PSY 150 Final Study Guide

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. Select one: a. good parenting b. love c. self-actualization d. self-efficacy

self-actualization

What are the two components of declarative memory? Select one: a. semantic and episodic b. procedural and implicit c. short-term and long-term d. implicit and explicit

semantic and episodic

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. Select one: a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. preoperational

sensorimotor

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. Select one: a. twilight; gloom b. pulsing light; steady light c. light; darkness d. darkness; light

darkness; light

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. Select one: a. storage b. recognition c. the Stroop effect d. encoding

recognition

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. Select one: a. reflexes b. learning c. instincts d. associations

reflexes

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? Select one: a. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand b. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating c. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting d. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. Select one: a. declarative memory b. rehearsal c. relearning d. hyperthymesia

rehearsal

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. Select one: a. bodily kinesthetic b. spatial c. naturalist d. logical-mathematical

spatial

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. Select one: a. only behavior b. only the mind c. the mind and behavior d. the soul, the mind, and behavior

the mind and behavior

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. Select one: a. equipotentiality b. flashbulb c. emotion d. arousal

arousal

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. Select one: a. associational b. instinctive c. reflexive d. processual

associational

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. Select one: a. regard b. security c. attachment d. nourishment

attachment

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. racism b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. self-serving bias d. social loafing

c. self-serving bias

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? Select one: a. dysthymia b. dysfunction c. dysgraphia d. dyslexia

dyslexia

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. egocentrism b. reversibility c. pretend play d. conservation

egocentrism

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? Select one: a. fear cannot be a conditioned response b. boys display more fear than girls c. boys display fear differently from girls d. emotion can be a conditioned response

emotion can be a conditioned response

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. Select one: a. enigmatic processing b. effortful processing c. effortless processing d. encoding failure

encoding failure

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. Select one: a. flashbulb memory b. flashpoint c. hyperthymesia d. sensory memory

flashbulb memory

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. Select one: a. crystallized b. fluid c. analytic d. common sense

fluid

What is confirmation bias? Select one: a. believing the event you just experienced was predictable b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs c. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally d. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? Select one: a. forensic b. legal c. counseling d. cognitive

forensic

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. Select one: a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

formal operational

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________. Select one: a. central attitude shift b. central attribution error c. fundamental attitude shift d. fundamental attribution error

fundamental attribution error

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. trust vs. mistrust b. integrity vs. despair c. generativity vs. stagnation d. intimacy vs. isolation

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? Select one: a. cognitive capacity b. language acquisition c. environment and culture d. genes and biology

genes and biology

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. Select one: a. proteins b. factors c. neurotransmitters d. hormones

hormones

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? Select one: a. Working backwards is an example of an algorithm. b. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. c. Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives. d. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy.

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? Select one: a. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. b. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. c. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. d. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? Select one: a. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. b. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference. d. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? Select one: a. Children think logically about real events. b. Children employ memory strategies. c. Children begin to use language. d. Children have a firm grasp of numbers.

Children begin to use language.

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied? Select one: a. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied. b. Children who are not easily provoked are more likely to be bullied. c. Children who blend in to a crowd are more likely to be bullied. d. Children who tell adults about bad behavior are more likely to be bullied.

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Select one: a. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. b. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. c. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. d. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? Select one: a. archetype b. collective unconscious c. Freudian slip d. repressed memory

Freudian slip

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Select one: a. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. b. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. c. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. d. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? Select one: a. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party. b. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. c. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. d. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work b. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year c. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets d. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? Select one: a. Fear is a conditioned response. b. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. c. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. d. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. Select one: a. collective unconscious b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? Select one: a. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. b. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. c. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. d. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? Select one: a. Personality is formed solely in childhood. b. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. c. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. d. Personality theory should be based on social health.

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Select one: a. Howard Gardner b. Raymond Cattell c. Charles Spearman d. Robert Sternberg

Robert Sternberg

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. Select one: a. Julian Rotter b. Rorschach c. TAT d. TEMAS

Rorschach

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? Select one: a. Simon bites his mother b. Simon goes to sleep c. Simon retreats to a corner and mopes d. Simon's mother gets frustrated with Simon

Simon bites his mother

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? Select one: a. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. b. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing. c. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. d. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What is the Flynn effect? Select one: a. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. b. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation. c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. d. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences." Select one: a. The word "linguistic" should be changed to the word "emotional." b. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept." c. The word "category" should be changed to the word "type." d. The words "objects" and "ideas" should be eliminated.

The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? Select one: a. Avery forgets to call his grandmother on Mother's Day. b. Jason is blackmailed by Brianna. c. Mateo's mother provides child support to Mateo's father because of a court order. d. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money b. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets c. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification d. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m.

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Which question was central to the marshmallow test? Select one: a. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? b. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? c. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? d. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people. Select one: a. ageist b. heterosexist c. racist d. sexist

ageist

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. Select one: a. an external locus on control b. an internal locus of control c. good self-regulation d. poor self-regulation

an internal locus of control

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. Select one: a. analytical b. practical c. creative d. academic

analytical

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? Select one: a. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use b. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year c. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week d. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. Select one: a. creative, moody, and flexible b. quiet, shy, humble c. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy d. disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Encoding information occurs through ________. Select one: a. processing and storing b. automatic processing and effortful processing c. automatic storing and effortful retrieving d. storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? Select one: a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. industry vs. inferiority c. integrity vs. despair d. trust vs. mistrust

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? Select one: a. toddler who is toilet training b. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling c. believing that nudity is wrong d. teacher demonstrating algebra to students

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? Select one: a. spatial b. intrapersonal c. bodily kinesthetic d. logical-mathematical

bodily kinesthetic

The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese. Select one: a. Asch effect b. bystander effect c. difference between bullying and cyberbullying d. social exchange theory

bystander effect

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. chunking b. elaborative rehearsal c. persistence d. mnemonic device

chunking

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. Select one: a. fixed interval map b. fixed ratio map c. cognitive map d. latent map

cognitive map

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. Select one: a. collective unconscious b. gestalt c. id d. ideal self

collective unconscious

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________. Select one: a. companionate b. consummate c. fatuous d. romantic

companionate

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? Select one: a. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food b. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell c. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle d. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked. Select one: a. ally b. associate c. confederate d. union

confederate

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. Select one: a. congruence b. egotism c. incongruence d. self-concept

congruence

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? Select one: a. post-conventional b. pre-conventional c. formal operational d. conventional

conventional

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? Select one: a. denial b. displacement c. rationalization d. rejection

denial

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. aggression b. cognitive dissonance c. diffusion of responsibility d. prosocial behavior

diffusion of responsibility

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. aggression b. discrimination c. prejudice d. stereotype

discrimination

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? Select one: a. disorganized b. avoidant c. resistant d. secure

disorganized

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. Select one: a. glutamate b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. serotonin

dopamine

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? Select one: a. dysgraphia b. dyslexia c. comorbidity d. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

dysgraphia

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. Select one: a. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure b. are not encouraged to reach their potential c. don't care about IQ testing d. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. Select one: a. congruent; incongruent b. external; internal c. internal; external d. real; ideal

external; internal

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. Select one: a. conditioning b. extinction c. acquisition d. learning

extinction

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? Select one: a. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use b. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year c. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether d. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. group polarization c. the Asch effect d. the Milgram influence

group polarization

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. Select one: a. egocentric b. stereotypical c. hindsight d. transient

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. Select one: a. representational bias b. anchoring bias c. hindsight bias d. availability heuristic

hindsight bias

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. Select one: a. how to use the phone b. what the word inconceivable means c. your least favorite vacation trip d. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself

how to use the phone

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? Select one: a. experiment b. hypothesis c. data collection d. observation

hypothesis

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. Select one: a. ego b. id c. superego d. unconscious

id

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. isolation vs. intimacy b. generativity vs. stagnation c. identity vs. confusion d. trust vs. mistrust

identity vs. confusion

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. Select one: a. semantic b. explicit c. sensory d. implicit

implicit

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. Select one: a. Freudian b. inferiority c. neurotic d. psychosocial

inferiority

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. intimacy vs. isolation c. initiative vs. guilt d. generativity vs. stagnation

initiative vs. guilt

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. autonomy vs. shame/guilt b. intimacy vs. isolation c. industry vs. inferiority d. trust vs. mistrust

intimacy vs. isolation

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. Select one: a. extrovert b. humanist c. introvert d. neo-Freudian

introvert

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. Select one: a. dogma b. just-deserts c. just-world d. karma

just-world

Which practice is an example of Theory X management? a. telecommuting b. flextime c. keystroke monitoring d. team meetings

keystroke monitoring

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. b. playing the slot machine c. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification d. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? Select one: a. anal b. genital c. latency d. phallic

latency

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. Select one: a. primary b. conditioned c. partial d. latent

latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. latent learning b. conditioning c. cognitive mapping d. reinforcement

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Select one: a. conditioning b. learning c. reflexes d. instincts

learning

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. Select one: a. long-term b. encoded c. visual d. sensory

long-term

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________. Select one: a. low self-efficacy b. malfunctioning cognitive processes c. no context d. vicarious learning

low self-efficacy

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. Select one: a. ability to communicate b. lexicon c. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language d. ability to speak

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? Select one: a. severe b. moderate c. profound d. mild

mild

What is groupthink? Select one: a. arguments between group members that result in the dissolution of the group b. modification of the opinions of leadership to agree with the numerical minority c. modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus d. pressure from above on group members designed to eliminate leadership

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? Select one: a. moving against people b. moving toward people c. reaction formation d. repression

moving toward people

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. Select one: a. case studies b. naturalistic observation c. experiments d. surveys

naturalistic observation

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence. Select one: a. group b. informational c. majority d. normative

normative

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. stranger anxiety b. egocentrism c. reversibility d. object permanence

object permanence

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. Select one: a. two standard deviations above the mean b. 15 points above the average c. one standard deviation below the mean d. one standard deviation above the mean

one standard deviation above the mean

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. Select one: a. anal b. genital c. oral d. phallic

oral

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? Select one: a. categories of psychology b. patriotism c. types of cars d. dog breeds

patriotism

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? Select one: a. permissive b. Freudian c. authoritative d. authoritarian

permissive

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? Select one: a. conventional b. pre-conventional c. post-conventional d. formal operational

pre-conventional

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? Select one: a. verbal comprehension b. working memory c. processing memory d. perceptual reasoning

processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. Select one: a. amalgamation b. unification c. archetype d. prototype

prototype

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. Select one: a. psychosocial b. mental c. psychological d. physical

psychosocial

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. Select one: a. active b. inactive c. proactive d. retroactive

retroactive

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. Select one: a. antero-retro; flashbulb b. retrograde; anterograde c. flashbulb; retro-antero d. anterograde; retrograde

retrograde; anterograde

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. abstract thinking b. abstraction c. preoperational stage d. reversibility

reversibility

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. Select one: a. role b. event c. script d. artificial

role

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? Select one: a. resistant b. disorganized c. secure d. avoidant

secure

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? Select one: a. Atkinson-Shiffrin model b. Stroop effect c. sensory memory d. self-reference effect

self-reference effect

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? Select one: a. mild b. severe c. profound d. moderate

severe

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? Select one: a. learning b. acquisition c. reinforcement d. shaping

shaping

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory. Select one: a. cognitive balance b. group effect c. individual exchange d. social exchange

social exchange

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________. Select one: a. aggression b. altruism c. diffusion of responsibility d. social loafing

social loafing

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment? Select one: a. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior b. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately c. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority d. Zimbardo was an unethical researcher

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavio

What is a social role? Select one: a. group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members b. group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting c. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting d. socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. diffusion of responsibility c. social exchange d. stereotypes

stereotypes

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. conservation b. stranger anxiety c. pretend play d. egocentrism

stranger anxiety

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. Select one: a. zygote b. teratogen c. contaminant d. mutagen

teratogen

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. Select one: a. suggestibility b. sexism c. recognition d. reconstruction

suggestibility

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? Select one: a. advocating for analytical psychology b. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality c. the idea that men have womb envy d. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores b. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. c. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day d. playing poker

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism? Select one: a. teaching children to avoid situations that might lead them to witness racism b. teaching children to conform to social expectations that discourage racism in public but ignore racism as long as it is privately expressed c. teaching children to ignore racism until we have eliminated racism from our society d. teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? Select one: a. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class b. your brother refusing to play with you c. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters d. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? Select one: a. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice b. sitting very still in the classroom c. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light d. becoming bored at a wedding

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. Select one: a. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it b. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory c. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks d. immediately applying new information to a practical problem

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. industry vs. inferiority c. trust vs. mistrust d. identity vs. confusion

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? Select one: a. when a dog refuses to play dead b. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl c. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener d. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which of the following is the most strongly predictive factor of overall job satisfaction? a. financial rewards b. personality c. autonomy d. work content

work content

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. Select one: a. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b. how to use the microwave c. your first day of school d. what the word January means

your first day of school

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." Select one: a. The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." b. The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ." c. The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." d. Remove the phrase "do not."

Remove the phrase "do not."

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Select one: a. Sigmund Freud b. Carl Jung c. John Hobson d. Rosalind Cartwright

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? Select one: a. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. b. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. c. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. d. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function.

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? Select one: a. +0.4 b. -0.5 c. -0.2 d. +0.7

-0.5

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep. Select one: a. 2 b. 1 c. 4 d. 3

1

According to Albert Bandura, ________. Select one: a. Fear is a conditioned response. b. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. c. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. d. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? Select one: a. Populations of developed nations are living longer. b. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. c. People in developed nations revere the elderly. d. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. Select one: a. non-REM b. night terrors c. NREM d. REM

REM

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________. Select one: a. cheaper, so people can afford more of it b. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly c. easier to get, so people can take more at once d. frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. Select one: a. social psychology b. psychoanalysis c. Gestalt psychology d. personality

social psychology

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. Select one: a. autonomic b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. somatic

somatic

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. Select one: a. conditioned response b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. unconditioned response

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. modeling d. imitation

stimulus generalization

Critical thinking is ________. Select one: a. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information b. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic c. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena d. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. Select one: a. wants b. basic survival needs c. comfort objects d. higher-level needs

basic survival needs

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. Select one: a. between 0 and +100 b. between -1 and 0 c. between 0 and +1 d. between -1 and +1

between -1 and +1

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. Select one: a. millions b. billions c. tens of thousands d. thousands

billions

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. Select one: a. biopsychologist b. social psychologist c. humanist d. developmental psychologist

biopsychologist

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. Select one: a. debrief participants; ageist attitudes b. pay participants; use of personal photos c. debrief participants; deception d. pay participants; deception

debrief participants; deception

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Select one: a. another person's consciousness* b. her own subconscious experience c. her own conscious experience d. the social construction of consciousness

her own conscious experience

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. Select one: a. low; low b. high; high c. high; low d. low; high

high; low

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? Select one: a. melatonin b. insomnia c. rhythm d. homeostasis

homeostasis

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Select one: a. humanism b. structuralism c. gestalt d. behaviorism

humanism

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. Select one: a. Gestalt b. biological c. social d. industrial-organizational

industrial-organizational

The sleep debt is the result of ________. Select one: a. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior b. the circadian rhythm c. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis d. travel from one time zone to another

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? Select one: a. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life b. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors c. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant d. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. Select one: a. a return to normal performance levels b. psychological stress c. psychological distress d. changes in normal bodily function

changes in normal bodily function

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. Select one: a. circadian b. melatonin c. rhythm d. external

circadian

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? Select one: a. clinical psychology b. cognitive psychology c. organizational psychology d. social psychology

clinical psychology

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. Select one: a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

conditioned response

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. Select one: a. confirmation bias b. experimenter bias c. illusory correlation d. sampling bias

confirmation bias

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. partial b. primary c. secondary d. continuous

continuous

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. Select one: a. experimental b. longitudinal c. survey d. cross sectional

longitudinal

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. Select one: a. lucid b. K-complex c. theta wave d. REM

lucid

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. Select one: a. Jungian b. latent c. manifest d. Freudian

manifest

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. Select one: a. response b. model c. stimulus d. cognition

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Select one: a. punishment b. positive reinforcement c. punishment reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. Select one: a. emotional b. GABA c. serotonin d. neurotransmitter

neurotransmitter

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. developmental theory b. object permanence c. perpetuation d. article blindness

object permanence

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? Select one: a. conditioning b. observational c. classical d. operant

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? Select one: a. imitation b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. modeling

operant conditioning

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. Select one: a. operant conditioning b. functionalism c. classical conditioning d. humanism

operant conditioning

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? Select one: a. continuous b. secondary c. primary d. partial

partial

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. Select one: a. hypothesized and theoretical b. experimental and provable c. perceivable and measurable d. conscious and unconscious

perceivable and measurable

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. Select one: a. observer bias b. participant bias c. experimenter bias d. placebo effect

placebo effect

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? Select one: a. classical conditioning b. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior c. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior d. dream analysis

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? Select one: a. acquisition b. extinction c. punishment d. recovery

punishment

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. Select one: a. case b. quasi-experimental c. correlational d. experimental

quasi-experimental

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. Select one: a. validity b. reliability c. inter-rater reliability d. replication

replication

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? Select one: a. pseudoscience b. hypothesis c. -ology d. scientific theory

scientific theory

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? Select one: a. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. b. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. c. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late. d. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy.

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? Select one: a. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender. b. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. c. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. d. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality.

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Who described the collective unconscious? Select one: a. Sigmund Freud b. Rosalind Cartwright c. John Hobson d. Carl Jung

Carl Jung

What is a PsyD? Select one: a. Doctor of Psychology b. Doctor of Philosophy c. Doctor of Psychiatry d. Doctor of Psychoanalysis

Doctor of Psychology

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? Select one: a. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. b. Expose yourself to bright light while working. c. Take regular naps throughout the day. d. Surround yourself with darkness while working.

Expose yourself to bright light while working.

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. Select one: a. structuralism b. psychoanalytic theory c. humanism d. Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? Select one: a. The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way. b. It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. c. The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors. d. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? Select one: a. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. b. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. c. It can result in sleeping problems. d. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

It will probably lead to substance abuse

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Select one: a. Sigmund Freud b. John Watson c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt

John Watson

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." Select one: a. The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." b. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." c. The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological." d. The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate? Select one: a. The research sample is invalid because men and women are not equally represented. b. Despite advances in feminism, there are still gender inequalities in post-secondary studies. c. More women than men attend college. d. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement? Select one: a. They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. b. They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. c. They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. d. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? Select one: a. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. b. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. c. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. d. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why? Select one: a. Women are not as superficial as men. b. Youthful looks provide fertility clues. c. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. d. Men need to display their mates as a trophy.

Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. Select one: a. a person's consciousness b. fetal development c. sexual identity d. a person's unconscious

a person's unconscious

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. Select one: a. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character b. after dreaming they were on television c. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents d. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. Select one: a. operational definition b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. significant variableSelect one:

dependent variable

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Select one: a. antipsychotic b. hallucinogen c. stimulant d. depressant

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. Select one: a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Parkinson's disease c. schizophrenia d. depression

depression

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. Select one: a. conducting and reviewing b. designing, conducting, and reviewing c. designing and reviewing d. reviewing and publishing

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ________. Select one: a. generalizability b. detailed information c. quick data collection d. large sample size

detailed information

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? Select one: a. PsyD b. dissertation c. PhD d. postdoctoral

dissertation

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? Select one: a. serotonin; GABA b. serotonin; glutamate c. dopamine; norepinephrine d. dopamine; acetylcholine

dopamine; norepinephrine

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. Select one: a. double-blind b. control c. double-control d. single-blind

double-blind

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. Select one: a. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops b. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape c. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep d. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? Select one: a. dependent b. Freudian c. evolutionary d. cognitive behavioral

evolutionary

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. Select one: a. survey b. experiment c. detailed literature search d. study

experiment

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

fixed ratio

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. Select one: a. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior b. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests c. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes d. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

The space between two neurons is called the ________. Select one: a. soma b. terminal button c. vesicle d. synapse

synapse

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. Select one: a. unconditioned aversion b. taste aversion c. taste response d. unconditioned response

taste aversion

Which of the following defines hypothesis? Select one: a. idea that proves a theory b. way of looking at the world c. means of explaining social phenomena d. tentative explanation

tentative explanation

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. Select one: a. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind b. the use of reinforcement and punishment c. dream analysis d. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue

the use of reinforcement and punishment

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. Select one: a. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer b. smoking contributes to lung cancer c. smoking causes lung cancer d. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. Select one: a. thinking critically b. hypothesizing c. acting unconsciously d. theorizing

thinking critically

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. Select one: a. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior b. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions c. sensation and the effect of culture on perception d. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. Select one: a. type of play; no play b. active play; passive play c. no play; type of play d. food choice; no play

type of play; no play

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. Select one: a. be twice as strong b. last twice as long c. travel twice as fast down the axon d. undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. Select one: a. generalizability b. reliability c. operational definition d. validity

validity

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio

variable ratio