Practical 2 - Skeletal System
coccyx
"tailbone" fused vertebrae
fibrocartilage
- between the vertebrae - meniscus in a knee joint - most effective at resisting compression
Parietal bone (cranial bone)
- flat - axial skeleton
Sternum
- flat - axial skeleton
pectoral
- flexibility most important - lightweight - insecure axial and limb attachments
hyaline cartilage
- forms the walls of the voice box - articular cartilages - connects the ribs to the sternum - most abundant
Vertebra
- irregular - axial skeleton
Phalanx (single bone of a digit)
- long - appendicular skeleton
Radius
- long - appendicular skeleton
Calcaneus (tarsal bone)
- short - appendicular skeleton
elastic cartilage
- supports the external ear - the epiglottis - most springy and flexible
pelvic
- weight-bearing most important - secure axial and limb attachments - massive
true pelvis is surrounded by bone
Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis:
head of fibula
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
metacarpal
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
middle phalanx
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
pisiform
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
proximal phalanx
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
scaphoid
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
trapezium
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
trapezoid
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
triquetrum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
capitulum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
coronoid fossa
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
detoid tuberosity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
greater tubercle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
head
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
intertubercular sulcus
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
lateral epicondyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
lesser tubercule
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
medial epicondyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
radial fossa
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
surgical neck
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
trochlea
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the Leader Lines of Bone.
adductor tubercle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
foveacapitis
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
head
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
intertrochanteric line
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
later epicondyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
lateral condyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
lesser trochanter
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
medial condyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
medial epicondyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
neck
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
patellar surface
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Femur.
anterior border
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Tibia.
lateral condyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Tibia.
medial condyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Tibia.
medial malleolus
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Tibia.
tibial tuberosity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the anterior view of the Tibia.
articular surface of the lateral condyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
navicular
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
proximal phalanx
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
talus
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
canalculi
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of microscopic structure of Compact Bone.
central canal
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of microscopic structure of Compact Bone.
lacuna
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of microscopic structure of Compact Bone.
lamella
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of microscopic structure of Compact Bone.
acromion
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
coronoid fossa
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
glenoid cavity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
inferior angle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
infraspinous fossa
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
lateral border
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
medial border
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
spine
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
superior angle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
superior border
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Anatomical Landmarks and Regions of the Scapula.
Inferiororbital fissure
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
alvelolar process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
caroid canal
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
ethmoid bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
external occipital bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
foramen lacerum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
foramen magnum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
frontal bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
glabella
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
incisire fossa
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
inferior nasal concha
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
infraorbital foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
jugular foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
lamacral bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
mandible
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
mandibular
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
mandibular fossa
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
mastoid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
maxilla
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
mental foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
nasal bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
occipital bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
occipital condyle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
palatine bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
palatine process of maxilla
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
parietal bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
sphenoid bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
styloid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
stylomastoid foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
superiororbital fissure
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
supraorbital foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
temporal bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
vomer
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
zygomatic bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Skull.
body
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
clavicular notch
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
costal cartilage
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
false ribs
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
jugular notch
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
manubrium
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
sternal angle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
sternum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
true ribs
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
xiohisternal joint
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
xiphoid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Cage.
intervertebral discs
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Region of the Vertebral Column.
intervertebral foramina
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Region of the Vertebral Column.
spinous processes
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Region of the Vertebral Column.
thoracic vertebrae
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Region of the Vertebral Column.
transverse processes
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Thoracic Region of the Vertebral Column.
body
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
lamina
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
pedicle
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
spinous process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
superior articular facet
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
transverse process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
vertebral arch
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
vertebral foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram of the Vertebral Column.
radial of the ulna
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram posterior view of the Radius.
styloid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram posterior view of the Radius.
articular cartilage
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
compact bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
diaphysis
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
endostem
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
epiphyseal line
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
epiphysis
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
greater trochanter
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
medullary cavity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
nutrient cavity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
periosteum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
spongy bone
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
yellow bone marrow
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram.
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid - produce mucus and moisturize inside of nose.
List the bones that have sinuses, and give two possible functions of the sinuses.
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
List the distal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial:
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrim, pisiform
List the proximal rows of wrist bones from lateral to medial:
ball-and-socket joint movement
Multiaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation
frontal bone, right/left parietal bones, right/left temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone.
Name the eight bones of the cranium:
cell, collagen, fibers, and ground substance
Name the important organic bone components.
ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna
Name the two bone markings that form the distal radioulnar joint:
ulnar radial joint and annular ligament
Name the two bone markings that form the proximal radioulnar joint:
discs and s-shaped vertebral column
Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column:
carpals
The ________ are the wrist bones.
metacarpals
The ________ form the palm of the hand, and the heads of these bones form knuckles.
synaptic cleft
The actual gap between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber is called a _________________.
-Joint/articular cavity -Articular cartilage -Synovial fluid -Articular capsule -Reinforcing ligaments/ capsular ligaments -Nerves and blood vessels -Articular discs- fibrocartilage -Bursa and tendon sheath- reduces friction
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
those are ossification centers
What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones?
occipital bone and parietal
What bones are connected by the lambdoid?
maxilla, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, palatine
What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?
eye socket
What is a bony orbit?
fibrous membrane between bones of fetus skull
What is a fontenelle?
ruptured discs
What is a herniated disc?
ossify and become bone
What is fate?
to be compressed at birth
What is the function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull?
provides mechanical strength/flexibility
What is the main function of the organic matrix in bone?
abduction
What is this muscle movement?
dorsal flexion
What is this muscle movement?
extension
What is this muscle movement?
flexion
What is this muscle movement?
inversion
What is this muscle movement?
pronation
What is this muscle movement?
fibrocartilage
What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
might rupture nerve; pain
What problems might a ruptured disc cause?
action potential
When the ____________ reaches the ends of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released and diffuses to the muscle cell membrane to combine with receptors there.
thoracic and sacral
Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth?
articulates with all of the other cranial bones
Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?
temporal joint
With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception:
myofilament
actin or myosin containing structure
Fibrous
adjoining bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity
synovial
adjoining bones covered in articular cartilage; separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane
cartilaginous
adjoining bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity
sinus
air-filled cavity
synovial joint
all are freely movable or diarthrotic
condylar joint
an oval condyle fits into an oval depression on the other bone
tarsals
ankle bones
coronoid fossa
anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when bending at the elbow.
maxilla
anterior part of hard palate
ramus
armlike projection
saddle joint
articulating surfaces are saddle shaped; one surface is concave, the other surface is convex
plane joint
between the carpals of the wrist
synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
between the costal cartilage of rib 1 and the sternum; epiphyseal plate
condylar joint
between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanx
saddle joint
between the trapezium (carpal) and metatarsal I
syndesmosis (long fibers)
between tibia and fibula
metatarsals
bones forming the instep of the foot
process
bony projection
nasal
bridge of the nose
fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
meatus
canal-like structure
saddle joint example
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
vertebral arch
cavity enclosing the spinal cord
acetabulum
deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone
axis
dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)
glenoid cavity
depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus
hinge joint
elbow joint; between phalanges
hinge joint example
elbow, interphalangeal joints
epiphysis
end portion of a long bone
Suture
fibrous joints between skull bones
plane joint
flat or slightly curved bones
frontal
forms the anterior cranium
inferior nasal concha
forms the most inferior turbinate
fibrous joint
found in gomphosis
cartilaginous joint
found in the epiphyseal plate
coracoid process
hook like process; biceps brachii attachment site
tendon sheath encases tendon bursa cushions tendons during movement
how does a tendon sheath differ from a bursa?
cartilaginous joint
includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis
synovial joint
includes shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints
plane joint example
intercarpal, intertarsal joints
symphysis (fibrocartilage)
interverbal discs; Pubic symphysis
sacroiliac joint
joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle
patella
kneecap
tuberosity
large rounded projection
trochanter
large, irregularly shaped projection
calcaneous
largest tarsal bone
lateral melleolus
lateral ankle projection
capitulum
lateral rounded knob on the distal humerus
lamella
layer of bony matrix around a central canal
1) bindle the muscle fibers together, increasing coordination 2) adds strength to the muscle 3) provides a route for the entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves to the muscle fibers
list 3 reasons why the connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle are important
femur
longest and strongest bone in the body
central canal
longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
lumbar vertebra
massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining
medial malleolus
medial ankle projection
medial epichondyle
medial condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna
condylar joint example
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle), radiocarpal joints
parietal
much of the lateral and superior cranium
-deepness of acetabulum -ligaments are wide and strong
name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint.
-meniscus -strong ligaments
name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee.
crest
narrow ridge bone
fissure
narrow slitlike opening - a passageway for nerves or blood vessels
plane joint movement
nonaxial; gliding
lesser sciatic notch
notch located inferior to the ischial spine
obturator foramen
opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami
intervertebral foramina
openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
temporal
organ of hearing found here
greater sciatic notch
permits passage of the sciatic nerve
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket
synovial structural type
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of the muscle fiber
pubic symphysis
point where the hip bones join anteriorly
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches
palatine
posterior bones of the hard plate
olecranon fossa
posterior depression on the distal humerus
transverse process and body
provide an articulation point for the ribs
spinous process and transverse process
provide levers against which muscles pull
pivot joint
proximal radioulnar joint
pivot joint example
proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
epicondye
raised area on or above a condyle
ischium
rough projection that supports body weight when sitting
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
condyle
rounded, articular projection
disphysis
scientific term for bone shaft
fossa
shallow depression
spine
sharp, slender process - site of muscle and ligament attachment
tibia
shinbone
ball-and-socket joint
shoulder and hip
ball-and-socket joint example
shoulder, hip joints
sphenoid
single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor
red marrow
site of blood cell formation
temporal
site of mastoid process
lacuna
site of osteocytes
gluteal tuberosity and greater and lesser trochanters
sites of muscle attachments on the proximal femur
hyoid
small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach
trochlea
small bump on the humerus, often called the funny bone
tubercle
small rounded projection
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Synarthrosis (immovable)
suture; gomphosis; synchondrosis
fibrous joints
sutures are an example of ___________________.
cartilaginous structural type
synchondrosis, symphysis
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
syndesmosis, symphysis
talus
tarsal bone that sits on the calcaneus and that articulates with the tibia
ball-and-socket joint
the call-shaped head of one bone fits into the cupcake depression of the other bone
acromion
the lateral end of the spine of the scapula; clavicle articulation site
vomer and ethmoid
two bones that form the nasal septum
endosteum and peristeum
two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells
terminal cistern of the SR
Label the structure labeled "X".
provide hardness and strength and resist compression
Calcium salts form bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salt?
triad
Label the structure labeled "X".
lunate
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
acromioclavicular
-acromion of scapular & clavicle -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding
intercarpal
-adjacent carpals -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding
interphalangeal
-adjacent phalanges -synovial; hinge -diarthrotic; uniaxial
interphalangeal (toe)
-adjacent phalanges -synovial; hinge -diarthrotic; uniaxial
intertarsal
-adjacent tarsals -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding
atlantoaxial
-atlas (C1) & axis (C2) -synovial: pivot -diarthrotic; uniaxial (rotation of head)
intervertebral I
-between adjacent vertebral bodies -cartilaginous; symphysis -amphiarthrotic
saddle joint
-biaxial joints
intervertebral II
-btw. articular processes -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding
carpometacarpal of digits I
-carpal (trapezium) & metacarpal I -synovial; saddle -diarthrotic; biaxial
carpometacarpal of digits II-V
-carpals & metacarpals -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding
skull
-cranial & facial bones -fibrous; suture -synarthrotic
hinge joint
-elbow -interphalangeal joints -joint btw talus and tibia/fibula -joint btw jaw and skull
Knee (femoropatellar)
-femur & patella -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding of patella
Knee (tibiofemoral)
-femur & tibia -synovial; modified hinge -diarthrotic; biaxial
hip (coxal)
-hip bone & femur -synovial; ball and socket -diarthrotic; multiaxial
ball-and-socket joint
-hip joint -multiaxial joint
plane joint
-intervertebral joints -intercarpal joints
condylar joint
-joint btw forearm bones and wrist -joint btw skull and vertebral column -joints btw proximal phalanges and metacarpals bones -biaxial joints
pivot joint
-joint btw the axis and atlas -uniaxial joints
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
-metacarpal & proximal phalanx -synovial; condylar -diarthrotic; biaxial
metatarsophalangeal
-metatarsal & proximal phalanx -synovial; condylar -diarthrotic; biaxial
Atlanta-occipital
-occipital bone & atlas -synovial; condylar -diarthrotic; biaxial, flexion, extension
pubic symphysis
-pubic bones -cartilaginous; symphysis -amphiarthrotic
wrist
-radius & proximal carpals -synovial; condylar -diarthrotic; biaxial
distal radioulnar
-radius & ulna -synovial; pivot -diarthrotic; uniaxial
proximal radioulnar
-radius & ulna -synovial; pivot -diarthrotic; uniaxial
sacroiliac
-sacrum & hip bone -synovial; plane -diarthrotic
shoulder (glenohumeral)
-scapula & humerus -synovial; ball and socket -diarthrotic; multiaxial
sternoclavicular
-sternum & clavicle -synovial; saddle -diarthrotic; multiaxial
sternocostal (first)
-sternum & rib 1 -cartilaginous; synchondrosis -synarthrotic
sternocostal
-sternum & ribs 2-7 -synovial; double plan -diarthrotic; gliding
tarsometatarsal
-tarsals & metatarsals -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding of metatarsals
temporomandibular
-temporal bone & mandible -synovial; modified hinge -diarthrotic; gliding
inferior tibiofibular
-tibia & fibula (distally) -fibrous; syndesmosis -synarthrotic; slight "give" during dorsiflexion
superior tibiofibular
-tibia & fibula (proximally) -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding of fibula
ankle
-tibia & fibula with talus -synovial; hinge -diarthrotic; uniaxial
elbow
-ulna (and radius) with humerus -synovial; hinge -diathrotic; uniaxial
costovertebral
-vertebral; transverse processes; ribs -synovial; plane -diarthrotic; gliding
motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates is called a ___________________.
phalanx
A single finger bone is called a _________________.
right leg
Are the bones of the leg shown from the left or right leg?
intervertebral discs flatten
As we age, we become shorter. Explain why?
organic materials
Baking removes ____________ from bone.
condylar joint movement
Biaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
saddle joint movement
Biaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
cartilage being replaced by bone
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Diaphyseal Plate:
contains resisting cartilage cells that are relatively inactive
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal Plate:
sacrum
Composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally
exits through ventral cavity
Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column:
breaking carpal bones are most likely
Describe some of the features of the female pelvis that provide for compatibility with vaginal birth:
true rib has its own cartilage attachment, false shares
Differentiate between a true rib and false rib:
synaptic vesicle containing ACh
Label the structure labeled "X".
phalanges
Each hand has five finger bones, called ______________.
anterior shows us which position
Explain how you can tell which side of the body they are from:
tendon
Label the structure labeled "X".
An aponeurosis is a sheet of white fibrous CT and a tendon is a band of the same tissue
How does an aponeurosis differ from a tendon structurally?
both serve to attach muscle to bones
How is an aponeurosis functionally similar to a tendon?
articular capsule
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
articular cartilage
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
fibrous layer
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
joint cavity
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
ligament
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
periosteum
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
synovial membrane
Identify structure part marked with X pertaining to the knee.
anterior cruciate ligament
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
fibula
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
fibular collateral ligament
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
lateral condyle of femur
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
lateral meniscus
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
medial meniscus
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
patella
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
patellar ligament
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
tibia
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
tibia collateral ligament
Identify the structure part marked with an X pertaining to the knee.
capitate
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
distal phalanx
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
hamate
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram anterior view of the Hand.
intercondylar eminence
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
lateral malleous
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
medial malleous
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
shaft of fibula
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
shaft of tibia
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
superior tibiofibular joint
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines for the posterior view of the Tibia and Fibula.
head of the radius
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of posterior view of the radius on the left.
neck of the radius
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of posterior view of the radius on the left.
radial notch of the ulna
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of posterior view of the radius on the left.
coronoid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the lateral view of the Ulna of the right.
head of the ulna
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the lateral view of the Ulna of the right.
olecranon
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the lateral view of the Ulna of the right.
trochlear notch
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the lateral view of the Ulna of the right.
ulnar notch of the radius
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the lateral view of the Ulna of the right.
ulnar styloid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the lateral view of the Ulna of the right.
radial styloid process
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the appropriate leader lines of the posterior view of the Radius on the left.
acetabulum
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
greater sciatic notch
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
iliac crest
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
inferior public ramus (pelvis)
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
ischial ramus
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
ischial spine
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
ischial tuberosity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
lesser sciatic notch
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
obturator foramen
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
superior pubis ramus
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the lateral view of the hip bone.
radial tuberosity
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the posterior view of the Radius.
calcaneous
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
cuboid
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
distal phalanx
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
intermediate cuneiform
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
lateral cuneiform
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
medial cuneiform
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
metatarsals
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
middle phalanx
Identify the structures marked by "X" on the diagram labeling the superior view of the foot.
false
Is a floating rib a true or false rib?
A band
Label the structure labeled "X".
H zone
Label the structure labeled "X".
I band
Label the structure labeled "X".
M line
Label the structure labeled "X".
T-tubule
Label the structure labeled "X".
Z disc
Label the structure labeled "X".
actin filament
Label the structure labeled "X".
axion terminal of motor neuron
Label the structure labeled "X".
endomysium
Label the structure labeled "X".
epimysium
Label the structure labeled "X".
fascicle
Label the structure labeled "X".
motor neuron axon branch
Label the structure labeled "X".
muscle fiber
Label the structure labeled "X".
myelinated axon of motor neuron
Label the structure labeled "X".
myofilament
Label the structure labeled "X".
myosin filament
Label the structure labeled "X".
perimysium
Label the structure labeled "X".
sarcolemma of muscle fiber
Label the structure labeled "X".
synaptic cleft
Label the structure labeled "X".
calcium salts
Soaking bone in acid removes ____________.
clavicle and scapula
The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _______________________.
depolarization
The combining of the neurotransmitter with the muscle membrane receptors causes a change in permeability of the membrane, resulting in _____________ of the sarcolemma. Then, contraction of the muscle fiber occurs.
long
The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
neuromuscular junction
The junction between a motor neuron's axon and the muscle fiber plasma membrane is called a ___________________.
ribs and sternum
The major bony compartments of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ___________.
radius and ulna
The two bones of the forearm are the: ____________________.
humerous
The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the ____________________.
they can break apart
The xiphoid process of often missing from the sternum in bone collections, Hypothesize why it might be missing:
acetylcholine
Within the axon terminal are many small vesicles containing a neurotransmitter substance called _____________.
tibia is heavier
Your X-ray exam reveals that you have fractured your fibula. Your physician remarks "Well, it's better than breaking your tibia". Explain why a fracture of the tibia bone would be worse than a fracture of the fibula?
myofibrils
a long organelle with a banded appearance found within muscle fibers
deltoid tuberosity
a roughened area about midway down the shaft of the lateral humerus; site of attachment of the deltoid muscle
pivot joint
a rounded bone fits into a sleeve (a concave bone + ligament)
hinge joint
a rounded or cylindrical bone fits into a concave surface on the other bone
zygomatic
cheekbone
perimysium
connective tissue covering a bundle of muscle fibers
medullary cavity
contains yellow bone marrow in adult bones
sacromere
contractile unit of muscle
tendon
cord of collagen fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
fuse to form the hip bone
epiphyseal line
growth plate remnant
occipital
has condyles that articulate with the atlas
articular cartilage
helps reduce friction at joints
suture (short fibers)
squamous suture
head
structure supported on neck - take part in joint formation
vertebral arch and body
structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord
lamina and pedicle
structures that form the vertebral arch
epimysium
superficial sheath that covers the entire muscle
ethmoid
superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections
iliac crest
superior-most margin of the hip bone
atlas
supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles
ulnar notch
surface on the radius that receives the head of the ulna
radial touch
surface on the ulna that receives the head of the radius
fibrous structural type
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
-scapula makes no posterior bone attachment -ball and socket joint -glenoid cavity is shallow
the shoulder joint is built for mobility. list three factors that contribute to the large range of motion at the shoulder:
endomysium
thin areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
fibula
thin lateral leg bone
lacrimal
tiny bones bearing tear ducts
canalicali
tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon
gomphosis (periodontal ligament)
tooth in a bony socket
thoracic vertebra
transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous process points sharply downward
hinge joint movement
uniaxial: flexion and extension
pivot joint movement
uniaxial: rotation
cervical vertebra - typical
vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain
tibia
weight-bearing bone of the leg
body
weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
temporal and parietal bones
what bones are connected by the squamous suture?
inverted cone shape
what is the general shape of the thoracic cage?
hip
which joint, the hip or the knee, is more stable?
synovial membrane
which structure in the synovial joint produces synovial fluid?
they are less bulky than fleshy muscle attachments and are more durable than muscle
why are there more indirect tendinous muscle attachments to the bone than there are direct attachments?