Physiology Renal Test
Normal HCO3 range
22-26
Normal PCO2 range
35-45
Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron? A) Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration B) Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion C) Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration D) Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption
B) Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
Presence of which of the following in the urine, even in small amounts, is indicative of a possible problem in the renal system of a patient? A) Sodium B) Glucose C) Creatinine D) Urea
B) Glucose
Which of the following anatomical portions of a nephron connects the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle? A) Connecting tubule B) Proximal convoluted tubule C) Collecting duct D) Distal convoluted tubule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
PTH likes PTH hates
Calcium Phosphate
Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption
False
Renal blood flow is 80 percent of cardiac output
False (25%)
Filter load of glucose increases inversely proportion to the plasma glucose concentration
False (direct)
Approximately 80 percent of plasma that enters the glomeruli is filtered
False -(20%)
Plasma is 3/4 of extracellular fluid and has plasma protein, albumin, and globin
False -1/4
As blood flows through the glomeruli, all the plasma filters into the capsule
False -20%
Interstitial fluid is 1/4 extrcellular fluid and has little protein
False -3/4 vessel is 1/4 extracellular
Each glomerulus is supplied with blood by an arteriole called an efferent
False -afferent
The segment of the tubule that drains bowman's capsule is the distal tubule
False -proximal tubule
Calcium and ____ compete for reabsorption
Mg
Calcium likes
Mg and Na
Aldosterone likes Aldosterone hates
Na K
How many nephrons does the average adult human kidney contain (a nephron is the main functional unit of the kidney)?
Roughly 1,000,000
As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why?
The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water
Acidemia is serum pH below 7.35
True
Aldosterone is secreted when blood volume is decreased, and increased potassium, it will cause slow increase sodium reabsorption and increase potassium secretion
True
Alkalemia is serum pH higher than or equal to 7.45
True
Angiotensin II is secreted when there is decreased blood volume or increased osmolarity. There is fast increase in sodium, H ion, and HCO3
True
Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted when plasma osmolarity increases and when blood volume is low
True
Both BUN and serum creatinine increase in blood when GFR decreases
True
Constriction of the afferent arteriole (sympathetic) cause decrease in GFR
True
Correction of Respiratory acidosis consists of increase reabsorption of HCO3 and increase excretion of H, NH4
True
Correction of Respiratory alkalosis consists of decreased reabsorption of HCO3
True
Correction of metabolic acidosis consists of increased reabsorption of HCO3
True
Correction of metabolic alkalosis is increased excretion of HCO3
True
Diarrhea: loss of isotonic fluid so will lead to extracellular fluid volume decrease but no change in osmolarity, or intracellular fluid because osmolarity is unchanged, water doesn't shift between extracellular and intracellular compound
True
Excessive NaCl will lead to water shift from intracellular to extracellular. intracellular osmolarity increases until it equals extracellular fluid
True
High dietary potassium increase potassium secretion and low dietary potassium reduce potassium secretion
True
If the filtered load is greater than the excretion rate than the net reabsorption has occurred
True
If the filtered load is less than the excretion rate, than net secretion has occurred
True
In chronic respiratory alkalosis, renal compensation would kick out HCO3 and take in more H
True
In metabolic acidosis, Renal compensation consists of increases reabsorption of HCO3 and increase excretion of H and ammonium NH4
True
In metabolic acidosis, renal compensation consists of increased excretion of H ion and NH4 and increase reabsorption of HCO3 to help normalize pH
True
Infusion of isotonic sodium chloride addition of isotonic fluid will lead to plasma protein concentration and hematocrit decrease because the addition of fluid to the extracellular fluid dilutes the protein and RBCs because extracellular fluid osmolarity is unchanged, the RBCs will not shrink or swell
True
K sparing diuretics decrease potassium secretion and if used alone, causes hyperkalemia
True
Most of plasma protein albumin and globulin are excluded from renal filtrate because of high molecular weight
True
Overproduction or ingestion of fixed acids or loss of base will produce increase in H ion which would cause acidemia
True
Parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption
True
Potassium is most abundant intracelluar ion, 2% of total body potassium is in extracellular fluid, but this concentration is very important for nerve and muscle membrane potentials.
True
Reabsorption is the difference between the amount filtered across the glomeruli capillaries and the amount excreted in the urine
True
Reabsorption of most useful plasma components like Na, H20, glucose are relatively complete so that the amount secreted in the urine represents very small fraction of filter load
True
Sodium is reabsorbed along the entire nephron and very little is excreted in the urine, less than 1 percent of the filtered load
True
The proximal tubule reabsorbs 2/3 (67%) of filtered sodium and H20 more than any other part of the nephron
True
The renal corpuscle is a filter and contain interconnective capillaries called glomerulus
True
loop diuretics : increase potassium secretion, increase flow rate through the distal tubule, cause dilution of potassium concentration and cause hypokalemia
True
Renal Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure difference between the renal artery and vein, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the renal vasculature
True change in P/R
Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is always much lower than its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? a) Glucose b) Potassium c) Urea d) Sodium
a) Glucose
Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of Henle) of a healthy adult nephron? a) Large molecular weight protein b) amino acids c) glucose d) electrolytes
a) Large molecular weight protein
Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is almost always identical to its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? a) sodium b) glucose c) creatinine d) chloride
c) creatinine
The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following? a) Blood pH b) Blood pressure c) Blood solute concentrations d) Blood temperature
d) blood temperature
Infusion of isotonic sodium chloride addition of isotonic fluid will lead to arterial blood pressure decrease because extracellular fluid decreases
false -arterial blood pressure would increase
Extracellular fluid osmolarity and intracellular osmolaroty are equal at steady state, osmolarity is the solute concentration of a solute
true
Urea likes
water