PNE 155 Chapter 25
Normal adult respiration averages between?
10-20
How many sets of tonsils can be found in the oropharynx and where are they located?
2; palatine- located at the oral cavity lingual- base of the tongue
The larynx is: a) usually larger in males b) usually larger in females c) same in both male and female d) small in the male
A larger in males
The top of each lung is called?
Apex
All of the following are paranasal sinuses except? a) frontal b) temporal c) maxillary d) sphenoidal
B Temporal
Which of the following is not a fxn of the nasal passage: a) warming and moistening inhaled air b) acts as a filter c) allows for absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide d) serves as a passageway for air
C allows for absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide
The major regulator of respiration?
CO2
Acid Base Balance
CO2 can alter pH
Olfactory nerve
Carries nerve impulses to the brain
What is the nasal septum? And what is its function?
Consists of bone and cartilage. Divides internal nose into 2 sides.Also responsible for sense of smell
When taking a respiratory hx, the nurse should assess: a) previous history of lung disease in the patient and his family b) smoking and exposure to allergies c) occupational and environmental influences d) all of the above
D all the above
Parts of Trachea
Esophagus- transports food from the pharynx to the stomach, posterior to the larynx and trachea
How many lobes are in the two lungs?
Left lung 2 Right lung 3
The central portion of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs is a space called
Mediastinum
Pathway for external breathing:
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Bronchi
Upper Respiratory tract
Nose, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea
The structure commonly called the throat?
Oropharynx
2 lungs
Stations where oxygen is delivered from outside air and carbon dioxide is removed
___________ is the amount of air in a single inspiration or expiration
Tidal Volume
What structure is known as the "windpipe"
Trachea
What is the correct sequence of the organs of the respiratory system?
Trachea, larynx, epiglottis, nasal cavity, alveolar sac, nasopharynx
What is the function of the esophagus?
Transports food from pharynx to the stomach
Regulation of Respiratory
Voluntarily and controlled by medulla in brain
All of the following are true of the trachea except: a) it is located above the larynx b) it is lined with cilia c) it is a tube that consists of C shaped rings of cartilage and connective tissue d) it extends from the larynx into the chest cavity
a it is located above the larynx
Parts of nasopharynx
a) Adenoids- assists in immune response to foreign invaders (found in children) b) Auditory Tube- connects to nasopharynx with the middle ear
Types of Respiratory
a) External or Pulmonary: exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli of lungs b) Internal or Cellular: exchange of CO2 and O2 in cells
Parts of Sinuses
a) Frontal- one on each side of your eye sockets b) Maxillary- One on each side of nose, in conjunction with maxillary bone c) Ethmoidal- lie between the eyes d) Spheroidal- lie on each side of nasal cavity in the area of the orbit
Pathway for breathing
a) Inhalation: breathing air in b) Expiration: breathing air out c) Eupnea: normal breathing d) Dyspnea: difficult breathing e) Orthopnea: denotes dyspnea that is relieved when a person sits up f) Diaphragm: contracts and flattens to increase both chest space and pleural vaccum g) Intercostal Muscles: between ribs, contract to life and spread ribs during inhalation adding to the vaccum
Parts of your nose
a) Nasal Septum- divides internal nose into 2 sides. Consists of bone and cartilage b) Cilia- tiny hair like projections that serve as filters to remove foreign particles that may be carried to the lungs
Parts of Pharynx
a) Nasopharynx- passageway for the air only b) Oropharynx- parts of the pharynx extending from uvula and epiglottis c) Laryngopharynx- lowest portion of the pharynx. Extends from epiglottis to its division into 2 separate passageways- Larynx (for air) and esophagus (for food)
Parts of Larynx
a) Thyroid Cartilage: largest cartilage AKA Adams Apple b) Epiglottis: lid or cover of cartilage. Guards the entrance to the larynx, helps prevent food from entering the lower respiratory system c) Vocal Cords: 2 thin, triangle shaped reed like folds or fibrous bands
Parts of Oropharynx
a) Tonsils- help collect and destroy foreign substances
Parts of Bronchi
a) Trachneobronchial Tree: looks like an upside down tree b) Bronchioles: As the bronchi becomes smaller, walls become thinner. the amount of cartilage decreases c) Alveolar Ducts- Look like stems, gives lungs their spongy appearance d) Alveolar Sacs- Looks like cluster of grapes
Layers of Pleura
a) Visceral- inner layer that covers lungs b) Parietal- lines chest cavity c) Pleural Space: vaccum, changes in intensity during breaths
Lower Respiratory Tract
a) bronchi
Aging on Respiratory System
a) lung elasticity decreases b) alveoli decreases c) strength and rate decreases d) chest size decreases e) chest size increases in COPD
Fxn of the respiratory system
a) oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange b) acid base balance c) protection d) speech
What is the function of the trachea?
air passes from the larynx to the trachea. Mucus in trachea traps inhaled foreign particles
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in
alveoli
A temporary cessation of breathing is known as
apnea
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external respiration takes place in
aveoli
Patient c/o increased pain with respiration. The nurse realizes this means when the patient
breathes in and out
As the trachea enters the chest cavity, it divides into two smaller tubes called:
bronchi
The smallest division of the bronchus are?
bronchioles
The waste product of respiration is
carbon dioxide
The hair like projections lining the respiratory membranes are
cilia
Mucociliary Escalator
cilia that transport mucus and foreign material out of the respiratory tract
The two body systems that share the responsibility for supplying an adequate amount of oxygen to all the cells of the body are
circulatory and respiratory
Auditory tubes
connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear
Resp Refluxes
coughing, sneezing and yawning
Large dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities is:
diaphragm
The _________ is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
Coughing
dislodges objects
Lobes
divided into sections ~ R lung has 3 lobes ~ L lung has 2 lobes
A lid or cover of cartilages called the _______ guards the entrance to the larynx
eipigottis
The __________ acts as a lid to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea
epiglottis
What is a synonym for normal breathing?
eupnea
Gas Exchange
exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs in alveoli which are on cell layer. Thick and lined with capillaries
What is respiration?
exchange of gases between the external environment and body's cell
The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the alveoli of the lungs is call ________ respiration
external
What are the two types of respiration?
external respiration and internal or cellular respiration
Epiglottis
guards the entrance of the larynx
Surfacant
helps prevent moist sacs of air in the lungs from collapsing
Resp Acidosis
increase CO2
The main muscles involved in adult respiration are:
intercostal and diaphragm
Hoarseness or inability to make voice sounds would be a result of inflammation or injury to the
larynx
Pleura
lower resp. tract contains smooth double layered sac of membrane
Where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
lungs
Mediastinum
lying between lungs in the thorax
Sneezing
means irritant is in nasal passages
Respiratory center is located where?
medulla
Breathing
moves air to and from alveoli
Secretion produced by the membrane lining of the respiratory tract is?
mucus
What are the effects of aging on the respiratory system?
organs lose elasticity, chest walls become stiffer, lungs cannot expand
The __________ is the part of the pharynx that extends from the uvula to the epiglottis
oropharynx
The function of the ______ is to allow the lungs to move without causing pain or friction against the chest walls
pleura
The lungs are enclosed in a serous membrane called
pleura
Sinuses
providing resonance for the voice
Carbon Dioxide Levels
regulate respiratory (increase levels stimulate breathing)
The action that forces air out of the lungs is
relaxation of the diaphragm
Carbon Dioxide acts as a
respiratory stimulant
Yawning
response to lack of oxygen or accumulation of CO2
What is the function of the larynx?
serves as an air passageway between pharynx and trachea
The pleura are the
smooth, moist membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the outer surface of the lining
The walls of the alveoli are lined with a chemical which helps to prevent the walls from collapsing between breaths. This chemical is called?
surfactant
The medical term for fast breathing is
tachypnea
It would not be possible for oxygen to reach the lung tissues if there were an obstruction in
the trachea
Resp Alkolosis
too little CO2 (caused by hyperventilation)
Apex
top of lung
What are the processes of respiration?
ventilation, gas exchange and transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
The membrane which encloses and adheres to the lungs is called
visceral pleura
Phonation
voice production
Base
wide portion of lung that hangs over diaphragm
2 types of tonsils
~Palatine- located posterior on each side of the oral cavity (most commonly removed during tonsillectomy) ~ Lingual - located in the base of tongue