PSY 301 Unit 3
There is an association between maternal sensitivity and the quality of infants' and children's attachment. This is particularly evident in the finding that infants whose caregivers are insensitive show only about a _____ rate of secure attachment, which is much lower than the typical rate.
38%
Matthew wants to play with his brother's new toy truck that he received for his birthday yesterday. Matthew understands, however, that his brother just received the truck and therefore most likely would not like to lend it out just yet. According to Robert Selman's stage theory of role taking, Matthew is MOST likely at least _____ years of age.
8
A caregiver's responses to his or her infant's basic needs determine the infant's future emotional health, such as whether the child becomes a trusting person. This statement reflects the thinking of the psychoanalytic theorist
Erik Erikson.
John Bowlby's idea of the primary caregiver as a secure base was directly influenced by the ethological theories of _____.
Konrad Lorenz
The notion of "imprinting" was popularized through the goslings who imprinted themselves on
Konrad Lorenz.
Although human newborns do not "imprint," they do have strong tendencies that draw them to members of their own species. Which example would best characterize a form of imprinting in a newborn infant?
Lucy would rather look at her sister's face than a pretend character.
Rethink the meaning of the event to make it less unpleasant.
Rethink the meaning of the event to make it less unpleasant.
The psychoanalytic theorist who originated the idea that a person's excessive eating, drinking, or talking might be traceable back to the way that person's mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy is
Sigmund Freud.
_____ is the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others.
Social competence
Which statement is NOT a criticism of the Strange Situation discussed in the text?
Studies have found that children's behavior in childcare settings matched children's behavior during the laboratory-based Strange Situation.
A lasting emotional bond between people that begins before birth and influences relationships throughout life is called
an attachment
According to the bioecological-systems approach, a good example of an exosystem is
an elementary school
Alana has a friend who is a mother. Knowing that Alana is taking a psychology course, she asks Alana what she can expect during the toddler years of her child's development. Based on Sigmund Freud's stages of development, Alana explains that her child will go through the _____ stage between about 1 and 3 years of age.
anal
ages 1-3
anal stage
The hostile attributional bias, according to research conducted by Kenneth Dodge, can best be described as the general expectation that others are
antagonistic
A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive is
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
LaRue, a 9-year-old boy, has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive. He MOST likely has a condition known as
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The _____ approach to psychology ignored the influence of the "mind."
behaviorist
Martin is a developmental scientist who believes that children play an active role in selecting and influencing the contexts that shape their development. In his work, he places less emphasis on the role of genetics and the inherent predisposition of children. Martin would most likely endorse what model of child development?
bioecological
Professor Sanchez believes that multiple levels of environmental influence simultaneously affect development. She stresses the effects of context on development but also emphasizes the child's active role in selecting and influencing those contexts. Professor Sanchez's views MOST closely fit the _____ model.
bioecological
The bioecological model differs from the ethological and evolutionary theories of development because of its emphasis on the
child's personal characteristics that shape the environment.
Sixty-five-year-old Laurel tells her 14-year-old granddaughter that she did not have a cell phone when she was a teenager because they did not exist. And in fact, she did not have one until she was 40 years old. This is an example of a difference in the _____ between Laurel and her granddaughter.
chronosystem
Emily is babysitting her 4-month-old sister while her mother is running errands. When her mother left the baby began to cry. Emily started rocking and singing to her sister, which stopped the crying. This is an example of
co-regulation.
Tonya's 3-month-old baby started crying after being startled by a loud noise. Tonya immediately picked up her baby and started rocking and singing softly to the baby. Soon the baby stopped crying and started to sleep. This is an example of
co-regulation.
Age-related advances in children's understanding of display rules, and real emotion versus false emotion, are most prominently linked to a child's increasing _____ capacities.
cognitive
Infants must FIRST differentiate themselves from the environment by
developing a sense of that they are physical beings.
The concept that an infant's genetic makeup affects the degree to which his or her rearing environment alters adjustment and social functioning is referred to as _____.
differential susceptibility
Seth had a highly impulsive temperament but was raised in a loving, kind, patient environment and his impulsivity declined throughout childhood. This is an example of
differential susceptibility.
Carla views emotions as innate, and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions. Carla MOST likely agrees with the _____ of emotion.
discrete emotions theory
Research suggests that children with a(n) _____ type of attachment style have no consistent way of coping.
disorganized-distressed
Fifteen-year-old Juan was hit hard during hockey practice, but instead of showing expressions of pain, he instead smiles and claims the hit did not hurt. Juan, remembering that his coaches have always told the team to never let others know that they hurt you, is demonstrating
display rules
In Walter Mischel's studies that measured delayed gratification, the children who were MOST successful at curbing their desire for the treats and holding out for the larger reward were the children who were
distracting themselves
Thomas and Chess referred to babies that adjust readily to new situations, quickly establish daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally are cheerful in mood and easy to calm as _____.
easy
Shawna is 7 years old. When she is angry at her brother, she throws tantrums, screams, and tries to hit him. Shawna seems to have difficulty with
emotion regulation
Ten-year-old Danny is told by his baseball coach that he has to sit out the first two innings to give other players a chance to start the game. While Danny is unhappy about this decision, he does not show anger or resentment toward the coach. Danny is demonstrating
emotion regulation
Shawn is 5 years old. When he is angry, he can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When he is sad, he can express this and can be consoled. Shawn seems to have mastered
emotion regulation.
Dr. Willis does research studying the behavior of animals within an evolutionary context, including an attempt to understand behavior in terms of its adaptive or survival value. Dr. Willis's field of research is
ethology
Dr. Evans is a developmental scientist who believes that gender roles develop as a result of males and females attempting to attract each other in order to reproduce. Dr. Evans subscribes to what theory of social development?
evolutionary
In Mr. Robbins's first grade class, he has noticed that the girls often choose to "play house" or to talk to each other on the playground, while the boys tend to play more physical games that occasionally result in boys getting hurt. Mr. Robbins guesses that the girls play in this way because their female ancestors had to care for their offspring, while the boys play in this way because their male ancestors had to protect their families. Mr. Robbins's viewpoint is consistent with which theory?
evolutionary
Alexa just gave birth to her first child. Her employer gives employees 4 months paid maternity leave. Her husband Daniel has 4 months of paid paternity leave. This means that the child will not be placed in day care until she child is 8 months old. This is an example of the _____ influencing their child's development.
exosystem
The entity/helpless orientation involves the general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to
give up in the face of failure
The DRD4 gene, associated with disorganized attachment when an infant is in a stressful environment, is also associated with _____ in a _____ stressful context.
greater attachment security; less
A factor that is NOT a consequence of exposure to media violence is
greater difficulty in school
Cross-cultural studies of emotion have found that North American children are more likely to experience _____ if the parents focus on the child's behavior and not the child.
guilt
In a study measuring delayed gratification, 7-year-old Mary is given the opportunity to eat one marshmallow now, or wait 10 minutes and then she will receive two marshmallows. Mary chooses to wait 10 minutes to receive the greater reward, and then is able to follow through on her choice. Given no other information, this ability to delay gratification predicts all of the following EXCEPT that Mary will _____ compared with those children who could not delay gratification.
have a more satisfying marriage when she is an adult
According to the text, the combination of high self-esteem, narcissism, and exploitative interpersonal attitudes has been associated with _____ in young adolescents
high levels of aggression
Which factor often predicts insecure attachments?
highly stressed parents
Joseph has been getting into trouble in his third-grade classroom. His teacher reports to Joseph's parents that he retaliates against other children, even if the other child made a mistake. According to Kenneth Dodge's theory of social problem solving, Joseph may have a(n)
hostile attributional bias.
According to Erik Erikson's theory, understanding oneself as a unique individual based on past experiences and future plans is called _____ achievement, while lack of commitment to any goals or values is called role confusion.
identity
When an adolescent does not seem to know or care about his or her _____, Erik Erikson would say that this reflects a state of role confusion.
identity
Monica is a participant in another student's psychology study. When Monica completes a racial prejudice inventory, her scores are very high. Monica is surprised; she never thought she had any prejudicial feelings. Monica may have _____ attitudes about race. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
implicit
Timothy is a farmer who has noticed that one of his newly hatched baby chicks has begun to follow him around the farm instead of following its mother. The chick may have ______ to Timothy.
imprinted
Samantha is studying Canadian geese. She is particularly interested in observing the attachment behavior of goslings after they are hatched. She notices that as soon as they hatch, they start moving toward and following the mother goose. Samantha is observing
imprinting
Tiffany is a farmer whose hen has just had four chicks hatch. She notices that three of the four new chicks regularly follow the mother hen around the farm, but one of the chicks does not follow the mother. This latter chick may have not completed what developmental process?
imprinting
Samantha is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. She sees one or two children who are dropped off and begin to play right away. They do not seem to mind that their mothers have left them for the day. In fact, one little boy seems to ignore his mother as she waves goodbye. He MOST likely has which style of attachment?
insecure-avoidant
Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable until Rebecca returns, at which point he stays close to her, holding onto her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Adam's attachment style is MOST likely
insecure-resistant.
Mandy recalls that on more than one occasion, her younger brother became angry and kicked their mother for leaving them with a babysitter. Her mother confirms that he was a difficult child to raise. It is impossible to determine attachment style just from this information, but these "facts" imply behaviors that are MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment.
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both repels and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver?
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
The ecological theories of development all have as the underlying developmental issue the
interaction of nature and nurture.
When Donita was a child, she had accessible, responsive, loving parents. Because of this type of parenting, she came to expect interpersonal relationships to be gratifying, and she feels worthy of receiving care and love. Donita has developed a healthy
internal working model of attachment.
Viewing aggressive images tends to activate a person's own aggressive thoughts and tendencies. This makes it more likely that the person will
interpret new events as involving aggression.
Barry's friend is very social and upbeat, and so it is no wonder his friend's child is also incredibly social and smiles at everyone she meets, whether a stranger or well-known caregiver. This may BEST be described as an example of social _____.
learning
The interaction of systems in the Urie Bronfenbrenner model is called the
mesosystem
The text suggests that the level of Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model that can be used as the most effective weapon against the various negative effects of media would be the _____. At this level, parents would restrict access to undesirable media.
microsystem
Nine-year-old Ewen wants to continue playing on the same baseball team because his friends are on the team. Ewen is demonstrating that he is choosing part of his
microsystem.
The primary focus of behaviorism is
observable behaviors
Jason is traveling in another country while on spring break. The climate is much hotter than what he is used to, and he notices many people in the village where he is staying wear long, white shirts that nearly reach their feet. Some are wearing hats made of grass and leaves. He buys the same kind of shirt and grass hat in order to beat the heat and blend in with the local residents. This is an example of
observational learning.
One of the four cognitive processes Bandura states will determine whether imitation will occur is that
one must be able to retrieve the behavior from memory.
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when either the "A" or "D" choices are selected. The fact that people frequent this machine regularly and more than other machines in the building illustrates
operant conditioning
Marie smokes cigarettes and bites her nails. According to Sigmund Freud, she may unconsciously be stuck in the _____ stage.
oral
Nathan chews the end of his pen, bites his nails, overeats, smokes cigarettes, and talks incessantly. According to Freud, Nathan has probably fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development due to some unresolved conflict.
oral
Mark's father and mother divorced when he was 4 years old. At age 7, his father married a woman named Katrina. Katrina has two children of her own but pays special attention to Mark to ensure that he is safe and has everything that he needs. Sometimes it seems as though she pays even more attention to Mark than to her own children. This behavior is evidence AGAINST which theory?
parental investment theory
Jenna has a 3-year-old and has recently married Mark, who has two children who are 5 and 7 years old. Mark is concerned because Jenna rarely cares for or talks to his children on the weeks they live with the new couple. Jenna is demonstrating a type of favoritism that can be explained by
parental-investment theory.
John Bowlby replaced the psychoanalytic notion of a "needy, dependent infant" with the idea of a "competence-motivated infant" who uses his or her _____ as a secure base.
primary caregiver
The functionalistic approach involves the notion that the basic function of emotions is to
promote action toward achieving a goal.
In the experiment performed by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner with "Little Albert" that demonstrated the power of classical conditioning, a pairing occurred of a _____ and a _____.
rat; noise
Brandi is 5 years old. When she is angry, she can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When she is sad, she can express this and is able to be consoled. Brandi seems to have mastered emotional _____.
regulation
The conceptual system known as the "self" does NOT include thoughts about
repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts.
Some environmental factors may increase the possibility that a particular attachment style is more common than the norm. If parents are sensitive and responsive to their child's needs, if the infant's temperament is "easy," or if the infant-parent relationship is stable, this may increase the possibility that a child will have a(n) _____ attachment.
secure
Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Derek's attachment style is MOST likely
secure.
Ten-month-old Tyra is at a family reunion, with dozens of people placing their face near hers. After a short period of time, she begins to stare at her mother's necklace and hold it in her hand. Tyra is demonstrating
self-distraction.
Genes related to the functioning of dopamine and other neurotransmitters that affect voluntary attentional processes (executive attention) appear to be especially relevant for _____.
self-regulation
Eight-year-old Nora has chosen to participate competitively in softball and swimming. When given a choice she consistently chooses to socialize with her teammates on both teams. Nora is demonstrating
self-socialization.
The SLC6A4 gene, formerly known as 5HTT, is a variant frequently associated with reactivity and vulnerability in the face of stress and is part of the _____ system.
serotonin
In responding to human faces, a 6-week-old infant may exhibit a(n) _____ smile.
social
Ed's college friend has always been withdrawn and shy. He sees her at his college reunion picnic and is not surprised that her child is also shy, does not smile easily, and stays close to her mother. This may BEST be described as an example of
social learning
Jay's sister is encouraging her daughter to enjoy a variety of foods from different cultures. She tempts her daughter by pretending to spoon-feed herself and smacking her lips each time the spoon touches her lips. Jay's niece watches, fascinated. A year later, Jay visits and sees his young niece enjoying a plate of spicy curried goat. His sister may have been successful in encouraging her daughter to eat such an interesting dish because of
social referencing
Leeza is holding her 2-year-old son at a carnival when a person dressed as Grover from Sesame Street appears. Children nearby begin to laugh, but Leeza's son looks to her for the appropriate social public response. This is an example of
social referencing
Twelve-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room. Nicholas was demonstrating
social referencing
When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in
social referencing
Dion is a very loving and sensitive father. But studies have demonstrated that generally the security of his children's attachment has been found to be:
somewhat weaker than that of mothers.
Daniel is an evolutionary psychologist. He likely believes that every species is driven by the need for
survival and reproduction
In the studies mentioned in the text that measured delayed gratification, an important predictor of the children's social and cognitive competence and their coping skills at an older age involved
the amount of time the child could delay requesting the treat.
The experience, regulation, and expression of emotions is NOT related to differences in
the child's physical features.
Dr. Yu believes that emotions operate to promote action toward achieving a goal. In this view, emotions are not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment. Dr. Yu MOST likely believes in
the functionalist perspective of emotion.
Adolescent egocentrism leads to
the personal fable and the imaginary audience.
Perhaps the most prominent concern about children's exposure to media is
the presence of violence
Shirlee is alarmed to learn that her roommate could possibly be a "hoarder." There are cans of food under her bed and on every closet shelf. At first, she thought her friend was bringing her favorite foods to school with her, but now Shirlee has also noticed her roommate's mistrust of others and general sense of insecurity. Shirlee knows that babies feel secure when food and comfort are provided with consistency and continuity. She thinks that her friend's hoarding tendencies may be rooted in the early developmental crisis that Erik Erikson called
trust versus mistrust.
Other than sleeping, 21st-century U.S. children spend the majority of their time
watching screen media
A major difference between Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud is that
Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development.
