PSY290 Exam 2
Which of the following is not true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim?
There will be greater construct validity
When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?
A difference in the height between the bars
An independent groups design is also known as _____ design.
Between subjects
Ceiling effects can affect
Both dependent and independent variables
How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar?
Both identify subgroups that need to be studied
Dr. Dormeur had every possible order of the conditions represented in her study. Which type of counterbalancing did she use?
Full counterbalancing
Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that ____ cannot be ____.
Causal inferences, made
Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a/an:
Ceiling effect
The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:
Cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata.
What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?
Moderators suggest that associations may generalize to all subgroups of people
What is the difference between concurrent-measures design and repeated-measures design?
Concurrent measures design expose participants to the levels of the independent variables at roughly the same time; repeated measures design expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially
If researchers measure every member of a population, they have:
Conducted a census
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching 2 classes this semester- Psychology and law and Introduction to neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. 43 of 50 Intro to Neuroscience students complete the survey. 46 of 48 Psychology and law students completed the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Kramer say? A. His sample is larger than his population B. His sample is representative C. His sample is biased D. His sample came from the population of interest
D. His sample came from the population of interest
To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Which of the following aspects Of Dr. Schulenbergs study allows him to prevent observer bias?
Ensuring the person grading The exams is unaware of each person's writing group
Dr. Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which she uses the same design, but recruits older adults instead of high school students for her sample. This change in participants is designed to enhance the study's ___ validity.
External
When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?
How each variable was measured must be considered
When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?
How was the sample collected?
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the last year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean?
If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.
Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?
Internal validity
When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus?
Internal validity
Which of the following questions is not necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?
Is random assignment affecting the findings?
Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following?
Manipulating the cause before measuring the effect
Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:
Martin used a large number of subjects
When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be a ________.
Masked design
Spontaneous remission (symptoms unexpectedly getting better) in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity?
Maturation
In true experiments, _____ is to dependent variable as _____ is to independent variable.
Measuring, manipulating
Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a ____ study.
Pilot
Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?
R always looks for the best straight line to fit the data?
Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling?
Random assignment is necessary for internal validity. Random sampling is necessary for external validity.
No one dropped the class between the midterm and the final. given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study?
Regression
Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following?
Self-Selection
A researchers attempt to control noise, sounds, smells and even temperatures in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following
Situation noise
Using the same setting and consistent protocols for each participant in the study Will reduce the effect of
Situation noise
effect sizes: R= .10 R= .30 R= .50
Small, medium, large
Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFO's. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information for other people who have been abducted. Upon contacting these participants, she asks them to refer even more people. What type of sampling is this?
Snowball
Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?
Studying people who are easy to find
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies _____ with the independent variable.
Systematically
Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr. Lonsbarys study?
The d coefficient
Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?
The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique
In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need?
The mean optimism scores of people who voted
While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you than an association claim is being made?
The measurement of two variables
What is the primary difference between protest/post test designs and within-groups designs?
The number of times the dependent variable is measured
When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?
The way the sample was selected from the population.
What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?
They result in samples where some people are systematically left out.
A biased sample consists of too many ___ cases
Unusual
Which of the following can help when faced with testing threats?
Using a comparison group
Why is there a publication bias against Null effects?
people generally want to read about independent variables that matter