POSC240 Final Exam
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
International/transnational bodies that are composed of member countries. Example: UN, EU, OPAC, Arab League (government)
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
International/transnational organizations with private memberships (normal people) Example: NWTF, Greenpeace, RedCross
ISIS
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
jus ad bellum
"just right to wage war" it is the primary decision-law of just war theory that is intended to provide the minimal moral and legal criteria necessary to justify a resort to war.
jus in bello
"justice in war" theory states that it is intended to provide the minimal moral and legal criteria necessary to govern proper conduct in war.
pacta sunt servanda
"treaties are to be served/carried out" an important international norm that treaty agreements between states, and the provisions and obligations contained therein, should be considered to have binding legal force
international court of justice (ICJ)
(World Court) is a standing international court established after WW2 and serves as the primary judicial organ of the UN. Consists of 15 judges serving 9 year rotating terms. Main function is to settle international legal disputes submitted to it by states, and to provide advisory opinions on legal matters submitted by international organizations and agencies and the UN General Assembly.
economic internationalism
339
trade surplus
A positive balance is known as ; exporting more that is imported
levels of analysis
A social scientific approach to the study of global politics that analyzes phenomena from different perspectives (system, state, individual)
responsibility to protect (R2P)
a global UN initiative doctrine, which is based on the idea that sovereignty is not a privilege, but that sovereignty confers responsibilities on states and their leaders-first and foremost, to ensure the well being of their citizens
nontariff barriers (NTB)
a nonmonetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine and inspection procedures
states
a political actor that has sovereignty and a number of characteristics including territory, population, organization, and recognition
general agreement of tariffs and trade (GATT)
a series of multilateral trade negotiations that reduced tariffs after WW2 and continued into the early 1990s.
mutually assured destruction (MAD)
a situation in which each nuclear superpower has the capability of launching a devastating nuclear second strike even after an enemy has attacked it. The crux of the MAD doctrine is that possessing an overwhelming second strike capacity prevents nuclear war due to the rational aversion of the other side to invite massive retaliation
tariffs
a tax, usually based on a percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad; also known as an import tax or import duty
anarchy
absence of authority, every man for themselves (no global level of power); state of disorder due to absence of authority
universal declaration of human rights
adopted by the UN general assembly, it is the most fundamental internationally proclaimed statement of human rights in existence
six party talks
aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. There has been a series of meetings with six participating states: N Korea, S Korea, US, China, Japan, Russia
limited self defense
alternative approach to security, aims at lessening military
state level of analysis
an analytical approach that emphasizes the actions of states and the internal (domestic) causes of their foreign policy
system level of analysis
an analytical approach that emphasizes the importance of the impact of global conditions (economics, technology, power relationships, and so forth) on the actions of states and other actors
individual level of analysis
an analytical approach that emphasizes the role of individuals as either distinct personalities or biological/psychological beings
capitalism
an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, competition, and profit incentives
first generation rights
based on the principles of individualism and noninterference, these are negative rights based on the anglo-American principles of liberty. Developed under a strong mistrust of government, they have evolved into civil or political rights.
second generation rights
based on the principles of social justice and public obligation, they tend to be positive rights, based on continental European conceptions of liberty as equality. the notion has evolved into what we now call social or economic rights.
nationalism
belief that the nation is the ultimate basis of political loyalty and that one's nation is entitled to self government; primary point of political identification
iron triangle
close and mutually beneficial arrangement between interest groups, the bureaucracy, and legislators within a given political system that forms the basis for the military industrial complex
cold war
confrontation that emerged following WW2 between the bipolar superpowers, US and USSR. Era of great tension and global division
failed state
countries in which political and economic upheaval are compounded by the fact that all or most of the citizens give their primary political loyalty to an ethnic group, religious group, or some other source of political identity rather than the state itself. (Somalia)
multinational state
countries in which there are two or more sizable and recognized nationalities. Example: Iraq, Canada, US, UK
league of nations
first attempt to establish an international organization with global reach in terms of membership
international criminal court (ICC)
first permanent global tribunal established to try individuals for war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression
unlimited self defense
focus on state power, peace through superior firepower
security dilemma
given anarchy, the tendency of states and other actors to undertake actions to enhance their own security in a self help system tends to threaten other states or actors who are uncertain of the original state's intentions. This is a dilemma in that the original action, intended to make the state or actor more secure, has the opposite effect. Security dilemmas are a frequent cause of arms races and wars, and reveal the extent to which misperceptions and the lack of information about states' actions and intentions are destabilizing factors in global politics.
nation
group of culturally and historically affiliated people who feel a communal bond and who feel they should govern themselves to at least some degree
collective security
holds that an act of aggression against one state constitutes an act of aggression against all members in good standing of the international community, and therefore is deserving of a collective response
diversionary theory of war
identifies a war a country's leader instigates in order to distract its population from their own domestic strife
human rights
inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because he or she is a human being. Conceived as universal and egalitarian, these rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law
arab spring
is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings. While the wave of initial revolutions and protests had expired by mid-2012, some refer to the ongoing large-scale conflicts in Middle East and North Africa as a continuation of the Arab Spring,
comparative advantage
is an economic theory about the potential gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations that arise from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress.
aggression
is behavior, or a disposition, that is forceful, hostile, or attacking. It may occur either in retaliation or without provocation. In global politics, it is reflected in the tensions between states that produce arms races, militarized interstate disputes, and war. While there is no universally accepted definition of aggression in international law, an unprovoked military attack by one state on another is commonly understood act of aggression
balance of trade
is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy
opportunity cost
is the value of the best alternative forgone, in a situation in which a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives given limited resources.
united nations security council
main organ of the UN charged with the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security. 15 members, including 5 permanent members (USA, China, Russia, France, UK)
united nations general assembly
main representative body of the UN, composed of all 192 member states where each state has one vote
globalization
multifaceted concept that represents the increasing integration of economics, communications, and culture across national boundaries
stateless nation
nation that does not have political expression through a sovereign state
multistate nation
nation that has substantial numbers of its members living in more than one state. Example: Korea (North and South Korea)
trade deficit
negative balance ; trade gap
weapons of mass destructions (WMDs)
nuclear weapons, but also includes biological and chemical weapons. weapons of mass destruction warfare refers to the application of force between countries using biological, chemical, and/or nuclear weapons
proscriptive rights
obligations on a society and its government to try to provide a certain qualitative standard of life that, at a minimum, meets basic needs and perhaps dos not differ radically from the quality of life enjoyed by others in the society.
deterrence
persuading an opponent not to carry out an undesirable action by combining both sufficient capabilities and credible threats so as to forestall that action
nation state
politically organized territory that recognizes no higher law, and whose population politically identifies with that entity
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
private enterprises that have production subsidiaries or branches in more than one country
national security
requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic diplomacy, power projection, and political power. Originally a=focused on amassing military strength to forestall the threat of military invasion by powerful adversaries, national security is now construed to encompass a broad range of factors impinging on a nation's nonmilitary or economic security, material interests, and values
transnationalism
social, political, economic, and cultural activities and processes that transcend and permeate the borders and authority of states
hegemony
systematic arrangement whereby one predominantly powerful actor possesses both the disproportionate material capabilities and the will to introduce, follow, and enforce a given set of rules to lend order and structure to that system. Hegemony also requires "buy in" from at least some of the other actors concerned who stand to benefit from the rules the hegemon introduces and enforces
prescriptive rights
the essentials that a society and its government arguably obligated to try to provide in order to assure that certain qualitative standards of life exist for everyone in the community.
sovereignty
the most essential defining characteristic of a state. The term strongly implies political independence from any higher authority and also suggests at least theoretical equality (supreme power or authority)
neocolonialism
the notion that EDCs continue to control and exploit LDCs through indirect means, such as economic dominance and co-opting the local elite
functionalism
theoretical perspective that explains cooperation between governance structures by focusing on the basic needs of people and states to interact on specific issue areas, such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity
neofunctionalism
theoretical perspective that explains cooperation between governance structures by focusing on the basic needs of people and states to interact on specific issue areas, such as communications, trades, travel, health, environmental protection activity. Needs defined by elites rather than grass roots, from the top down rather than the bottom up
economic nationalism
theory that the state should use its economic strength to further national interests. by extension, economic nationalists advocate using state power to build a state's economic strength. To accomplish their ends, economic nationalists rely on a number of political economic strategies that often result in the exploration of weaker countries (339)
democratic peace theory
theory which posits that democracies are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with other identified democracies. (democratic states don't go to war with other democratic states)
third generation rights
these are rights that go beyond civil and social. Remaining largely unofficial, this broad spectrum of rights includes group and collective rights, rights to self determination, rights to economic and social development, rights to a healthy environment, rights to natural resources, rights to communicate, rights to participation in cultural heritage, and rights to intergenerational equity and sustainability.
nuclear utilization theory (NUT)
this theory asserts that it is possible for a limited nuclear exchange to occur and that nuclear weapons are simply one more rung on the ladder of escalation
international political economy (IPE)
three part theory: 1 foreign economic strategy 2 understanding of relationship between markets and states 3 understanding of relationship between wealth and power
unipolar system
type of international system that describes a single country with complete global hegemony or preponderant power
bipolar system
type of international system with two roughly equal actors or coalitions of actors that divide the international system into two "poles" of power centers
peacekeeping
use of military means in a noncoercive posture by and international organization such as the UN to prevent a recurrence of military hostilities, usually by acting as a buffer between combatants in a suspended conflict. The international force is neutral between the combatants and must have been invited to be present by the combatants.
peace enforcing
use of military means in a semicoercive posture by an international organizations such as the UN to introduce and enforce peace in an ongoing conflict setting. Peace enforcement operations relax some of the restrictions on peacekeeping , allowing for more expansive rules of engagement and for deployment without full consent of the warring parties
protectionism
using tariffs or nontariff barriers, such as quotas or subsidies, to protect a domestic economic sector from competition from imported goods or services
arms control
variety of approaches to the limitation of weapons. Arms control ranges from restricting the future growth in the number, types, or deployment of weapons; to the elimination of some types (or even all) weapons on a global or regional basis
neoliberalism
view that conflict and other ills that result from the anarchical global system can be eased by building global and regional organizations and processes that will allow people, groups, countries, and other global actors to cooperate for their mutual benefit (states depend on each other)
liberalism
view that people and the countries that represent them are capable of finding mutual interests and cooperating to achieve them, by forming ties between countries and also by working together for the common good through global organizations and according to international law (optimistic)
realism
view that world politics is driven by competitive self interest, and therefore, that the central dynamic of the global system is a struggle for power among countries as each tries to preserve or improve its military security and economic welfare in competition with other states (pessimistic, evil nature)
multipolar system
world political system in which power is primarily held by four or more international actors
united nations
UN - IGO
Zero-sum game
a contest in which gains by one player can only be achieved by equal losses for other players. Example: international argument, one state wins, all other states lose/ even if they both win the one with more wins
