PSY272 Quiz #4 - Study Questions
What are some examples of goals that a promotion focused person might set?
- earn more money - achieve better health - improve relationships
Why does setting goals work?
- effort varies in proportion to higher goals - challenging goals lead people to work longer) - goals orient individuals toward goal-relevant activities and materials - searching for and developing strategies
what are some potential limitations of goal-setting?
- goal setting is all about the outcome (could inhibit learning, exploring, and creativity) - promotes extrinsic motivation (possible incompatibility with personal needs)
Why is feedback important?
- helps employees realize where they need to make adjustments - helps employees develop self-efficacy
What are the possible consequences of ineffective feedback?
- lower future motivation - workplace deviance - poor relationship quality
When needs are not met it can lead to...
- lower job satisfaction - poor mental health - low self-esteem - deviant behavior
What are some ways to maximize transfer of training?
- maximize fidelity - make sure general principles are understood - provide as much motivation as possible - provide supervisory support for transfer of training - reward transfer of training
What are the criticisms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
- no research support for an invariant structure - people can move both up and down and can compensate across levels
What are some examples of goals that a prevention focused person might set?
- save and don't overspend - don't get sick - avoid quarrels and reduce conflicts
What are the three needs in self-determination theory?
1. competence 2. relatedness 3. autonomy
What are the three types of motivation in Deci & Ryan's (2000) self-determination theory?
1. controlled/extrinsic motivation 2. autonomous/intrinsic motivation 3. amotivation (no motivation)
What are the three characteristics of motivation?
1. effort (how much) 2. persistence (how long) 3. direction (for what/quality)
What are the three levels of Alderfer's ERG theory (1=bottom; 3=top)?
1. existence 2. relatedness 3. growth
What are the four criteria in the Kirkpatrick model used to evaluate training outcomes?
1. reaction 2. learning 3. behavioral 4. results
What are the three main theories used to guide training implementation?
1. reinforcement theory 2. social learning theory 3. goal-setting theory
According to the goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they: a. are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals b. are rewarded for reaching those goals c. can see the effort-to-performance link d. can see the performance-to-outcome link
are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals
In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for competence, relatedness, and _____ need to be met. A) self-esteem B) safety C) autonomy D) expectancy
autonomy
One criticism of using business games as a training tool is that trainees: a. do not perceive the games as relevant b. do not perceive the games as realistic c. do not perceive the games as interesting to participate in, so they often do not learn the intended objectives d. become so interested in competition that they lose sight of the principles the games were designed to teach
become so interested in competition that they lose sight of the principles the games were designed to teach
Which aspect of learning criteria is most relevant to behavioral criteria (transfer)?
behavior/skill demonstration
A dummy used to help surgeons learn how to insert a pacemaker has high psychological fidelity. This means that the: a. dummy looks like a real human, to make the surgeons feel bad if they "kill" the patient b. dummy is dissimilar from a real human because the surgeons do not need to be nervous about killing the dummy c. behaviors the surgeons need to execute to successfully insert the pacemaker are similar to what they would do for a human patient d. procedure for inserting the pacemaker is not very similar to how it would be done on an actual human
behaviors the surgeons need to execute to successfully insert the pacemaker are similar to what they would do for a human patient
Needs theory, paradox of incentives, and self-determination theory are examples of ______ theories--which focus on WHAT needs that must be met in order to motivate individuals.
content
Motivators have to do with job ______; hygienes are related to job ______
content; context
Job _____ is a context in which employees have the flexibility to customize or modify their own jobs. a. creation b. crafting c. flex d. plasticity
crafting
Sometimes there is backlash from employees regarding mandatory diversity training. One possible solution that has some research support is: a. offering bonuses for completing diversity training b. requiring training in order to receive a promotion c. socially excluding employees who do not complete training d. creating a culture of diversity
creating a culture of diversity
There is a ______ relationship between goal difficulty and task performance.
curvilinear
Work motivation is a force that drives employees to behave in a way that energizes, _____, and sustains work behaviors. a. directs b. devotes c. limits d. decreases
directs
Grant is delivering a training program to cell phone repair technicians. He divides the training into four week-long segments delivered across eight weeks, with one week of rest after each segment. The type of training practice that Grant is implementing is known as: A) distributed practice. B) disparate practice. C) massed practice. D) perfect practice.
distributed practice
Goals are the motivators of human action is the premise of which process theory of motivation?
goal-setting theory
The truck driver study and the grade study provide evidence for which theory of motivation?
goal-setting theory
Which is a way in which goal-setting changes behavior? a. goals help people direct their attention b. goals help people decide if they are being paid fairly c. goals help people evaluate their inputs and outcomes d. goals help people compare themselves with others
goals help people direct their attention
According to goal-setting theory, _____ and _____ are necessary to maximize and sustain motivation.
goals; feedback
Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs correspond to Alderfer's ______ needs. a. existence b. rational c. growth d. relatedness
growth
What are the principles of Locke & Latham's goal-setting theory?
higher and specific goals are good
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, supervision, salary, and work conditions are examples of which factor?
hygiene
Mariela believes that if she gets a favorable performance review, she will be more likely to get higher pay. According to expectancy theory, Mariela's belief reflects: a. valence b. expectancy c. instrumentality d. inputs
instrumentality
Shawna has just begun her role as a sales representative. During training, she is often confused because the trainer is discussing concepts she finds unfamiliar. The training may not be helpful because Shawna: A) lacks training readiness. B) has high self-efficacy. C) needs to overlearn the content. D) does not have a strong transfer in training culture.
lack training readiness
People who are oriented towards _______ are more receptive and learn more during training.
learning/mastery
All needs theories agree that people are motivated to seek out and perform well in jobs that...
match their needs
Providing an overview, giving relevant examples, and proceeding in a logical order can help increase the _______ of material during training. a. acceptability b. meaningfulness c. distribution d. overlearning
meaningfulness
Which of the following is a tested technique that shows a meaningful job increases work motivation? a. remembering fun times at work reduces fatigue of lifeguards b. plant-based diets increase restaurant workers' motivation to work c. bringing pets to work led tech company employees to work harder d. meeting the beneficiary increased call center workers' motivation
meeting the beneficiary increased call center workers' motivation
Even if an organization has an extremely effective selection system, it may still need to conduct some training because: a. many applicants misrepresent their skills when they apply for a job at a particular organization b. most selection systems still do a relatively poor job of identifying competent applicants c. most applicants will not know aspects of jobs that are specific to a particular organization d. it is legally required in the US
most applicants will not know aspects of jobs that are specific to a particular organization
Which statement about motivation is true? a. motivation is the same thing as personality b. motivation and performance are the same construct c. motivation involves sustaining work behaviors d. motivation involves decreasing effort
motivation involves sustaining work behaviors
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, recognition, interesting work, responsibility, reinforcement for work well done, and potential advancements are examples of which factor?
motivator
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, recognition is an example of _______ and salary is an example of ______. a. hygiene; motivator b. esteem need; relatedness need c. existence need; growth need c. motivator; hygiene
motivator; hygiene
Two-factor theory suggests that _____ are what lead employees to be satisfied with and motivated by their jobs.
motivators
What are the three needs outlined in McClelland's Motivational Needs theory?
need for power, need for affiliation, and need for achievement
Janice is interested in determining what goals are not being reached in her company. She should conduct a(n) _____ analysis. A) person B) task C) organizational D) demographic
organizational
Research has found that external reinforcement reduces intrinsic motivation. This phenomenon is known as the...
overjustification effect
Jacki trains lifeguards on how to perform CPR. Although the lifeguards appear to have mastered the procedure, Jacki continues to have them practice CPR once a week so that it becomes second nature to them. Jacki is encouraging the process of: a. massed practice b. distributed practice c. job-relevant practice d. overlearning
overlearning
The extent to which the equipment used in a simulator mimics the equipment used in the real world is known as: a. physical fidelity b. psychological fidelity c. criterion fidelity d. utility
physical fidelity
People who are considered to be _____ focused are concerned with security, motivated to fulfill one's obligations and ensuring no losses, and vigilant about whether they can avoid LOSSES.
prevention
Expectancy theory and goal-setting theory are examples of ____ theories-- which focus on the underlying processes involved in motivating employees and HOW motivation occurs.
process
People who are considered to be _____ focused are concerned with growth, motivated to strive for accomplishments, and are eager to know whether they can seek GAINS.
promotion
Regulatory focus theory divides people into two groups _____ focused and _____ focused.
promotion; prevention
According to equity theory, people compare their ratio of inputs and outcomes to the... a. outputs they believe they should earn b. ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers c. inputs they believe are valuable d. ratio of inputs and outputs of CEOs
ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers
An HR manager wants to motivate his employees using job characteristics theory. One step he should take is: a. improve employees' salaries and working conditions b. help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes c. set difficult, specific goals for his employees d. redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy
redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy
Paul is an HR manager who wants to motivate his employees using job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Paul should take is to: a. redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy b. help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes c. improve employees' salaries and working conditions d. set difficult, specific goals for his employees
redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy
According to the two-factor theory, which is an example of a motivator? a. responsibility b. salary c. working conditions d. supervision
responsibility
Rewards work well for ______ tasks, not for tasks that require _______
routine, mechanical; cognitive skills and creativity
Which motivational theory suggests that events that enhance perceptions of competence improve intrinsic motivation? a. self-evaluation theory b. self-regulation theory c. self-determination theory d. expectancy theory
self-determination theory
According to job characteristics theory, which is a core job dimension? a. pay scale b. supervision c. skill variety d. hygiene
skill variety
Angie perceives inequity because, when she compares her input/ outcome ratio to Sally's, the ratios are not equal. Angie frequently volunteers to work many more hours than Sally, but she does not receive the same bonuses that Sally receives. According to equity theory, one way Angie can reduce her perceived inequity is to: a. increase the value she places on outcomes such as bonuses b. increase her commitment to achieve a $1000 bonus c. stop volunteering to work extra hours d. devote more time to conducting a self-evaluation
stop volunteering to work more hours
The call center study provides evidence for the importance of ______ in increasing job motivation.
task significance
Deci's (1972) SOMA puzzle study provides evidence for...
the paradox of incentives
Training success is influenced by: a. workplace climate b. supervisor support for transfer of training c. trainee readiness d. post-training practice opportunities
trainee readiness
desired performance - actual performance =
training needs
The extent to which materials, skills, or procedures learned in training are taken back to jobs and regularly used by employees is known as: a. knowledge of results b. overlearning c. transfer of training d. utility of training
transfer of training
What is the ultimate goal of training?
transfer of training
When measuring the reaction criteria, _____ are most related to learning and behavioral criteria; whereas, ______ are not as important for assessing the training outcomes.
utility judgments; affective reactions
Duke knows that good performance is rewarded with extra vacation time, and Duke really values having that vacation time so he can travel. In expectancy theory, Duke's expectation that he will be satisfied by having time off is known as: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) instrumentality. D) inputs.
valence
Prevention-focused people are likely to be particularly motivated by which of the below statements: a. improve you skills today! b. you can get a $5 bonus with this purchase c. wash your hands to save lives d. we use the freshest ingredients here
wash your hands to save lives
Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to...
whether an individual feels they can successfully accomplish a task