PSY 101 EXAM 3
The brain reaches maturity around age ___.
25.
In Freudian theory, projection is ______.
A defense mechanism.
What is self-esteem?
A judgement on the value of the self.
Long-term marriage partners show more similarities with each other due to a lifetime spent in each other's company, along with ____ (O'Rourke & Cappeliez, 2005).
A lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits
What two categories of people influence the interpersonal self?
A person's significant others and the social groups to which the person belongs.
What does the early appearance of temperament in a person's life suggest?
A possible genetic origin for personality.
A trait is _____.
A stable personality characteristic.
Genetics accounts for ______ of the variability seen in the population's personality.
About half.
Seeing light from a candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night is an example of _____.
Absolute Threshold
What does it mean that a particular trait, such as shyness or extroversion, has a heritability factor of .50?
Across the human population, the variations in that personality trait are influenced about equally by genetics and environmental factors.
Psychologists approach the study of the self by examining the ABC's. What are these?
Affect, behavior, and cognition.
Psychologists taking the universal approach to development look for ________ that are found across the entire human species.
Age-related behaviors.
What is a teratogen?
Any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus.
People with high self-esteem tend to have bith greater happiness and persistence because they _____.
Are better able to weather bad news relative to those with low self-esteem.
The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is.
Authoritarian.
Development is believed to...
Be continuous in some aspects and more abrupt in others.
Why do some evolutionary psychologists believe characteristics such as the Big Five show up in a variety of cultures?
Because these characteristics affect survival in our social species.
Which external environmental factor is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that can chemically "tag" our DNA?
Behavior.
What theory of personality says that operant conditioning leads, over time, to the development of "response tendencies" in individuals?
Behaviorism.
Which of the following describes a behaviorist approach to the study of psychology?
Behaviorists emphasized learning as an important influence on personality.
Myelination of the frontal lobes is much greater in adults aged 23 to 30 than in youth between the ages of 12 and 16. Unfortunately, an adolescent's white matter is more susceptible than an adult's to damage from ____.
Binge drinking.
Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers?Bottom-up processingTop-down processingOutward-in processingInward-out processing
Bottom-up processing
My cockatiel, Fred, squawks excitedly when I open his treat jar
CR
Little Antwan's heartbeat quickens when he has to return to the dentist
CS, CR
Silvia was bitten by a dog before and now has a fear of dogs
CS, CR
When the dog barks (signaling Dad's return), baby excitedly yells "da da!"
CS, UCR
Observation remains one of the most reliable means of making judgments about other people, but it ____.
Can be time comsuming and biased.
In some cultures, children are encouraged to walk earlier or later than what would be considered the average age in the United States. Which of the following statements describes how this kind of encouragement is likely to affect the developmental timeline?
Changes in the developmental timeline are usually slight because myelination of motor nerves usually just precedes the achievement of a new skill.
What does the science of personality explore?
Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units?
Connectionist theory
People with different levels of ________ have different volumes in areas of the prefrontal cortex that are involved with planning and the voluntary control of behavior.
Conscientiousness.
_________ refers to development that proceeds gradually and smoothly over time.
Continuity.
Justin is 19 years old. In the past, he drove at an abnormally high speed if no police cars were in sight. Now he believes it is in everybody's best interests to obey speed limits and other traffic rules. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents ____ morality.
Conventional.
The relationship between brain structure and the Big Five personality traits is _____, meaning we do not know if they are responsible for personality, the result of personality, or the result of other unknown variables.
Correlational.
Psychologist taking an ecological view ask questions about the impact of _____ on development.
Culture and environment.
Bree is HIV-positive and is managing her infection with antiretroviral drugs. She just learned that she is pregnant. To avoid passing the virus to her baby, her doctor may advise her to ________.
Deliver the baby by cesarean section if possible.
DNA stands for...
Deoxyribonucleic acid
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of the ______ approach.
Discontinuity.
The _____ approach views development as a staircase to be climbed.
Discontinuity.
______ refers to development that changes abruptly from one stage to the other.
Discontinuity.
In humans, zygote is the correct term for a developing organism during which period of time?
During the first 2 weeks after conception.
Teens tend to spend more time with peers and less with family. Research has indicated that teens have a lower risk for substance abuse when they ________.
Eat dinners regularly with family.
Eduardo's father died fairly young. Eduardo looks at his small children and wants to lead a long and healthy life. What is one step he can take that has been shown to add years to life?
Eat fruits and vegetables.
The temperament traits of children, which are visible within the first few months of life, have been described along three dimensions (Mary Rothbart et al, 2007): surgency or extroversion, negative affect or mood, and _____.
Effortful control.
when referring to humans, which of the following terms describes a developing organism from 3 weeks to 8 weeks after conception?
Embryo.
Like other adaptations, forming memories requires _____.-skill
Energy
Which of the following is an accurate statement?
Epigenetic tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience throughout the life span.
Throughout the remaining lifespan of a person after birth, ______ tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience.
Epigenetic.
Chemical tags are another term for _____.
Epigenomes.
____ memory is organized like a timeline.
Episodic
The science of personality ____.
Explores the extent to which personality is truly unique or overlaps with others.
The average age at which each motor milestone is met _____.
Falls within a wide range of normal development.
Procedural memories are easy to describe in words.
False
Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four years old, has physical abnormalities. Including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has _____.
Fetal alcohol syndrome.
Which term describes a developing organism between 8 and approximately 40 weeks after conception in humans?
Fetus.
Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging?
Fluid intelligence.
Which of the following is not a common teratogen?
Folic acid.
Which of these psychologists is/are associated with the psychodynamic theory of personality?
Freud.
A projective personality test provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on ______.
Freudian theory.
Lucas is in first grade and works hard to print his alphabet letters on the lines on his notebook paper. In which direction is this motor development proceeding?
From his midline to his extremities.
Have I produced something worthwhile in my life?
Generativity vs. self-absorption (middle adulthood)
The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two was first identified by psychologist ____.
George Miller
Jack was a very timid child, both physically and socially. His parents gently encouraged him to participate in activities with other children, without pushing him hard enough to be uncomfortable. Over time he became quite adept at playing team sports. This is an example of ____.
Goodness of fit.
____ codes are used to process touch and other body senses.
Haptic
A 40-year-old woman has a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman. This is because the 40-year-old woman is more likely to _______.
Have had more exposure to harmful environmental influences, leading to faulty cell division.
Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory?
He brushes his teeth.
Research suggests that African Americans and Hispanic youth who identify with an ethnic group during adolescence and young adulthood have ______ (Erik & Orth, 2011).
Higher overall self-esteem.
Twin studies like the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart are commonly used to explore __________.
How genetics affects personality.
Which of the following is an example of perception?How light affects your eyesHow a sound wave affects the organ of your earHow you identify a song when you hear itHow a tap on your back draws your attention away from a conversation
How you identify a song when you hear it
what does free will have to do with it?
Humanistic
according to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard, 1996), Who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time?
Identical twins.
Who am I and where am I going in life?
Identity vs. confusion (adolescence)
In Erikson's work (1968), a consistent, unified sense of self is called _____.
Identity.
People are more likely to see themselves as unique in _____ cultures.
Individualistic.
Ashley is a senior in high school. Her parents enjoy her company and have an open-door policy where her friends are concerned. They are fine with her friends drinking and smoking in the basement as long as one person refrains from drinking and is the designated driver. Their parenting style is ____.
Indulgent.
Am I competent; do I measure up to my peers?
Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty)
Have I lived a full life?
Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)
Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed that children learn about the world by _______.
Interacting with parents, teachers, and other community members
What "self" do we play in the presence of other people?
Interpersonal self.
Am I capable of having a meaningful, intimate relationship with another?
Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)
A sensitive person who reacts with anxiety to loud noises or unexpected experiences would be described as having a high level of reactivity. Toward which end of the continuum of the Big Five traits would this person likely fail?
Introversion and neuroticism.
Gabriel is 25 years old, 6 foot 3 inches tall, and 185 pounds. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and continues to play in a competitive league. Gabriel ____.
Is most likely at the pinnacle of his physical fitness.
What is the main evolutionary benefit of memory?
It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges.
Which of the following is true regarding young adulthood?
It emerges gradually in industrialized countries.
The majority of people _____.
Judge themselves more positively and less negatively than they judge others.
A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____.
Language and spatial relations.
Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories?
Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively.
Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development?
Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community.
Most men experience ____ in testosterone over the course of the midlife years.
Little to no decrease.
In cognitive-social learning theories of personality, the cognitive expectancy related to the source of individual outcomes is known as ______.
Locus of control.
You want to pre-screen a therapy client for possible disorders
MMPI
According to a large meta-analysis involving thousands of participants ________.
Males have a very small self-esteem advantage over females.
Which of the following psychologists was a humanist, interested particularly in human motivation?
Maslow.
Because babies cannot talk, researchers must rely on which of the following to assess their sensory capabilities?
Measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements.
The complete cessation of a woman's menstrual cycles is called ____.
Menopause.
The ______ gives rise to the muscle and bone.
Mesoderm.
Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life. These traits ______.
Most likely represent genetic differences.
This test is not a "real" personality test (low reliability and validity)
Myer/Briggs
You wish to do research comparing normal personalities
NEO Personality Inventory
The ectoderm develops into ______.
Nerve tissue and skin.
Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2) are easy to verbalize; (3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate?
Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize.
A snakebite at the age of three has left Peter afraid of snakes
Nondeclarative, Classical Conditioning
Tom remembers his girlfriend as less attractive after thinking of models
Nondeclarative, Priming
Assessing other people's personalities by listening to them and watching their behavior is called __________.
Observation.
Which of the following best describes the relationships of older adults?
Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful.
Researchers have identified structural correlates in the brain of adults for four of the Big Five personality traits. Which Big Five personality trait has not yet been correlated with a structure of the brain?
Openness.
The self does not exist in a vacuum. It both shapes and is shaped by ____.
Our social environment.
People with low self-esteem tend to respond to failure in one area by ______.
Overgeneralizing or assuming that they will fail in other areas too.
You want to narrow down your three finalist applicants for the job
PF Questionnaire
College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kate are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle says they are jade, Renee is leaning toward teal, and Kate insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains?
Perception
During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents?
Placenta.
Mahatma Gandhi used nonviolent civil disobedience in his efforts to gain India's independence from foreign powers. His belief reflected the idea that there are standards of right and wrong that are higher than rules created by humans. These actions reflect Kohlberg's stage of _____ morality.
Postconventional.
Critical thinking exercises encourage young adults to develop what type of cognitive functioning?
Postformal thought.
Chris and Ivan are 14 years old. Chris dares Ivan by saying, "Let's take a bottle of wine from your grandmother's house. It's OK because she'll never notice." According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents ____.
Preconventional morality.
What is Piaget's name for the stage of development that begins at the age of 2 years, ends at the age of 6 years, and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically?
Preoperational stage.
Personality tests are widely used by therapists, potential employers, judges, and attorneys. These applications of personality assessment _____.
Raise important ethical concerns.
What two dimensions of temperament appear to be particularly important for adult personality?
Reactivity and self-regulation.
The ______ dimension of temperament predicts a person's response to novel or challenging stimuli.
Reactivity.
When we interact with family members, friends, coworkers, and other significant people, we experience the _________ self.
Relational.
The three steps of memory are encoding, storage, and _____.
Retrieval
Teens begin to form an identity by asking "Who am I?" and "What kind of person do I want to be?" According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to ____.
Role confusion and problems with subsequent stages.
Ethan is just 2 weeks old. When his mother strokes his cheek he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the ______ reflex.
Rooting.
Which of the following is a projective personality test?
Rorschach inkblot test.
You want to investigate a therapy client's unconscious influences
Rorschach test
Dylan is 16. He is finally taller than his sister and is experiencing muscular development, growth of facial hair, and enlargement of the larynx, which has caused his voice to deepen. These are called ____ sex characteristics.
Secondary.
One's knowledge of personal traits, feelings, roles, and memories is called ______.
Self-awareness.
Conscious efforts to manage the self for referred to as _____.
Self-regulation.
Schizophrenia, ADHD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are all characterized by deficits of _______.
Self-regulation.
We use _____ to help us achieve goals like eating more healthily or completing a frustrating task.
Self-regulation.
Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd-floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Matt hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Matt to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed ____.
Sensation
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception?Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful.Sensation is preprogrammed; perception is automatic.Sensation is intentional; perception is instinctive.Sensation is secondary; perception is primary.
Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful.
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals.
People who differ in neuroticism show different volumes of areas of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus, areas that have been implicated in ____.
Sensitivity to threat and stress.
Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch television. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the television above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad?
Sensory Adaption
According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What is the correct flow of information in this model?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
The obvious evolutionary purpose of puberty is to prepare an individual for ______
Sex.
Ava is almost 1 month old. What does she spend the most of her day doing?
Sleeping.
What theory of personality considers cognition and learning, especially from the social environment, to be important sources of individual differences in personality?
Social cognitive learning theory.
One thing that doesn't change during our journey through the life span is the need for _____.
Social connection.
To avoid the pitfalls of observation and interview, many psychologists turn to ____.
Standardized tests of personality.
Trait theorists use _____ to support their theories.
Statistical methods of correlation and factor analysis.
To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably?
Sweet.
You want to explore a therapy client's (a writer's) unconscious
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
A child's _______, which is linked to later personality, is defined as a pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness.
Temperament.
What is object permanence?
The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present.
Seven-year-old Sam is not allowed to touch the television remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sam becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sam's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day?
The change on the first day failed to exceed his father's difference threshold.
Human beings are somewhat unusual along primates in the length of their lifespan beyond their productive years. This may have provided an adaptive advantage over the course of evolution and is known as ______.
The grandmother effect.
Which of the following statements is true about the heritability ratio of personality traits in humans?
The heritability ratio does not tell us how an individual's personality actually develops.
Which of the following is an accurate definition of accommodation?
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema.
Which of the following is an accurate definition of assimilation?
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema.
The text notes that Professor Jennifer Mather tested 44 octopuses systematically for their responses to stimuli such as being touched with a brush. What did she find?
The octopuses seemed to have unique and stable responses, similar to having a "personality."
In Freud's model of the structure of personality, which of the following would be an example of the superego?
The part of our personality that functions as a conscience.
What is the self?
The patterns of thought, feelings, and actions we perceive in our own minds.
What is one limitation of using an interview to conduct a personality assessment?
The person being interviewed can easily hide some aspects of his or her personality.
What is one potential limitation of personality inventories that are based on self-reporting?
The responses might be influenced by the test-taker's need to appear socially appropriate.
The tendency to overestimate how much attention other people pay to our behavior is known as ______.
The spotlight effect.
Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?
The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment.
Most efforts to study how genetics affects personality use ________.
The twin study method.
A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce ____.
The volume of gray matter in her child's brain.
At the onset of puberty _____.
There is substantial gray matter growth.
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart show about the similarity of identical twins?
They were similar whether or not they were raised together.
A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood that an item will be recalled is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a ____.
U-shaped curve
Tommy ducks when the school bully passes him in the hall to avoid getting hit on the head
UCS
My cat cries when she sees her cat taxi (recalling shots at the vet)
UCS, UCR
Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents' style of parenting is ____.
Uninvolved.
What are the two basic requirements of a good test?
Validity and reliability.
The critical finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart was that identical twins raised apart and together were ____.
Very similar to one another whether the overall positive correlation for a particular characteristic was strong or weak.
What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby's sensory capacities?
When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.
Which of the following is an example of an ethical concern related to a standardized personality inventory?
Who gets to see the private and potentially sensitive data produced by the test?
Humanists advocate studying exceptional people to see ______.
Why they succeeded.
How do most people respond when they talk about themselves, look at themselves in the mirror, watch a video of themselves, or "stand out from the crowd" in some way?
With heightened self-awareness and an unpleasant feeling.
Which of the following is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously?
Working memory
During adolescence, which of the following reach(es) adult levels?
Working memory and reaction time.
During prenatal development the ______ begins to differentiate into the cells of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Zygote.
_____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material.
_____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material.
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as the ________ threshold.
absolute
Joe is often disturbed to see signs of inequality
formal operations
Pat reasons "If I press all the elevator floor buttons, then people will get mad."
formal operations
Am I a good kid (or am I a bad kid)?
initiative vs guilt (3-6)
Baylee's favorite toy is put away for a week because she threw a tantrum.
negative punishment
Stephen loses his skateboard rights as a result of breaking curfew
negative punishment
Tammy gets her sentence reduced for good behavior
negative reinforcement
When Richard takes a pill, his headache goes away
negative reinforcement
Cori remembers how to ride a bike
non-declarative, procedural
Manuel remembers how to play the piano
non-declarative, procedural
The hippocampus ____.
participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory
Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____.
patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants
_____ allows us to organize, recognize, and use the information provided by the senses.
perception
Shawna gets spanked for stealing candy
positive punishment
When Christa poked a stick at the dog, the dog bit her
positive punishment
Little Mario gets his homework back with a star sticker on top
positive reinforcement
Tyler aced all of her exams, so she now gets to skip the final exam
positive reinforcement
When Matt's girlfriend cooks for him, he gives her a massage
positive reinforcement
Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____.
prefrontal cortex
Jose thinks there's more playdough if it's squished down wider.
preoperational
Juan assumes everyone likes ice cream because he likes ice cream
preoperational
Sue is proud to show that she can use a map to get around the corner to the water cooler in the zoo, but still needs the map again to get back.
preoperational
Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____.
previous stimulus
Superior recall for the first items on a list is known as the ____.
primacy effect
An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ____.
procedural memory
what does the unconscious have to do with it?
psychodynamic
In the most general terms, the study of sensation and perception is called ________, a term that was coined by Gustav Fechner.
psychophysics
In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____.
rehearsal
_____ refers to the process of finding memories or reconstructing the details that make up a memory.
retrieval
Receiving unconditional positive regard from someone can increase your:
self congruency
If a species can recognize themselves in a mirror, this is evidence for:
self-awareness
Being video recorded mostly increases people's
self-consciousness
The Goldilocks effect is needed here - not too little and not too much:
self-enhancement
Giving people positive feedback can increase their
self-esteem
When you use it, you actually lose it:
self-regulation
Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory.
semantic
Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about _______ organization than other types of organization.
semantic
Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include __.
semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information
Tina loves the peek-a-boo game because she thinks you actually disappear
sensorimotor
The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involves the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____.
sensory memory
A radiologist correctly identifying cancer from a mammogram is an example of _____.
signal detection
_____ refers to the process of keeping information in the brain for future
storage
Two of the most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and _____.
stress
What is memory?
the ability to retain knowledge
Memory's benefits to survival are shown in the fact that nearly all animals are able to form memories despite ____.
the high energy costs
The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____.
their personal experiences
Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____.
they provide more cues
The methods of psychophysics allow us to establish the limits of awareness or _____.
thresholds
What do trait dimensions have to do with it?
trait
Marla suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Marla's disorder, which process is directly disrupted?
transduction
Encoding is the process of acquiring information and _____ it into memory.
transferring
Are my basic needs taken care of?
trust vs mistrust (0-1.5)
Long-term memory is characterized by ____.
unlimited duration and unlimited capacity
Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____.
working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time
what do genetics have to do with it?
biological
Top-down processing involves the ____.
brain imposing structure on incoming information based on previous experience
A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called ____.
an explicit memory
A cue is ____.
any stimulus that helps you access target information
An important gateway to perception is the process of ____, which is defined as a narrow focus of consciousness.
attention
Can I do things by myself?
autonomy vs shame and doubt (1.5-3)
What do rewards and punishments have to do with it?
behavioral
The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two refers to the ____.
capacity of short-term memory
What do thought processes have to do with it?
cognitive
Omar recalls his trip to Washington D.C.
declarative and episodic
Tamara remembers her first date
declarative and episodic
Cari can name all of the former presidents of the US
declarative/semantic
Kirsten knows a poem by heart
declarative/semantic
Little Salma can recite her phone number
declarative/semantic
The ability to detect the difference between two different weights is an example of _____.
difference threshold
_____ refers to the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.
encoding
Roger is preparing for his final exam in bioethics. In terms of memory retrieval, the most difficult type of exam question will most likely be ____.
essay