Psych 160 final
which term refers to an infant's ability to interpret others' facial and vocal emotional expressions?
nonverbal decoding
One-month-old Jerry is upset, and his facial expression shows that he is in distress. This is an example of
nonverbal expression of emotion
What did Jean Piaget think appears during Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period, and enables an infant to realize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?
object permanence
Which chromosome pairing is found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes in males?
XY
When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie, and that his mother will behave under her own power to respond to his request, then Jarrod sees his mother as a
compliant agent
Traditional intelligence tests, such as those used in evaluations in schools, usually focus on which of Sternberg's aspects of intelligence?
componential intelligence
By age 8, what percentage of Caucasian American girls has developed breasts or pubic hair?
1 out of 7
__________ emphasizes the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
The cognitive perspective
Abner and Deidre's baby was considered preterm. What must be true to warrant this classification?
The baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception
A baby is considered small-for-gestational-age based on which characteristics?
The baby weighs 90 percent or less of the average weight of other infants the same gestational age
Which U.S. societal model views individual cultural identities as needing to be integrated into a unified culture?
cultural assimilation model
Genetically determined traits not only directly influence a child's __________, but also indirectly shape the child's
behavior; environment
Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?
behavioral genetics
The acknowledgement of the objective fact that one has experienced a death is known by which term?
bereavement
Ingo is proud of his Lithuanian heritage, and equally proud to be an American. In forming his identity he draws inspiration from both his native Lithuanian culture and his adopted homeland. Which perspective on identity development is Ingo following?
bicultural identity model
Because they have a wider range of linguistic possibilities to select from, children who are __________ tend to show more cognitive flexibility than their peers
bilingual
When non-English speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, the technique is called
bilingual education
Which term refers to an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives?
bulimia
Across the lifespan, which period is the only time when girls are, on average, taller than boys?
by age 11
Which term describes an approach to education through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic?
enrichment
The combination of race and gender simultaneously affecting an adolescent's self-esteem is called
ethgender
Which developmental research strategy is borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions?
ethnography
According to K. Warner Schaie, what is the stage in which people in middle adulthood may become involved in organizations where they have a larger purpose in society?
executive stage
According to Erik Erikson, when adolescents struggle to find and adopt a suitable identity, they may
exhibit socially unacceptable roles as a way of expressing who they do not want to be
Which personality characteristic is associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness?
hardiness
Which factor is an important influence on whether an adolescent suffers from major depressive disorder?
having an alcoholic or depressed parent
Which definition applies to the "young old?"
healthy and active
When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from her or his parents, how would a geneticist describe that child?
heterozygous
An alternative to hospitalization, in which dying people stay in their homes and receive treatment from their families and visiting medical staff, is known by which term?
home care
In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what does the experiential aspect of intelligence deal with?
how prior experiences are used in problem solving, which involves the ability to cope with new situations
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include which of the following?
human papilloma virus (HPV)
In the later years of the preoperational stage, children show an understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance. What is this realization called?
identity
According to James Marcia, which category of identity development leads to "rigid strength," authoritarian behavior, and a high need for social approval?
identity foreclosure
What is the term for the procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?
in vitro fertilization
According to Erik Erikson, between roughly ages 6 to 12 years, children go through a period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school. This challenge is called
industry-versus-inferiority
The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the __________ stage of psychosocial development
initiative-versus-guilt
What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?
myelin
Which theory proposes that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development?
nativist approach
Which research strategy involves observing naturally occurring behavior without intervening in the situation?
naturalistic observation
What is the basic nerve cell of the nervous system called?
neuron
Which "Big Five" personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays?
neuroticism
Which of the "Big Five" personality traits pertains to the degree to which a person is moody, anxious, and self-critical?
neuroticism
Infants who receive adequate nutrition but act as though they have been deprived of food, because they are listless and apathetic, are exhibiting signs of which condition?
nonorganic failure to thrive
What is a child most likely to refer to when she uses her first words?
objects
Which term is used to describe changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but which are not due to increased age itself and are not inevitable?
secondary aging
A baby who examines her stuffed elephant first from the top, then from the side, then from the bottom, then from the top again, is demonstrating
secondary circular reactions
When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment in which the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, it is called the
secure attachment pattern
Five-year-old Wendell is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendell responds, "I can run fast" and "I like to eat pizza." Wendell's responses illustrate his
self-concept
Twelve-year-old Irving believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good of a singer. This assessment is an indication of Irving's
self-concept
Which term relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?
self-esteem
According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?
zone of proximal developmen
At approximately what age can a child first follow the principles of grammar most of the time?
3 years of age
How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each of the non-sex cells?
23
At about what age can a child first stand alone well?
11 months
The tertiary circular reactions stage, substage 5 of Piaget's sensorimotor period, occurs during which age range?
12 to 18 months
Which person is statistically least likely to participate in exercise?
17-year-old African American girl
By what age has an infant first begun to understand the emotions that lie behind the facial and vocal expressions of others?
4 months
The vocabulary of a typical 6-year-old child is from 8,000 to 14,000 words, although that vocabulary grows by another __________ words between the ages of 9 and 11
5,000
At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing?
8 to 9 months
By what age are babies typically first able to walk by supporting themselves on furniture or walls?
9 months
What is the likely reason adolescents rely on their peers rather than their parents for social comparison?
Adolescents' desire for autonomy makes parents seem to be inadequate and invalid sources for information
Which psychologist adopted a pragmatic, trial-and-error approach to psychological measurement that continues to serve as the predominant approach to test construction today?
Alfred Binet
Muriel is an 86-year-old woman who tries to function independently but has suffered for several years with forgetfulness, especially with recent memories. She has trouble recalling the names of her best friends when they call on the phone, and she worries that she may have a form of dementia. What disorder is Muriel likely to have?
Alzheimer's disease
Why has the role of fathers been given comparatively little attention in the research literature of attachment theory?
Attachment theory was developed at a time when traditional views assigned a much more important role to mothers in the caregiving process
Which broad pattern did psychologist Ravenna Helson identify in her research of women's social roles?
Both women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career generally demonstrated positive changes in personality development
Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls?
Boys tend to use more violent means to attempt suicide
Why is it wrong to ask "which theoretical perspective on lifespan development is correct?"
Each perspective looks at development from a different vantage point; as such, each emphasizes a slightly different aspect while retaining a piece of the truth
Which issue has dominated many of the research questions in lifespan development?
How much of people's behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture?
Based on the majority of empirical evidence, what conclusion should be reached regarding the contributions of genetics and environmental influences to the development of intelligence?
Intelligence is the product of some complex combination of genetics and environment
Given that babbling is a universal phenomenon, what does that suggest about the origins of language production?
Language production may have an innate basis in humans
Which developmental psychologist argued that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?
Lev Vygotsky
How does effort play a role in the cycle of failure?
Low self-esteem leads to a low performance expectation, which in turn leads to reduced effort
Why has Freud's psychodynamic perspective been called into question by modern theorists?
Many of Freud's ideas have not been validated by research
How do mothers in the United States compare to mothers in Japan in the styles of speech they use with their children?
Mothers in the United States tend to use a referential style, whereas mothers in Japan tend to use an expressive style of speech
Which theorist proposed the nativist approach and universal grammar to explain how children learn their language skills?
Noam Chomsky
Which criticism has been applied to Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development?
Piaget underestimated the ages at which children could master various cognitive tasks
Based on research linking socioeconomic status and language use, what recommendation should be made to parents when speaking to their children?
Parents should speak to their children often, using varied language
What occurs during the final stage of Alzheimer's disease?
People lose voluntary control of their muscles and are bedridden
Which developmental psychologist endorsed the idea that genetic endowment provided to children by their parents not only determines their genetic characteristics, but also actively influences their environment?
Sandra Scarr
Which intelligence test consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested?
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
Reggie watched as his son Maurice dropped a toy elf repeatedly. Maurice varied the position from which he dropped the elf, and carefully looked each time to see where it fell. What is Maurice's behavior an example of?
Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
Chronic illnesses begin to appear during middle adulthood; how does this affect the death rate during this period?
The death rate increases
Which warning sign indicates that a cesarean delivery is appropriate?
The fetus has a sudden change in heart rate
How do premature babies compare to full-term babies by the time both reach adulthood?
There are usually few differences between the two groups
When it comes to predicting a person's career success as an adult, how informative are traditional IQ tests?
They are only marginally reliable in predicting the success of business executives
Behavior that is characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility is also known by what term?
Type A behavior
Why is binge drinking more problematic for women than men?
Women tend to weigh less than men, so their bodies cannot absorb alcohol as efficiently and they become drunk more quickly
Sara contracted rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of her pregnancy. Emily contracted rubella during the thirtieth week of her pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect an unborn child at these two times is an example of
a critical period
In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the latency stage spans the majority of time children spend in elementary school. This stage is characterized by
a lack of concerns related to sexuality
What is a doula?
a person well versed in birthing alternatives who provides support to the mother
Severe and early loss of hearing is often associated with difficulties in which other area?
abstract thinking
Burt has been identified as a gifted student. In his school system he was able to progress from the third grade directly to the sixth grade, in keeping with the challenges and pace that were appropriate to his talents. What kind of program did Burt's school have in place?
acceleration
Eight-month-old Wilhelm makes minor changes in his schema each time his environment provides him with a new experience. What does this process represent?
accommodation
What did Jean Piaget call the process by which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?
accommodation
Romeo seems indifferent to the presence or absence of his mother as he plays. When she leaves the room to answer the telephone, Romeo barely notices and doesn't seem particularly distressed. What attachment style has Romeo developed with his mother?
avoidant
What kind of test measures a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area?
achievement test
According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions is identified as which stage?
achieving stage
What did developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie call the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence?
acquisitive stage
What classification is applied to drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them?
addictive drugs
Which term do theorists use to describe the options that a given situation or stimulus provides to a perceiver?
affordances
Occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished are often conceptualized as __________ professions
agentic
Alex is playing in a room with his mother nearby. Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and rushes to his mother's side. When his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex wails and cries. However, when his mother returns, he runs to her, and instead of giving her a hug, he punches her in the arm. What type of attachment pattern is Alex demonstrating?
ambivalent attachment pattern
What did Jean Piaget call the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development?
assimilation
Which term refers to a learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity?
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
What is the most frequent cause of death during childhood?
automobile accidents, fires, and drowning
Which research strategy involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group?
case study
A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)
cohort
Which term describes a philosophy that promotes interdependence?
collectivistic orientation
Occupations that are associated with interpersonal relationships are often conceptualized as __________ professions
communal
According to James Marcia's view of adolescent development, crisis is a period in which an adolescent
consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions
Benito conducts an experiment in which group A is exposed to a particular treatment and group B is given no treatment. If group A is designated as the treatment group, then group B is the
control group
Which attribute involves combining responses or ideas in novel ways?
creativity
Which term describes the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations?
crystallized intelligence
Which term refers to a child's capacity to take multiple aspects of a situation into account?
decentering
Ingrid was told by her physician that her health was beyond medical treatment, and that her chances of dying within the next 12 months were 90 percent. "I'm sorry," Ingrid replied, "That's not right. Please run the tests again while I get a third opinion. I'm not sure why you're telling me this falsehood." What stage of dealing with dying is Ingrid in?
denial
What is the substance that genes are composed of, that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Which term refers to an overall developmental score that relates to performance in the domains of motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social behavior?
developmental quotient (DQ)
Laurel has had difficult pregnancies and has also developed a rare form of cervical cancer. Which drug might have been prescribed to Laurel's mother when she herself was pregnant?
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Children who show the __________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her
disorganized-disoriented
In which legal document is a health care proxy authorized?
durable power of attorney
Which activity is considered a form of "death education?"
educational programs for members of the helping profession
As Juanito looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development
ego-integrity vs. despair
Stress can produce direct physiological effects, such as which of the following?
elevated blood pressure
Which term refers to a person's attempts to control stress by using conscious regulation of emotions?
emotion-focused coping
What kind of intelligence encompasses skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of feelings?
emotional intelligence
Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain greater access to social services, better schools, and a variety of entertainment options. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner's five bioecological levels?
exosystem
Which term describes instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?
fast mapping
During which stage of prenatal development does the child become easily recognizable?
fetal
Charles has been diagnosed with an intellectual disability. His mother consumed alcohol on a regular basis during her pregnancy. What is the most likely cause of Charles's impairment?
fetal alcohol syndrome
Huela talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child. The physician recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography. Which procedure did the physician recommend?
first-trimester screen
Which term describes intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory?
fluid intelligence
How did Jean Piaget describe the developmental stage during which people acquire the ability to think abstractly?
formal operational stage
According to theorist Charles Corr, people who are dying face a set of psychological tasks including which of the following?
fostering hope through spiritual searching
Which approach to education would do away with the need for separate special education programs?
full inclusion
Which theory proposes that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient as aging takes place?
generalized slowing hypothesis
Which profession focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders?
genetic counseling
Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the United States. Sima is likely to demonstrate which of the following behaviors?
good grades in school
When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child's emotional states match, it is called
interactional synchrony
Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to propose that language development is produced through a combination of genetically predetermined predispositions and environmental circumstances?
interactionist perspective
What is the possible function of the Babinski reflex in infants?
its function is currently unknown
Which disease affects older children due to malnutrition, and causes their stomachs, limbs, and face to swell with water?
kwashiorkor
Which term refers to a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?
language-acquisition device (LAD)
Which term is used for an educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs?
least restrictive environment
If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55, it would be classified as
moderate intellectual disability
Using K. Warner Schaie's stages of adult development, which issue would a senior citizen most likely be focused on and interested in?
legislation to enact universal health care benefits
Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflected an interaction between which two aspects of an infant's experience?
level of physical maturation and the social environment in which the child is raised
What is the name of the legal document designating what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes themselves?
living will
The goal of social services workers is to help senior citizens attain what outcome?
longer active lifespans
Which reason is frequently present when elderly men commit suicide?
loss of a spouse
Which disease is produced by severe malnutrition during the first year of life, and causes an infant to stop growing?
marasmus
Gametes are formed in the human body through a process called
meiosis
The cessation of menstruation is also known as what?
menopause
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells that forms the muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system?
mesoderm
Which of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological levels provides the connections between the various aspects of a person's life?
mesosystem
Which term refers to an understanding of one's own use of language?
metalinguistic awareness
Around what developmental stage do children first learn that there are customs and rituals associated with death, such as funerals, cremation, and cemeteries?
middle childhood
If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, it would be classified as
mild intellectual disability
The dysfunction of __________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of mind, such as autism
mirror neurons
Which structures in the brain are activated when a person observes someone performing a behavior?
mirror neurons
Which term refers to the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain?
perception
Which theory argues that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age?
peripheral slowing hypothesis
Alesander is 6 years old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds, which are examples of
phonemes
Alex and Nadine watch their 10-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item. What type of grasp is the baby likely to use?
pincer
Which model suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?
pluralistic society model
When a person is communicating effectively and appropriately with others, the person is following the general rules of
pragmatics
Which area of the brain undergoes considerable development during the adolescent years?
prefrontal cortex
Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing, crying, gurgling, and murmuring, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. What is Todd demonstrating?
prelinguistic communication
Jean Piaget believed that a child's preschool years fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development. What is this stage called?
preoperational
Which term is used to describe aging that involves genetically programmed universal and irreversible changes?
primary aging
Rollie assesses how much time it will take to adequately study for his upcoming phlebotomy exam, which he is concerned about. Which process is Rollie engaged in?
primary appraisal
What kind of reactions would be categorized as schema reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body?
primary circular reactions
According to Sigmund Freud, the series of stages that children progress through in which pleasure and gratification are focused on a particular biological function is called
psychosexual development
Which technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of an experiment are scattered among research participants in the different groups, thereby making the groups roughly equivalent?
random assignment
Melissa is teaching her baby to speak by learning the names of lots of familiar and different objects that the baby sees. What style of speech is Melissa advocating?
referential
Which term describes a style of communicating in which language is used primarily to label objects?
referential style
Mei Lin learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades and made her want to work harder in school. This kind of encouraging outcome of an action is called
reinforcement
According to K. Warner Schaie, what is the main cognitive developmental task of people in late adulthood?
reintegration of personal interests
Madelaine is preparing to breastfeed her infant daughter, and, in doing so, the baby's cheek brushes across her mother's shirt. The baby immediately turns its head toward Madelaine's breasts in preparation for feeding. Which reflex is the infant demonstrating?
rooting reflex
Which reflex allows an infant to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?
rooting reflex
What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be divided further into six substages?
sensorimotor
Nunzio is experiencing back pain. His physician tells him the bones attached to his spinal column have become less dense. What is Nunzio's doctor referring to?
settling process
If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40, it would be classified as
severe intellectual disability
Beginning at around age 11 and continuing through adolescence, African Americans
show slightly higher self-esteem compared to whites
Kevin has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of his malformed red blood cells. What disorder does Kevin have?
sickle-cell anemia
According to John Holland's personality type theory, people who are possess good verbal and interpersonal skills are described as
social
Before the age of 3, most children are unable to effectively demonstrate __________ speech
social
Which term describes a child's intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?
social referencing
Which learning approach emphasizes the importance of modeling?
social-cognitive learning
When cultural factors affect a particular individual at a particular time, and include forces such as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called
sociocultural-graded influences
According to Eli Ginzberg, the period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities, is called
the fantasy period
According to gerontologist Robert Butler, what triggers a life review?
the obvious prospect of one's death
Which characteristic is an example of temperament in babies?
the quality of the baby's mood
Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior?
theory of mind
Mothers of 1-month-old infants have reported that
they felt their child had shown expressions of interest and joy
If a 4½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other intermediate pictures to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be showing a lack of understanding of what Piagetian concept?
transformation
Which activity represents a fine motor skill?
typing on a keyboard
Which term refers to a specific deficiency in a child's diet?
undernutrition
The notion that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure is summarized in which concept?
universal grammar
