PNE 155 Chapter 25

Normal adult respiration averages between?

10-20

How many sets of tonsils can be found in the oropharynx and where are they located?

2; palatine- located at the oral cavity lingual- base of the tongue

The larynx is: a) usually larger in males b) usually larger in females c) same in both male and female d) small in the male

A larger in males

The top of each lung is called?

Apex

All of the following are paranasal sinuses except? a) frontal b) temporal c) maxillary d) sphenoidal

B Temporal

Which of the following is not a fxn of the nasal passage: a) warming and moistening inhaled air b) acts as a filter c) allows for absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide d) serves as a passageway for air

C allows for absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide

The major regulator of respiration?

CO2

Acid Base Balance

CO2 can alter pH

Olfactory nerve

Carries nerve impulses to the brain

What is the nasal septum? And what is its function?

Consists of bone and cartilage. Divides internal nose into 2 sides.Also responsible for sense of smell

When taking a respiratory hx, the nurse should assess: a) previous history of lung disease in the patient and his family b) smoking and exposure to allergies c) occupational and environmental influences d) all of the above

D all the above

Parts of Trachea

Esophagus- transports food from the pharynx to the stomach, posterior to the larynx and trachea

How many lobes are in the two lungs?

Left lung 2 Right lung 3

The central portion of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs is a space called

Mediastinum

Pathway for external breathing:

Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Bronchi

Upper Respiratory tract

Nose, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea

The structure commonly called the throat?

Oropharynx

2 lungs

Stations where oxygen is delivered from outside air and carbon dioxide is removed

___________ is the amount of air in a single inspiration or expiration

Tidal Volume

What structure is known as the "windpipe"

Trachea

What is the correct sequence of the organs of the respiratory system?

Trachea, larynx, epiglottis, nasal cavity, alveolar sac, nasopharynx

What is the function of the esophagus?

Transports food from pharynx to the stomach

Regulation of Respiratory

Voluntarily and controlled by medulla in brain

All of the following are true of the trachea except: a) it is located above the larynx b) it is lined with cilia c) it is a tube that consists of C shaped rings of cartilage and connective tissue d) it extends from the larynx into the chest cavity

a it is located above the larynx

Parts of nasopharynx

a) Adenoids- assists in immune response to foreign invaders (found in children) b) Auditory Tube- connects to nasopharynx with the middle ear

Types of Respiratory

a) External or Pulmonary: exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli of lungs b) Internal or Cellular: exchange of CO2 and O2 in cells

Parts of Sinuses

a) Frontal- one on each side of your eye sockets b) Maxillary- One on each side of nose, in conjunction with maxillary bone c) Ethmoidal- lie between the eyes d) Spheroidal- lie on each side of nasal cavity in the area of the orbit

Pathway for breathing

a) Inhalation: breathing air in b) Expiration: breathing air out c) Eupnea: normal breathing d) Dyspnea: difficult breathing e) Orthopnea: denotes dyspnea that is relieved when a person sits up f) Diaphragm: contracts and flattens to increase both chest space and pleural vaccum g) Intercostal Muscles: between ribs, contract to life and spread ribs during inhalation adding to the vaccum

Parts of your nose

a) Nasal Septum- divides internal nose into 2 sides. Consists of bone and cartilage b) Cilia- tiny hair like projections that serve as filters to remove foreign particles that may be carried to the lungs

Parts of Pharynx

a) Nasopharynx- passageway for the air only b) Oropharynx- parts of the pharynx extending from uvula and epiglottis c) Laryngopharynx- lowest portion of the pharynx. Extends from epiglottis to its division into 2 separate passageways- Larynx (for air) and esophagus (for food)

Parts of Larynx

a) Thyroid Cartilage: largest cartilage AKA Adams Apple b) Epiglottis: lid or cover of cartilage. Guards the entrance to the larynx, helps prevent food from entering the lower respiratory system c) Vocal Cords: 2 thin, triangle shaped reed like folds or fibrous bands

Parts of Oropharynx

a) Tonsils- help collect and destroy foreign substances

Parts of Bronchi

a) Trachneobronchial Tree: looks like an upside down tree b) Bronchioles: As the bronchi becomes smaller, walls become thinner. the amount of cartilage decreases c) Alveolar Ducts- Look like stems, gives lungs their spongy appearance d) Alveolar Sacs- Looks like cluster of grapes

Layers of Pleura

a) Visceral- inner layer that covers lungs b) Parietal- lines chest cavity c) Pleural Space: vaccum, changes in intensity during breaths

Lower Respiratory Tract

a) bronchi

Aging on Respiratory System

a) lung elasticity decreases b) alveoli decreases c) strength and rate decreases d) chest size decreases e) chest size increases in COPD

Fxn of the respiratory system

a) oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange b) acid base balance c) protection d) speech

What is the function of the trachea?

air passes from the larynx to the trachea. Mucus in trachea traps inhaled foreign particles

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in

alveoli

A temporary cessation of breathing is known as

apnea

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external respiration takes place in

aveoli

Patient c/o increased pain with respiration. The nurse realizes this means when the patient

breathes in and out

As the trachea enters the chest cavity, it divides into two smaller tubes called:

bronchi

The smallest division of the bronchus are?

bronchioles

The waste product of respiration is

carbon dioxide

The hair like projections lining the respiratory membranes are

cilia

Mucociliary Escalator

cilia that transport mucus and foreign material out of the respiratory tract

The two body systems that share the responsibility for supplying an adequate amount of oxygen to all the cells of the body are

circulatory and respiratory

Auditory tubes

connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear

Resp Refluxes

coughing, sneezing and yawning

Large dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities is:

diaphragm

The _________ is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

diaphragm

Coughing

dislodges objects

Lobes

divided into sections ~ R lung has 3 lobes ~ L lung has 2 lobes

A lid or cover of cartilages called the _______ guards the entrance to the larynx

eipigottis

The __________ acts as a lid to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea

epiglottis

What is a synonym for normal breathing?

eupnea

Gas Exchange

exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs in alveoli which are on cell layer. Thick and lined with capillaries

What is respiration?

exchange of gases between the external environment and body's cell

The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the alveoli of the lungs is call ________ respiration

external

What are the two types of respiration?

external respiration and internal or cellular respiration

Epiglottis

guards the entrance of the larynx

Surfacant

helps prevent moist sacs of air in the lungs from collapsing

Resp Acidosis

increase CO2

The main muscles involved in adult respiration are:

intercostal and diaphragm

Hoarseness or inability to make voice sounds would be a result of inflammation or injury to the

larynx

Pleura

lower resp. tract contains smooth double layered sac of membrane

Where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide

lungs

Mediastinum

lying between lungs in the thorax

Sneezing

means irritant is in nasal passages

Respiratory center is located where?

medulla

Breathing

moves air to and from alveoli

Secretion produced by the membrane lining of the respiratory tract is?

mucus

What are the effects of aging on the respiratory system?

organs lose elasticity, chest walls become stiffer, lungs cannot expand

The __________ is the part of the pharynx that extends from the uvula to the epiglottis

oropharynx

The function of the ______ is to allow the lungs to move without causing pain or friction against the chest walls

pleura

The lungs are enclosed in a serous membrane called

pleura

Sinuses

providing resonance for the voice

Carbon Dioxide Levels

regulate respiratory (increase levels stimulate breathing)

The action that forces air out of the lungs is

relaxation of the diaphragm

Carbon Dioxide acts as a

respiratory stimulant

Yawning

response to lack of oxygen or accumulation of CO2

What is the function of the larynx?

serves as an air passageway between pharynx and trachea

The pleura are the

smooth, moist membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the outer surface of the lining

The walls of the alveoli are lined with a chemical which helps to prevent the walls from collapsing between breaths. This chemical is called?

surfactant

The medical term for fast breathing is

tachypnea

It would not be possible for oxygen to reach the lung tissues if there were an obstruction in

the trachea

Resp Alkolosis

too little CO2 (caused by hyperventilation)

Apex

top of lung

What are the processes of respiration?

ventilation, gas exchange and transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

The membrane which encloses and adheres to the lungs is called

visceral pleura

Phonation

voice production

Base

wide portion of lung that hangs over diaphragm

2 types of tonsils

~Palatine- located posterior on each side of the oral cavity (most commonly removed during tonsillectomy) ~ Lingual - located in the base of tongue