PSY 420 Chapter 3

When your eyes are exposed to a uniform field of stimulation (e.g., a red surface area without any shades, a clear blue sky, or dense fog), you will stop perceiving that stimulus after a few minutes and see just a gray field instead. Such a uniform visual field is called a(n) ____. a. Ganzfeld b. percept c. illusion d. geon

a. Ganzfeld

____ showed that people tend to use Gestalt principles, even when confronted with novel stimuli. a. Palmer b. Gibson c. Marr d. Hubel and Wiesel

a. Palmer

People who have an ____ have trouble perceiving sensory information. a. agnosia b. apraxia c. aphasia d. amnesia

a. agnosia

People with optic ____ deficit have trouble reaching for things a. ataxia b. apraxia c. aphasia d. amnesia

a. ataxia

Which neurons contribute to depth perception by integrating incoming information from both eyes? a. binocular b. disparity c. ganglion d. horizontal

a. binocular

In ____, the two eyes send increasingly differing images to the brain as objects approach the eyes. a. binocular disparity b. interposition c. binocular convergence d. motion parallax

a. binocular disparity

The neurochemical messages processed by the rods and cones of the retina travel via the ____ cells to the ____ cells. a. bipolar; ganglion b. astroglial; oligodendroglia c. photoreceptors; photopigments d. foveal; scleral

a. bipolar; ganglion

The theory of direct perception is a ____. a. bottom-up theory b. top-down theory c. complete theory of perception d. template theory

a. bottom-up theory

Which short and thick photoreceptors work well in situations in which the light is bright? a. cones b. ganglion cells c. rods d. vitreous humor

a. cones

Which effect occurs when recognition of an object is easier when it is seen in a grouping rather than when the object is presented in isolation? a. configural-superiority effect b. direct perception c. computational configuration effect d. synthetic conglomeration effects

a. configural-superiority effect

What part of the eye is a clear dome that protects the eye? a. cornea b. crystalline lens c. iris d. vitreous humor

a. cornea

Farah's (2000) research using faces, parts of faces, houses and parts of houses found that ____. a. face recognition involved primarily configurational processing b. face recognition involves primarily feature analysis c. both processes are equally involved in face recognition d. neither process is involved in face recognition

a. face recognition involved primarily configurational processing

Which part of the brain seems to play an important role in the recognition of faces? a. fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe b. inferior colliculi c. dorsal raphe nuclei d. lateral geniculate nuclei

a. fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe

A study on pattern perception looked at stimuli in which a single "larger" letter was constructed of smaller letters (e.g., using small "s" letters to make a large "H"). In this study, participants were asked to identify the individual components (small letters) or identify the large letter. When the small letters were positioned close together, in general, participants were faster at identifying the larger letter versus the smaller letters. This is known as a. global precedence effect. b. local precedence effect. c. macro-identity effect. d. recognition-by-components.

a. global precedence effect.

Which type of mental representation is stored in a manner that is independent of the object's appearance to the observer? a. object-centered representation b. state-dependent representation c. viewer-centered representation d. form-centric representation

a. object-centered representation

James Gibson defines ____ as the informational medium for vision. a. reflected light from the object. b. the actual object c. your mind perceiving the object d. sound waves generated by the object

a. reflected light from the object

According to Hubel and Wiesel, ____ cells receive input from neural cells projected from the thalamus and then fire in response to lines of particular orientations and positions in the receptive field. These cells differ from one another in that each cell responses only to a specific line orientation. a. simple b. complex c. subcortical d. hypercomplex

a. simple

A ____ refers to an exact model of a distinctive pattern or form, used as the basis for perception of patterns or forms. a. template b. proximate c. percept d. Gestalt

a. template

____ refers to a severe deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information. a. Amnesia b. Agnosia c. Dyslexia d. Aphasia

b. Agnosia

. ____ refers to a severely impaired ability to recognize human faces. a. Spatial agnosia b. Prosopagnosia c. Simultagnosia d. Visual-object agnosia

b. Prosopagnosia

The Gestalt principles of form perception, including proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and symmetry, all support the overarching law of ____. a. parsimony b. Prägnanz c. organization of elements d. coherence

b. Prägnanz

The law of ____ states that we view any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form. a. parsimony b. Prägnanz c. organization of elements d. coherence

b. Prägnanz

How might you use a configurational system to recognize cars? a. You examine each feature of the car and match it to a type in memory. b. You view the car holistically and then recognize it as a mustang. c. You classify the car based on the type of engine it has. d. You break the car into geons to determine its type.

b. You view the car holistically and then recognize it as a mustang.

In some areas of the brain, some ____ cells fire maximally only in response to very specific shapes (e.g., a hand or a face). a. simple b. complex c. subcortical d. hypercomplex

b. complex

In which color deficiency does a person have a difficult time with greens? a. achromacy b. deuteranopia c. protanopia d. tritanopia

b. deuteranopia

The optic nerve consists of axons from ____ cells. a. amacrine b. ganglion c. horizontal d. oligodendroglia

b. ganglion

Which strategy suggests that information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item? a. item centered representation b. landmark centered representation c. object-centered representation d. viewer-centered representation

b. landmark centered representation

Texture gradients, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, and aerial perspective are all examples of ____ depth cues. a. binocular b. monocular c. primary d. higher-order

b. monocular

Painters often use ____ in their work to provide a perspective of depth to the artwork. a. viewer-centered representation b. monocular depth cues c. perceptual constancies d. binocular depth cues

b. monocular depth cues

Which cues about depth are represented in just two dimensions and can be seen with just one eye? a. viewer-centered representations b. monocular depth cues c. perceptual constancies d. binocular depth cues

b. monocular depth cues

Alice does not recognize her own face in the mirror. Alice is experiencing _____. a. spatial agnosia b. prosopagnosia c. simultagnosia d. visual-object agnosia

b. prosopagnosia

Which perceptual deficit causes a person to have a difficult time navigating the everyday environment? a. simultagnosia b. spatial agnosia c. prosopagnosia d. visual-object agnosia

b. spatial agnosia

Disturbance in the ____ region of the cortex can lead to simultagnosia. a. parietal b. temporal c. occipital d. frontal

b. temporal

A study on pattern perception looked at stimuli in which a single "larger" letter was constructed of smaller letters (e.g., using small "s" letters to make a large "H"). In this study, participants were asked to identify the individual components (small letters) or identify the large letter. When the small letters were positioned widely spaced, in general, participants were faster at identifying the smaller letters versus the larger letters. This is known as a. the global precedence effect b. the local precedence effect c. recognition-by-components d. micro-identity effect

b. the local precedence effect

Generally, people with agnosia have normal sensations of what is in front of them but have trouble with the ____ pathway. a. where b. what c. whether d. how

b. what

____ start with the stimulus, are data driven, and view perception as occurring when the information from the stimulus is transported to the brain. a. Cognition-driven theories b. Stimulus models c. Bottom-up theories d. Top-down theories

c. Bottom-up theories

The ____ approach is based on the notion that the whole differs from the sum of its individual parts. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. Gestalt d. decompositional analysis

c. Gestalt

____ features are those that constitute the small-scale or detailed aspects of a given pattern. a. Mega b. Micro c. Local d. Global

c. Local

Which statement best describes our understanding of perception? a. Bottom-up theories outline perceptual processing step-by-step. b. Top-down theories outline perceptual processing step-by-step. c. Perception involves a combination of both bottom-up and top down processing. d. Little is understood about perception at the current time.

c. Perception involves a combination of both bottom-up and top down processing.

What is the "face positivity" effect in older participants? a. They are better able to recognize faces that are not distorted. b. They are better able to recognize faces that are of the same race. c. They are better able to recognize faces that show a happy emotion. d. They are better able to recognize faces that are the same age as they are.

c. They are better able to recognize faces that show a happy emotion.

Which hypothesis suggests that there are two distinct visual pathways in the brain; one pathway is important for identifying the object and the other for identifying the function of the object? a. Identity/Location b. Identity/Use c. What/How d. What/Where

c. What/How

In ____, the two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach the eyes; in turn, the brain interprets these muscular movements as indications of distance from the eyes. a. binocular disparity b. interposition c. binocular convergence d. motion parallax

c. binocular convergence

The direct perception, template theories, feature theories, and recognition-by-components theory are all ____. a. cognition-driven theories b. stimulus models c. bottom-up theories d. top-down theories

c. bottom-up theories

Identification of an item may be influenced by surrounding information especially when the sensory information is ambiguous. This illustrates ____ effects. a. micro-identity b. direct assimilation c. context d. synthetic conglomeration

c. context

Which color deficit is the result of a malfunction in one of the mechanism for color perception in which the person may have a difficult time distinguishing particular colors? a. achromatopsia b. akinetopsia c. dichromacy d. monochromacy

c. dichromacy

Top-down processing is to bottom-up processing as constructivist is to ____. a. distal stimulus b. configural superiority c. direct perception d. perceptual constancy

c. direct perception

According to ____ theories of form perception, we attempt to match characteristics of a pattern to those stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype. a. constructive-perception b. prototype c. feature-matching d. computational

c. feature-matching

The pandemonium model, based on the notion that metaphorical "demons" with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus, is a ____ theory of perception. a. template b. prototype c. feature-matching d. computational

c. feature-matching

Many perceptual deficits are very specific and may only affect, for example, recognition of faces or perception of particular colors. This supports the idea of ____. a. cross-system integration b. associative processing c. modularity d. interactionism

c. modularity

Which color deficit is true color-blindness in that the person really has no ability to see any color? a. deuteranopia b. dichromacy c. monochromacy d. protanomaly

c. monochromacy

Which context effect occurs when a target line that is part of a 3-D drawing is identified more accurately than when the line is part of a disjoined 2-D pattern? a. configural-superiority effect b. direct perception c. object-superiority effect d. complex line drawing effect

c. object-superiority effect

Which perceptual deficit is thought of in terms of damage to the "how" visual pathway, and results in difficulties with using visual inputs to guide movements? a. tritanopia b. akinetopsia c. optic ataxia d. apoptosis

c. optic ataxia

In which color deficiency does a person has a difficult time distinguishing between the reds and the greens? a. achromacy b. deuteranopia c. protanopia d. tritanopia

c. protanopia

Transduction of electromagnetic light energy into neural electrochemical impulses occurs in the ____. a. cornea b. crystalline lens c. retina d. vitreous humor

c. retina

In which color deficiency can a person see only shades of gray and no color at all? a. akinetopsia b. deuteranopia c. rod monochromacy d. tritanopia

c. rod monochromacy

Which long thin photoreceptors work well under situations in which light is dim? a. cones b. crystalline lens c. rods d. ganglion cells

c. rods

When someone opens a door, we do not experience the door as becoming distorted in form, from a rectangle to a diamond to a flat, thin stripe, and the like. Rather, we recognize the door as remaining in its original form. This phenomenon is called ____ constancy. a. distal b. proximal c. shape d. size

c. shape

Disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex can lead to ____, in which a person is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time. a. visual-object agnosia b. prosopagnosia c. simultagnosia d. optic agnosia

c. simultagnosia

Which view of perception suggests that stimuli may be richly informative and perceptual processes may be very complex? a. bottom-up b. intelligent topographical c. synthesis of bottom-up and top-down d. top-down

c. synthesis of bottom-up and top-down

Julie sees a flower, she notes it is red and appears to be a rose. What is the distal object? a. photon absorption in the rods and cones b. the reflection of light off the rose c. the actual rose d. molecules released the rose

c. the actual rose

In which mental representation is the object stored in the way it is experienced by the perceiver? a. object-centered representation b. state-dependent representation c. viewer-centered representation d. egocentric representation

c. viewer-centered representation

What is the expert-individuation hypothesis? a. Once humans are adult, they are experts at face recognition. b. The fusiform gyrus is active only when viewing faces. c. Configurational processing is idiosyncratic in each person. d. Activity in the fusiform gyrus is related to expertise.

d. Activity in the fusiform gyrus is related to expertise.

____ perception is also known as intelligent perception, because it states that higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception. a. Synthetic b. Unconscious c. Direct d. Constructive

d. Constructive

____ perception refers to a key view of perception which asserts that the perceiver builds the stimulus that is perceived, using sensory information as the foundation for the structure, but also considering the existing knowledge and thought processes of the person. a. Synthetic b. Unconscious c. Direct d. Constructive

d. Constructive

____ features are those that give a form its overall shape. a. Mega b. Micro c. Local d. Global

d. Global

The viewpoint of direct perception was championed by ____. a. John Watson b. Johanes Ponzo c. Irvin Rock d. James Gibson

d. James Gibson

____ refer(s) to the set of psychological processes by which people recognize, organize, synthesize, and give meaning (in the brain) to the sensations received from environmental stimuli (in the sense organs). a. Comprehension b. Recognition c. Sensation d. Perception

d. Perception

____ occurs when our perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of the distal object changes. a. Distal stimulus b. Proximal stimulus c. Sensation constancy d. Perceptual constancy

d. Perceptual constancy

Which hypothesis suggests that there are two distinct visual pathways in the brain; one pathway is important for the location of the object in space and the other is for identifying the object? a. Identity/Location b. Identity/Use c. What/How d. What/Where

d. What/Where

Which depth-perception cues are based on information received from both eyes? a. object-centered b. monocular c. higher order d. binocular

d. binocular

Gibson's direct perception model is sometimes referred to as a(n) ____, because of Gibson's concern with perception as it occurs in the everyday world rather than in laboratory situations. a. anti-laboratory view b. real-life view c. world model d. ecological model

d. ecological model

Which principle suggests that we divide visual information into information that appears closer and better defined and that which appears further away and unhighlighted? a. object specification b. binocular depth cues c. decompositional analysis d. figure-ground

d. figure-ground

In Farah's two-system account of pattern recognition, one system specializes in the recognition of parts of objects, and the second system specializes in recognizing ____. a. various features of objects b. motion of objects c. stationary features d. larger configurations

d. larger configurations

According to the ____ theory of object perception, objects are recognized based on the perception of the distinctive arrangement of various geons (a set of three dimensional geometrical elements) that compose each object. a. feature-matching b. prototype c. template d. recognition-by-components

d. recognition-by-components

When someone approaches us, we do not experience the person becoming larger as he or she comes closer, despite the fact that the retinal image is enlarging dramatically. This phenomenon is called ____ constancy. a. distal b. proximal c. shape d. size

d. size

Melanie can sense all parts of her visual field, but the objects she sees do not mean anything to her. This phenomenon is called ____. a. visual amnesia b. prosopagnosia c. simultagnosia d. visual-object agnosia

d. visual-object agnosia

When seeing a pair of eyeglasses, a patient with ____ might first note that there is a circle, then there is another circle, then a crossbar, and finally guess that he is looking at a bicycle. a. visual amnesia b. prosopagnosia c. simultagnosia d. visual-object agnosia

d. visual-object agnosia