

coronal and frontal plane

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions