Political Parties
The idea of "service parties
was first developed in the Republican Party
Until recently, state party organizations were:
weaker than the local party organizations
With respect to gender, we find that
women's political preferences have moved to the Left in many Western democracies
External political efficacy, trust in government, and citizen duty
1)feelings that government is responsive to citizens 2)and can be trusted to do what is right 3)and a sense of responsibility to take part in election High levels of all three increase the likeliness that a person will vote but these attitudes have lessened in recent years as has voter turnout.
Minor party presidential candidates can receive public funding for their campaigns if they receive at least ______ percent of the popular vote
5
The leader of the Federalists, the first group to resemble a party, was ______.
Alexander Hamilton
Which of the following is most true of the relationship between an individual's income and his or her voting behavior?
Although lower-income people tend to vote Democratic, higher-income people are becoming less Republican.
Campaign finance reform passed in 2002 did what?
Barred the national committees from collecting soft money after the 2002 elections.
The many immigrants who came to the United States before the Civil War were welcomed primarily by the
Democratic Party
The ______ were the party of farming interests, the less privileged and those on the frontier
Democratic-Republicans
Most successful appeals to take part in campaign work come from whom?
Friends or acquaintances of the individual.
The strongest vote getter of any minor party in the past quarter century has been the ______ Party.
Libertarian
Material v. Solidary v. Purpose incentives
Material incentives were used during the party machine era when local parties were at their strongest (Jobs, favors; no longer common).
Which three forces are strongly interrelated in predicting people's votes?
Party ID, candidate characteristics, and current issues.
Someone dedicated to abortion rights, for example, who works for a pro-choice candidate is a likely example of what sort of incentive?
Purposive.
Administrative Barriers to Voting
Registration, voter ID laws, proof of citizenship
Small business owners, wealthy people, and evangelicals lean heavily toward which party?
Republicans.
Who was the only minor party candidate since 1975 to receive almost 20 percent of the popular vote for president
Ross Perot
Which minor party claims credit for public policies such as minimum wage
The Socialist Party.
Which of these is an example of a party faction
The Tea Party
Which of these is an example of the southern states after the Civil War trying to disenfranchise black Americans?
The white primary.
Which of the following is true about local party organizations?
They often have trouble recruiting enough people to fill precinct committee leadership positions.
Under which party system did the South become a Democratic bastion?
Third.
Which of the following is true of religion and voting behavior?
Very religious people are more likely to vote Republican than Democratic.
Most people who work on behalf of the U.S. parties are:
Volunteer activists
Party organizations are likely to:
accept help from whatever volunteers are available
Nonpartisan elections
are held in most American cities and towns
The less diverse its people are, in terms of the demographic characteristics that typically divide Republicans from Democrats, the more likely the district is to
be dominated by one party
As a result of the Great Depression and Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal
blacks, who had long been Republicans, increasingly favored the Democratic Party
Republicans are usually linked with ______; and Democrats are usually linked with ______.
business; labor and the disadvantaged
Most government workers are now hired under ______.
civil service rules
The Ranney Index measures:
competition between the Democrats and Republicans in the states
Public approval of the two major parties has:
decreased in recent years
During the 1960s and 1970s, the proportion of Americans calling themselves strong partisans:
dropped
Proportional Representation System
each party prepares a slate of candidates for these positions, and the number of party candidates who win is proportional to the overall percentage of the vote won by the party slate
Party activists tend to be more ______ in their views on issues than most voters in their party.
extreme
Election Day Registration
higher voter turnout when people are able to register the same day as elections *no closing day*
The two national parties' committees have created databases to:
identify the voters most likely to support their party's candidates
Independents who say they feel closer to one of the two parties are called:
independent leaners
Party organizational strength is indicated by
larger budgets and more full-time staff members
The Supreme Court ordered ______ in the 1960s to stop state legislatures from over-representing rural areas and under-representing urban areas.
legislative redistricting
Voter turnout in the U.S. is ______ that in most other Western industrialized democracies:
lower than
Tangible rewards for activity in a group are known as ______ incentives.
material
By 2012, the biggest portion of party fundraising came from individuals, but an increasing proportion of party committees' money came from:
members of Congress
Independent spending is:
money spent by party organizations independently of the candidate they're trying to help
Recent Congresses have been among the ______ in American history
most polarized
In a ______, when one single party fails to win a majority of the votes, then two or more parties come together in a coalition in order to govern.
multi-party system
Independent candidates
must usually get a lot of signatures on petitions to get on the ballot
Officially, each major party's supreme national authority is the:
national convention
Winning candidates are typically told by their party's Hill Committee to spend several hours each day:
on the phone raising money for their next campaign
Plurality Election System
one in which the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if not a majority
The social, economic, or other groups that are inclined to vote for a party's candidates at a particular time make up what is called a:
party coalition
Jobs awarded on the basis of party loyalty rather than qualifications were known as:
patronage
A political party's most effective means of mobilization is:
person-to-person contact
The support of party candidates by ______ is conditional on the candidates' principles
purists
Although the party systems are most often characterized by disputes about government's role in the economy, this factor also played a prominent role:
race and civil rights
Most state party systems in the U.S. are:
relatively safe for one party or the other
People who tend to support candidates of more than one party are referred to as:
split-ticket voters
The Democrats began as a party that favored
states' rights and small farmers' interests.
The relationship between national, state, and local party organizations is best described as a(n):
stratarchy
A particularly dramatic recent change in the state party organizations is:
the growth of stronger state Republican parties in the southern states
American political parties are affected by all of the following except:
the parliamentary system of government
Service party path
A party organization that supports candidates' campaigns with money and other resources, as opposed to running the campaigns itself. improve state and local parties' organizational capacity. offered expert assistance to the state parties in organizing, strategizing, and fund-raising. 1960s
How many states currently allow some form of early voting in person or by no-excuse absentee voting?
About two-thirds.
Which of the following activities are NOT done by local party organizations
Appointing all the candidates for local public office
The assertion that plurality elections in single-member districts tend to produce two-party systems is called:
Duverger's Law
In the early years of the U.S., the ______ party pushed for a central banking system and high tariffs on imported goods.
Federalist
Since 1952, approximately how many members of Congress have been elected on a minor party ticket
Fewer than 5
Southern whites identified predominantly as Democrats during which times?
From early in the U.S. until the mid-1990s.
Error-prone voting machines are more likely to be found where?
In poorer and minority-dominated counties.
The high point of local party organizational strength in the U.S. occurred when?
In the late 1800s and early 1900s.
When are people most likely to change their partisanship?
In young adulthood.
Why did American politics change markedly in the 1820s?
Most states had eliminated the requirement that only landowners could vote.
______ required the states to let citizens register to vote at driver's license bureaus.
Motor-Voter law
What is the most common source of our first party identification?
Our family's party identification.
Since 1964, the average success rate for incumbents seeking reelection to the U.S. House was ______ percent.
Over 90
People who feel a sense of psychological attachment to a particular party are called what?
Party identifiers or partisans
American political parties can try to increase their electoral success by all but which of the following?
Passing laws to outlaw the opposing party.
Split-Ticket Voting
People who tend to support candidates of more than one party are referred to as. Makes it harder for parties to determine how people will vote based just on party registration. Has significantly decreased in recent years.
Scholars have classified party activists into two types. What are they called?
Pragmatists and purists
Which of the following is true of state party organizations?
Republican state parties tend to be stronger than Democratic state parties.
This party tends to be very critical of big government and favorable toward traditional values:
Republicans
Which of the following is true of party systems?
Some democratic nations have had extensive periods of one-party rule.
During the past decade, the largest portion of Republican Congress members represent districts in the:
South
Which of the following is NOT an advantage that incumbents have in congressional elections?
Term limits.
The "50-state strategy" involved...
The Democratic National Committee paying field organizers in every state
Which of these is NOT one of the three parts of parties?
The county courts
Due to Progressive reforms in the early 1900s, what limited the influence of state parties on campaigns for state offices
The direct primary.
One result of single-party control of a state government is that
The dominant party can make major changes in state policy without needing to compromise with the other party.
By what point in American history had nearly all national politicians aligned themselves with an incipient political party?
The mid-1790s.
Party committees target their spending on which types of congressional campaigns?
The most competitive races.
During the past half-century, which of these is true about the relationship between the president and the national committee of the president's party?
The national committee has frequently been dominated by the president.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why party activists can limit party leaders' power?
There are so many activists that they can outvote party leaders
Why is it that leaders of the construction industry are so active politically in states and cities that spend millions yearly on roads and public buildings
They can get preferments.
Which is true about "swing districts" in the U.S. Congress?
They have become much less common during the past 25 years
Which of these is true about voter identification requirements?
They have been passed more often by Republican-dominated states.
What impact did reforms introduced by the national Democratic Party in the late 1960s have?
They reduced the state party's role in selecting a presidential candidate
In this party system, economic issues and attitudes toward the growth of huge industrial monopolies were closely linked with regional divisions between the parties.
Third.
Negative Partisanship
Voters form loyalty to a party based on negative opinions of the opposing party's elected officials, candidates, and supporters. Is especially common amongst activists and those with strong partisain views
This party had roots in the old Democratic-Republican Party but in a faction that opposed the Jacksonians:
Whig Party
Which of the following is most true of age and voting behavior?
Younger voters are usually, but not always, more Democratic than older voters.
A party identification is:
a feeling of closeness to the party itself
A party organization that supports campaigns with money and other resources as opposed to running the campaigns itself can be termed:
a service party
Minor parties tend to be weaker in a system with ______ because they do not have a realistic chance of winning the presidency.
a single executive
Duverger's law
argues that plurality elections in single-member districts (with no runoff elections) tend to produce two-party systems. minor parties will see no point in running candidates if they don't have a shot at winning.
Younger Americans turn out to vote:
at a much lower rate than Americans over the age of 65
The major American parties, in important ways, are
cadre parties
An organization run by a few leaders and activists with little or no broad public participation is known as a(n)
cadre party
Individuals' attitudes toward the federal government:
can change when partisan control of the government changes
The parties' Congressional Campaign ("Hill") Committees
can spend independently in congressional campaigns
Political parties in Europe have been more committed to keeping their elected officials faithful to the party's program, while in the U.S., the two major parties
concentrate on election activities
The main unit of local party organization in most states is the:
county
James Madison noted that ______ are the most common sources of factions.
economic differences
George Washington felt that parties would
encourage people to pursue their narrow self-interest at other people's expense
Local parties are currently expanding their efforts in all but one of the following
enrolling lots of dues-paying members
Democratic activists are more likely than Republican activists to be:
female, black, or associated with a union
Local party committees
focus on get-out-the-vote and voter registration activities
In recent years, Republican Party activists have been:
further to the Right than Democratic activists are to the Left
In recent decades, the national party organizations have:
greatly increased their funding and other resources
The percentage of voting-age black Americans who are registered to vote in the southern states:
has greatly increased since the 1960s
People's party identification has increasingly been characterized by:
hostility toward the opposing party
In the first party system, the main line of conflict was:
how much power the national government should exercise relative to the states
Most people start thinking of themselves as a Democrat, a Republican, or an independent:
in childhood
The great majority of party funds in recent House and Senate races are now spent in the form of:
independent expenditures
People who change their party ID usually change its ______.
intensity
Groups that are considered to be links between citizens and the people in government who make the decisions are called
intermediaries
Voter ID laws
laws requiring that voters show government made ID at polls, done by Republicans to decrease voter fraud, dems point out that voter fraud is rare. Would make it harder for marginalized communities to vote.
Districts fashioned by packing as many black voters into a district as possible in order to permit a black candidate to be elected are called:
majority-minority districts
A highly participatory organization in which all three parts of the party are closely linked is known as a(n)
mass membership party
When the number of swing districts declines, the result has been to eliminate most of the ______.
moderate members of Congress
The two national parties now are:
more different from one another on issues than has been the case in many decades
The longer an individual holds a particular party ID, the ______ it normally becomes
more stable
Compared with current local party activists, the activists in the old urban party "machines" in the 1800s and early 1900s were:
more typical of the urban population in education levels and income
The Democratic Party coalition currently includes all of the following except
most white men
An enduring change in the parties' coalitions is called a:
party realignment
One of the areas of greatest conflict between the national parties and their state and local brethren centers on national party involvement in _____
primaries
The sense of satisfaction people feel when promoting an issue or cause that matters to them is known as ______ incentives for joining a group.
purposive
Voter registration prior to Election Day:
reduced voter turnout by adding to the effort needed to cast a ballot
The Electoral College
required each state to choose a number of presidential voters (electors)
Motor voter laws
required that states let citizens register to vote at driver's license bureaus, by mail, and through agencies that give out federal benefits. Increased voter registration but not voter turnout.
Intangible benefits that people can gain by associating with others and being a part of a group are known as ______ incentives.
solidary
At the state level, the party organization is most often called the:
state central committee
It is accurate to say that:
strong partisans see bigger issue differences between the parties
Local party organizations today are:
stronger than they were in the mid-1900s
In the 2020s, Republican core beliefs include
tax cuts
Before the secret ballot was introduced into American elections, voting was done by:
the "oral vote"
The party machine was a method by which ethnic groups, especially ______, gained a foothold in American politics.
the Irish
The chair of the party that holds the presidency is chosen by:
the incumbent president
A major change in the Republican Party in the electorate in the last third of the 1900s was:
the movement of most southern whites from the Democratic to the Republican Party
Between conventions, the two parties' main governing bodies are
the national committees
The level of party voting varies over time because individuals' voting decisions are affected by the give and take of two sets of forces:
the strength of their party ID and short-term forces
The biggest social group difference between voters and nonvoters is:
their level of education
Parties and other political groups have these functions in common:
they all try to educate citizens
A major rationale for establishing majority-minority districts is that:
they are more likely to result in election of a minority representative, which increases minority representation in the legislature
One of the most distinctive characteristics of American party activists is that compared with the average voter:
they tend to be of higher income and have more formal education
The Progressive reforms:
tried to take power away from the great urban party machines
Like a social service organization that helped new arrivals with food and funds, ______ smoothed the way for new immigrants in the late 1800s.
urban party machines
Party machines
were a type of political organization that developed in the cities
Rates of turnout in American elections:
were higher in the late 1800s than they are today
