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Goals and content of DSM-IV-TR

A name for a pattern of symptoms that are thought to indicate the presence of a disorder. Major mental disorders. Personality disorders and mental retardation. Level of daily function. Associated medical conditions

stage from age 1-3. Toilet training

Anal stage

Anal Stage

Bowel and bladder pleasure that occur at 18-36 months

Bait and Swicth

Company advertise low price just to get customers to come in then switch it up

Explanation for Major Depressive Disorder

Complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences. Life events such as death or depression.

ID

Driven by pleasure principle. fights for manifestation and satisfaction of unconscious psychic energy. Most primitive part of personality.

Ego

Driven by reality principle. Our largely conscious self

Benefits of diagnosis labels

Efficiently communicate about their cases. Bring to mind the likely underlying causes and discern effective treatment programs

Social Facilitation

Enhanced performance on easy tasks in the presence of others

Components of Albert Bandura's model

Environment, Behavior and Personality

Biopsychosocial influences on Psychological Disorders

Evolution. Individual genes. Brain structure and chemistry. Stress. Trauma.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Exposed to a traumatic event and reacted with intense fear, helplessness or horror.

Phallic Stage

Genital pleasure that occurs at 3-6 years

Basic characteristics of humanistic therapies

Genuineness Acceptance Empathy

Dangers of diagnosis labels

Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and interpretations. and Media

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and self restraint in group. happens when no one knows who you are

Emphasis of social-cognitive theory

individuals and their situations always work together

the motive for all of our behavior is biologically programmed inside of us

instinct theory

Personal Control

internal locus of control that boost self-control

need to be loved and to love and to feel like we belong to a community, or at least to a family

love and belongingness needs (stage 3)

Much or all of our behavior is driven by a

motive

Genital Stage

Maturation of sexual interest occurs at puberty and up

Dream Analysis

Method of psychoanalysis: finding unconscious conflicts by interpreting the censored meaning of dreams

Free Association

Method of psychoanalysis: saying aloud whatever comes to mind and pauses reveal points of resistance

Oral Stage

Mouth related pleasures that occur at 0-18 months.

Latency Stage

Not much going on. Sexual feelings are presumed to be dormant occurs at ages 6-puberty.

Low-Ball

Offer low price but then other things are needed which will raise the price

Big Five Trait Dimension

Openness: curious, creative Conscientious: Cautious, serious responsible Extraversion: sociable, assertive, energetic Agreeableness: good-natured, courteous Neuroticism: nervous, anxious

Person-Situation Controversy

Personality is not fixed but responsive to situational factors

Biological Influences

Prepared fears. Genetic predisposition- people react differently to potential anxiety due to genetic differences

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis interpretations are highly subjective and some of its basic assumptions are not supported by research.

Superego

Represents internalized rules and ideas pressed upon us

Psychology's assessment of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis

Sex is not the sole base of personality and suppressed sexuality does not cause psychological disorders. The unconscious is vital for information processing not id driven impulses.

father of personality

Sigmund Freud

Criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered

Statistical Deviance, Distress, and Dysfunctional

Social Loafing

Tendency to become less productive in groups because of feeling of less responsibility

Psychodynamic Therapy

against thoughts and feelings create distress

relatively neutral, black and white pictures containing one or more persons in the picture; it is difficult to discern exactly what is happening in the picture

ambiguos stimuli

child's personality manifests characteristics such as lack of organization and planning skills or cleanliness.

anal-expulsive personality

child possessing characteristics such as stinginess, cleanliness, and perfectionism

anal-retentive personality

Fear Conditioning

anxiety arises from unpredictable/uncontrollable negative events

Attitude

belief that includes an emotional component

Factors that contribute to prejudice

beliefs, actions, other-race effect, vivid cases, just world phenomenon

Comparison of anxiety disorder and panic disorder

both are an intense fear but generalized anxiety disorder is over a longer period of time and panic disorder is only for a few minutes.

the uneasy feeling that we have whenever we realize that we hold two (or more) inconsistent or contradictory thoughts. (i ignored someone but i'm a good person)

cognitive dissonance

Festinger asserted that we are motivated to reduce _________ _______.

cognitive motives

sometimes an ego engages in _______ __________ that allows it to "save face" even with itself

defense mechanism

this is when we discount the value of something or someone that we wanted badly, but were unable to attain because of our own inabilities or deficiencies

disavowal

when we displace unacceptable feelings from a threatening object/person to a less-threatening object/person

displacement

what motivates us to engage in behavior is our wish to reduce the arousal caused from drives

drive-reduction theory

operates on the reality principle. (what consequences?)

ego

Predictors of enduring companionate love

equity, and self-disclosure

any part of the body that is physiologically capable of registering sexual stimulation

erogenous zone

needs to achieve, to feel like we are competent at something, and to earn the respect and approval from others as a result of our accomplishments

esteem needs (stage 4)

Bipolar Disorder

extremely emotional typically characterized by euphoria. last a week or more and more common in women

Observational Learning

fears may be transmitted by others via information or misinformation

Depressive Disorder

feeling sad especially after losses or setbacks.

Group interaction on popularity

group discussion can strengthen the dominant position held by individual group members

Altruism

helping others for unselfish reasons

Social Psychology

how people influence our behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. Organized around social thinking, social influence, and social relations.

believes that humans can be motivated not just to satisfy survival needs but also to satisfy what he called growth needs

humanistic theory

completely unconscious; represents our basic impulses and urges because it operates on the pleasure principle (it feels good, do it)

id

"forces" within the mind that are in constant antagonism among themselves

id, ego, and superego

Milgram experiement

if someone would continue to obey rules even if that meant hurting someone

stage from birth to age 1. Objects inserted into mouth

oral stage

Personality

patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior

refers to reasonably stable patterns of behaviors, including thoughts and feelings, that characterize a person's adaptation to life.

personality

stage from age 3-5. Discovery of genitalia, and noticed sexuality.

phallic stage

How is phobia different from fear

phobias are more intense than a fear

needs basic to our existence: need to eat, drink, sleep, and have sex

physiological needs (stage 1)

drives that are unlearned, such as the drive to eat, drink, sleep, have sex, ect.

primary drive

when we "see in others" that which we are unwilling to see in ourselves

projection

Factors that affect interpersonal attraction

proximity, similarity, reciprocity, physical attractiveness

Mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by lasting disturbance in mood

most of our actions and behaviors are driven to satisfy _____________ _____.

psychological needs

when we attempt to use distorted logic to justify why we have engaged in unacceptable behavior

rationalization

the person has feelings that violate his or her belief system. So the person denies the actual feeling and overtly adopts an exaggerated attitude that is just the opposite of the feeling

reaction formation

Obsessions

recurrent and persistent distress causing thoughts

provide insight into what the individual's psychological needs are

recurring themes

a rare defense mechanism, but one in which the person manifests behaviors that were prevalent during a previous state of development

regression

Compulsions

repetitive behaviors driven by the obsession

need to feel protected from the environment, to have adequate clothing, and protection of crime

safety needs (stage 2)

drives that we learned or acquired over time such as wanting to graduate from college or buy a mercedes benz, ect.

secondary drives

need to fulfill our unique potential

self-actualization needs (stage 5)

we are motivated to experience stimulation

stimulus motives

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

subjects randomly assigned to role of prisoner or guard and thrown into jail. Guards began to take the power to the head and prisoners became depressed.

our conscious and for most of us, it develops and matures slowly over the years (pressures us to do what one should or ought to do)

superego

Bystander Effect

tendency not to help because you think someone else will

Learned helplessness

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control

Fundamental attribution

tendency to overestimate the effect of dispositional influences on other people's behavior. Our attribution can affect our attitude by what we think is going on.

Defense mechanisms protect individual from anxiety

the ego unconsciously distorts reality

Self-efficacy

the expectation that you can perform the behaviors necessary to achieve goals

has an enormous influence on our behavior and conscious thoughts and feelings

the unconscious mind

theory of 5 needs; physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs

theory of hierarchical needs

Foot in the Door Phenomenon

to ask for something little then ask for something bigger after

Aim of Psychoanalysis

to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness

Anxiety Disorder

to see a higher level of threat in things that aren't threatning

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting in conflicting thoughts and behaviors

Psychoanalysis

unresolved conflicts during the first few years of life disrupt perspnality

Asch Experiment

would real subject change their answer to wrong answer to fit in with everyone else