PSY272 Quiz #4 - Study Questions

What are some examples of goals that a promotion focused person might set?

- earn more money - achieve better health - improve relationships

Why does setting goals work?

- effort varies in proportion to higher goals - challenging goals lead people to work longer) - goals orient individuals toward goal-relevant activities and materials - searching for and developing strategies

what are some potential limitations of goal-setting?

- goal setting is all about the outcome (could inhibit learning, exploring, and creativity) - promotes extrinsic motivation (possible incompatibility with personal needs)

Why is feedback important?

- helps employees realize where they need to make adjustments - helps employees develop self-efficacy

What are the possible consequences of ineffective feedback?

- lower future motivation - workplace deviance - poor relationship quality

When needs are not met it can lead to...

- lower job satisfaction - poor mental health - low self-esteem - deviant behavior

What are some ways to maximize transfer of training?

- maximize fidelity - make sure general principles are understood - provide as much motivation as possible - provide supervisory support for transfer of training - reward transfer of training

What are the criticisms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

- no research support for an invariant structure - people can move both up and down and can compensate across levels

What are some examples of goals that a prevention focused person might set?

- save and don't overspend - don't get sick - avoid quarrels and reduce conflicts

What are the three needs in self-determination theory?

1. competence 2. relatedness 3. autonomy

What are the three types of motivation in Deci & Ryan's (2000) self-determination theory?

1. controlled/extrinsic motivation 2. autonomous/intrinsic motivation 3. amotivation (no motivation)

What are the three characteristics of motivation?

1. effort (how much) 2. persistence (how long) 3. direction (for what/quality)

What are the three levels of Alderfer's ERG theory (1=bottom; 3=top)?

1. existence 2. relatedness 3. growth

What are the four criteria in the Kirkpatrick model used to evaluate training outcomes?

1. reaction 2. learning 3. behavioral 4. results

What are the three main theories used to guide training implementation?

1. reinforcement theory 2. social learning theory 3. goal-setting theory

According to the goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they: a. are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals b. are rewarded for reaching those goals c. can see the effort-to-performance link d. can see the performance-to-outcome link

are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals

In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for competence, relatedness, and _____ need to be met. A) self-esteem B) safety C) autonomy D) expectancy

autonomy

One criticism of using business games as a training tool is that trainees: a. do not perceive the games as relevant b. do not perceive the games as realistic c. do not perceive the games as interesting to participate in, so they often do not learn the intended objectives d. become so interested in competition that they lose sight of the principles the games were designed to teach

become so interested in competition that they lose sight of the principles the games were designed to teach

Which aspect of learning criteria is most relevant to behavioral criteria (transfer)?

behavior/skill demonstration

A dummy used to help surgeons learn how to insert a pacemaker has high psychological fidelity. This means that the: a. dummy looks like a real human, to make the surgeons feel bad if they "kill" the patient b. dummy is dissimilar from a real human because the surgeons do not need to be nervous about killing the dummy c. behaviors the surgeons need to execute to successfully insert the pacemaker are similar to what they would do for a human patient d. procedure for inserting the pacemaker is not very similar to how it would be done on an actual human

behaviors the surgeons need to execute to successfully insert the pacemaker are similar to what they would do for a human patient

Needs theory, paradox of incentives, and self-determination theory are examples of ______ theories--which focus on WHAT needs that must be met in order to motivate individuals.

content

Motivators have to do with job ______; hygienes are related to job ______

content; context

Job _____ is a context in which employees have the flexibility to customize or modify their own jobs. a. creation b. crafting c. flex d. plasticity

crafting

Sometimes there is backlash from employees regarding mandatory diversity training. One possible solution that has some research support is: a. offering bonuses for completing diversity training b. requiring training in order to receive a promotion c. socially excluding employees who do not complete training d. creating a culture of diversity

creating a culture of diversity

There is a ______ relationship between goal difficulty and task performance.

curvilinear

Work motivation is a force that drives employees to behave in a way that energizes, _____, and sustains work behaviors. a. directs b. devotes c. limits d. decreases

directs

Grant is delivering a training program to cell phone repair technicians. He divides the training into four week-long segments delivered across eight weeks, with one week of rest after each segment. The type of training practice that Grant is implementing is known as: A) distributed practice. B) disparate practice. C) massed practice. D) perfect practice.

distributed practice

Goals are the motivators of human action is the premise of which process theory of motivation?

goal-setting theory

The truck driver study and the grade study provide evidence for which theory of motivation?

goal-setting theory

Which is a way in which goal-setting changes behavior? a. goals help people direct their attention b. goals help people decide if they are being paid fairly c. goals help people evaluate their inputs and outcomes d. goals help people compare themselves with others

goals help people direct their attention

According to goal-setting theory, _____ and _____ are necessary to maximize and sustain motivation.

goals; feedback

Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs correspond to Alderfer's ______ needs. a. existence b. rational c. growth d. relatedness

growth

What are the principles of Locke & Latham's goal-setting theory?

higher and specific goals are good

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, supervision, salary, and work conditions are examples of which factor?

hygiene

Mariela believes that if she gets a favorable performance review, she will be more likely to get higher pay. According to expectancy theory, Mariela's belief reflects: a. valence b. expectancy c. instrumentality d. inputs

instrumentality

Shawna has just begun her role as a sales representative. During training, she is often confused because the trainer is discussing concepts she finds unfamiliar. The training may not be helpful because Shawna: A) lacks training readiness. B) has high self-efficacy. C) needs to overlearn the content. D) does not have a strong transfer in training culture.

lack training readiness

People who are oriented towards _______ are more receptive and learn more during training.

learning/mastery

All needs theories agree that people are motivated to seek out and perform well in jobs that...

match their needs

Providing an overview, giving relevant examples, and proceeding in a logical order can help increase the _______ of material during training. a. acceptability b. meaningfulness c. distribution d. overlearning

meaningfulness

Which of the following is a tested technique that shows a meaningful job increases work motivation? a. remembering fun times at work reduces fatigue of lifeguards b. plant-based diets increase restaurant workers' motivation to work c. bringing pets to work led tech company employees to work harder d. meeting the beneficiary increased call center workers' motivation

meeting the beneficiary increased call center workers' motivation

Even if an organization has an extremely effective selection system, it may still need to conduct some training because: a. many applicants misrepresent their skills when they apply for a job at a particular organization b. most selection systems still do a relatively poor job of identifying competent applicants c. most applicants will not know aspects of jobs that are specific to a particular organization d. it is legally required in the US

most applicants will not know aspects of jobs that are specific to a particular organization

Which statement about motivation is true? a. motivation is the same thing as personality b. motivation and performance are the same construct c. motivation involves sustaining work behaviors d. motivation involves decreasing effort

motivation involves sustaining work behaviors

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, recognition, interesting work, responsibility, reinforcement for work well done, and potential advancements are examples of which factor?

motivator

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, recognition is an example of _______ and salary is an example of ______. a. hygiene; motivator b. esteem need; relatedness need c. existence need; growth need c. motivator; hygiene

motivator; hygiene

Two-factor theory suggests that _____ are what lead employees to be satisfied with and motivated by their jobs.

motivators

What are the three needs outlined in McClelland's Motivational Needs theory?

need for power, need for affiliation, and need for achievement

Janice is interested in determining what goals are not being reached in her company. She should conduct a(n) _____ analysis. A) person B) task C) organizational D) demographic

organizational

Research has found that external reinforcement reduces intrinsic motivation. This phenomenon is known as the...

overjustification effect

Jacki trains lifeguards on how to perform CPR. Although the lifeguards appear to have mastered the procedure, Jacki continues to have them practice CPR once a week so that it becomes second nature to them. Jacki is encouraging the process of: a. massed practice b. distributed practice c. job-relevant practice d. overlearning

overlearning

The extent to which the equipment used in a simulator mimics the equipment used in the real world is known as: a. physical fidelity b. psychological fidelity c. criterion fidelity d. utility

physical fidelity

People who are considered to be _____ focused are concerned with security, motivated to fulfill one's obligations and ensuring no losses, and vigilant about whether they can avoid LOSSES.

prevention

Expectancy theory and goal-setting theory are examples of ____ theories-- which focus on the underlying processes involved in motivating employees and HOW motivation occurs.

process

People who are considered to be _____ focused are concerned with growth, motivated to strive for accomplishments, and are eager to know whether they can seek GAINS.

promotion

Regulatory focus theory divides people into two groups _____ focused and _____ focused.

promotion; prevention

According to equity theory, people compare their ratio of inputs and outcomes to the... a. outputs they believe they should earn b. ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers c. inputs they believe are valuable d. ratio of inputs and outputs of CEOs

ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers

An HR manager wants to motivate his employees using job characteristics theory. One step he should take is: a. improve employees' salaries and working conditions b. help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes c. set difficult, specific goals for his employees d. redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy

redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy

Paul is an HR manager who wants to motivate his employees using job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Paul should take is to: a. redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy b. help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes c. improve employees' salaries and working conditions d. set difficult, specific goals for his employees

redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy

According to the two-factor theory, which is an example of a motivator? a. responsibility b. salary c. working conditions d. supervision

responsibility

Rewards work well for ______ tasks, not for tasks that require _______

routine, mechanical; cognitive skills and creativity

Which motivational theory suggests that events that enhance perceptions of competence improve intrinsic motivation? a. self-evaluation theory b. self-regulation theory c. self-determination theory d. expectancy theory

self-determination theory

According to job characteristics theory, which is a core job dimension? a. pay scale b. supervision c. skill variety d. hygiene

skill variety

Angie perceives inequity because, when she compares her input/ outcome ratio to Sally's, the ratios are not equal. Angie frequently volunteers to work many more hours than Sally, but she does not receive the same bonuses that Sally receives. According to equity theory, one way Angie can reduce her perceived inequity is to: a. increase the value she places on outcomes such as bonuses b. increase her commitment to achieve a $1000 bonus c. stop volunteering to work extra hours d. devote more time to conducting a self-evaluation

stop volunteering to work more hours

The call center study provides evidence for the importance of ______ in increasing job motivation.

task significance

Deci's (1972) SOMA puzzle study provides evidence for...

the paradox of incentives

Training success is influenced by: a. workplace climate b. supervisor support for transfer of training c. trainee readiness d. post-training practice opportunities

trainee readiness

desired performance - actual performance =

training needs

The extent to which materials, skills, or procedures learned in training are taken back to jobs and regularly used by employees is known as: a. knowledge of results b. overlearning c. transfer of training d. utility of training

transfer of training

What is the ultimate goal of training?

transfer of training

When measuring the reaction criteria, _____ are most related to learning and behavioral criteria; whereas, ______ are not as important for assessing the training outcomes.

utility judgments; affective reactions

Duke knows that good performance is rewarded with extra vacation time, and Duke really values having that vacation time so he can travel. In expectancy theory, Duke's expectation that he will be satisfied by having time off is known as: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) instrumentality. D) inputs.

valence

Prevention-focused people are likely to be particularly motivated by which of the below statements: a. improve you skills today! b. you can get a $5 bonus with this purchase c. wash your hands to save lives d. we use the freshest ingredients here

wash your hands to save lives

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to...

whether an individual feels they can successfully accomplish a task