psy chapter 7

______ increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordination.

Myelination

Many of the deaths of children worldwide could be prevented by a reduction in poverty and improvements in nutrition, sanitation, education, and health services.

True

True or false: Children who perform better at executive function tasks seem to also have a better understanding of theory of mind.

True

The awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as

conservation

Experts recommend which of the following as methods of helping a child's sleep improve?

consistent sleep and wake times making sure the room is cool positive family relationships

Researchers have linked brain development in children to

contextual factors like socioeconomic status and parenting quality.

As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage

decreases

In the 3- to 15-year age range, the overall size of the brain

does not dramatically grow.

In 2017, ______ was the most common cause of accidental death in young children.

drowning

Developmentalist Rochel Gelman argues that conservation appears ______ than Piaget thought.

earlier

A child playing hide-and-seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the thought limitation of

egocentrism

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called .

egocentrism

Kiley is very anxious and ready for kindergarten. She is advanced in her developmental functioning. Kiley's readiness for school indicates advanced ____________ functioning.

executive

What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood?

executive attention sustained attention

Which of the following have been used to improve children's attention?

eye-contact exercises stop-go activities computer exercises

The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child's understanding of

morphology rules.

Which of the following has been linked to young children's processing speed?

myelination in certain brain areas

Ethnic origin and ___________ are the two most important contributors to height.

nutrition

What are the two of the most important developmental factors that contribute to the differences in children's height and weight worldwide?

nutrition ethnic origin

According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions.

operations

Which of the following are contextual factors that are linked to the development of the brain?

parenting quality poverty

The three mental states children begin to understand from 18 months to 3 years of age are

perceptions emotions desires

Executive attention involves ______.

planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors

For disadvantaged young children, early childhood programs

positively influence both their cognitive and social worlds.

The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called

preoperational thought.

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?

preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine modeling healthy eating habits

Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion?

preschoolers

According to a recent study, theory of mind predicted which of the following in children?

severity of autism

According to Vygotsky, children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't.

socially competent

Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs.

socioemotional

Which of the following is NOT a recommended way to help enhance children's communication skills with books?

Request that they wait until the end of the story to ask questions.

Myelination refers to

the insulation of nerve cells with a layer of fat cells.

True or false: Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory views children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.

true

Sustained attention is also known as

vigilance

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?

zone of proximal development

Perceptions, emotions, and desires are all mental states that children from ______ begin to understand.

18 months to 3 years of age

Guidelines recommend that young children engage in ______ of physical activity per day.

3 hours

Match the number from the 5-2-1-0 obesity guidelines to the appropriate guideline. Instructions

5=or more servings of fruits and vegetable a day 2=hour(s) or less of screen time 1=hour(s) of physical activity 0=sugar-sweetened beverages daily

Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Conservation appears earlier than Piaget thought. Attention is especially important in explaining conservation.

Which of these are considered effective ways to use books with children?

Encouraging children to ask questions Using books to start conversations Using what and why questions

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to __________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

Executive; sustained

Which statements are true about fast mapping? (Choose every correct answer.)

It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense. It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent.

The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best described by which statements?

"The sunshine is happy." "Thunder is mad and yelling at us."

Which statements best describe the concept of private speech?

According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help them learn. Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development. According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help themselves accomplish difficult problem-solving tasks.

______ memory involves remembering events such as a song, a movie, or an interesting event.

Autobiographical

Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises?

Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools. Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. Children's cultural environment influences their thinking process.

Research indicates that which of the following changes occur as memory takes on more autobiographical characteristics between 3 and 5 years of age?

Children increasingly remember events as occurring at a specific location. Children increasingly remember events as occurring at a specific time. Children include more elements that are rich in detail in their narratives.

Identify each of the key factors in vocabulary developments in young children.

Children learn words of items that interest them. Children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected. Children learn words they hear frequently.

Which of the following is NOT a key principle in young children's vocabulary development?

Children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar.

______ habits are important aspects of development during early childhood that affect skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease.

Eating

______________-mapping is when children have the ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure.

Fast

The ______ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.

Montessori

Which of the following statements are true about the Montessori approach to early childhood education? (Choose every correct answer.)

Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities. Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers. The philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States.

Which of the following statements best describe the curriculum controversy in early childhood education?

One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development.

Which of the following are changes that occur in children's brains between the ages of 3 and 15?

The brain reorganizes itself. Brain material in some areas may nearly double within as little as a year. Unneeded cells are purged.

Why does memory span change as children age?

The efficiency with which children process information improves. Older children are more likely to rehearse information. The speed with which memory items can be identified increases.

Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true?

There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy.

The main cause of death among young children is

accidents

The child's life should center around

activities, not meals.

Which of the following would prevent many of the incidences of deaths among young children living in poverty around the world?

adequate sanitation improvements in education accessible health services

Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?

age differences in susceptibility to suggestion individual differences in susceptibility interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions

Suja said, "mama my foots hurt." Suja's use of "foots" is an example of

an overgeneralization of morphological rules.

Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of Piaget's theory of ________.

animation

Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of Piaget's theory of ________________

animation

Developmentally ______ practice is based on knowledge of typical development of children within a particular age span and focuses on the uniqueness of the child.

appropriate

Researchers have found that children with have difficulty developing a theory of mind.

autism

Memory of significant events and experiences in one's life is called ______ memory.

autobiographical

Less sleep time for children has been associated with which of the following?

being overweight attention problems worse school readiness

Which of the following is associated with preschool children who have a longer sleep duration?

better social skills increased receptive vocabulary peer acceptance

Nutrition and eating habits affect which of the following aspects in early childhood?

body shape susceptibility to disease skeletal growth

Which of the following most strongly influences a child's eating behavior?

caregivers' behavior

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called

centration

True or false: Advances in executive function do not occur until a child reaches elementary school.

false

True or false: By 3 years of age, children have improved their fine motor skills enough to complete a jigsaw puzzle without forcing the pieces.

false

Many preschool children are ______, unable to see close up as well as they can see far away.

farsighted

A 5-year-old child's ability to move their hand, arm, and body with accurate eye coordination demonstrates improved

fine motor skills.

By the time they enter ______, most children can focus their eyes and sustain their attention effectively on close-up objects.

first grade

Which of the following apply Vygotsky's concepts in the classroom?

focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills

Which of the following are examples of developmentally appropriate activities for young children?

games and puzzles active, hands-on activities dramatic play and make-believe

Students who attended the Perry Preschool program, an alternative to the Head Start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend Perry?

higher high school graduation rates a greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40 fewer teen pregnancies

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved. 3yr old 4yr old 5yr old

hopping and jumping climbing a low jungle gym running races with friends

One eye-contact exercise involves a teacher sitting in the middle of a circle of preschoolers and having each child catch the teacher's eye before being permitted to leave the group. This is an example of

improving attention span.

Which of the following is most likely to consider the speed with which a child can undertake cognitive tasks?

information-processing perspective

Which of the following are individual differences that affect theory of mind development in children?

language development executive function

Which of the following are ways that Vygotsky's concepts can be incorporated into the classroom setting?

presenting material to children in a real-world context that connects to their everyday lives focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills using assessments to provide information on a child's zone of proximal development using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills

Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age? (Choose every correct answer.)

processing speed rehearsal of information

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of ___________ development.

proximal

Methods of helping a child's sleep before bedtime include which of the following?

reading a story sitting and listening to music quiet bath experience

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

running climbing jumping

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to _________ , another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Which of the following is a Vygotskian idea that may be applied in the classroom?

scaffolding

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of

scaffolding.

Advances in executive function skills in preschool is linked with which of the following?

school readiness

Strategies for preventing obesity in childhood include having parents and teachers

see food as a way to meet nutritional needs.