PSY3213L Midterm 1 Study

Refer to the research study below to answer the next three questions. Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by exposure to high levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Contrary to the theory, Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article? -Clinical researchers -Social workers -Depressed patients -Journalists

Clinical researchers

When reading a journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? -"What were the methods?" and "What were the results?" -"What research exists on this topic?" and "What research needs to be conducted to answer the question?" -"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?" -"What is the hypothesis?" and "What are the explanations?"

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. She has given the drug to all her patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, her experience is limited because she does not have... -a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms. -a comparison group that did not receive the drug. -a hypothesis. -psychotherapy to supplement the drug.

A comparison group that did not receive the drug

What is the problem with being swayed by a good story? -Good stories are not falsifiable. -A good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding. -A good story may not be supported by data. -Scientific findings never have commonsense explanations.

A good story may not be supported by data

Refer to the research study below to answer the next three questions. Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? -A hypothesis -A theory -Research -Data

A hypothesis

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 3 questions. Aamir is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, and Williamson, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? -A manipulated variable -A variable's level -A measured variable -A constant

A measured variable

Which of the following is an example of translational research? -An industrial-organizational psychologist is interested in the components of job satisfaction. -A sports psychologist uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance. -A cognitive psychologist examines people's ability to distinguish colors based on light exposure. -A clinical psychologist examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD.

A sports psychologist uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance

In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option? A study examining discussions about natural childbirth between mothers and doctors A study examining the health of children born via natural childbirth A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth A study examining the breathing styles used during natural childbirth

A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as... -research. -a hypothesis. -data. -a theory.

A theory

When reading a journal article "with a purpose," which section should you read first? -Method -Discussion -Abstract -Introduction

Abstract

Refer to the research question below to answer the next 4 questions. Dr. Reznick is planning to conduct a research study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with lower cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Reznick is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Reznick plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Reznick is a clinical psychologist who spends his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using several inmates as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? -Prisoners may not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. -More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Reznick can actually study. -Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. -According to the Belmont report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

According to the Belmont report, prisoners are entitled to special protection

Refer to the research study below to answer the next two (2) questions. Like Dr. Singh above, Dr. Califf has decided to measure how happy her students are with her teaching this semester. She is teaching two classes: Introduction to Psychology, and Pseudoscience. She gives her students a survey. What is Dr. Califf's likely population of interest? All students at the university All psychology majors and minors All students she is currently teaching All students in her Pseudoscience class

All students she is currently teaching

Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? -Causal claim -Association claim -Anecdotal claim -Frequency claim

Association claim

Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research? -Attending a psychological conference -Consenting to participate in a research study -Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms -Measuring dopamine levels

Attending a psychological conference

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as _____ research. -basic -evidentiary -translational -applied

Basic

In looking at a scatterplot of interrater reliability, why would the researcher want to see all the dots close to the line of agreement? -Because it indicates that the researcher's measurement will also have high test-retest reliability -Because it indicates that the researcher's measurement is valid -Because it indicates a positive relationship -Because it indicates that the researcher's two research assistants are making similar measurements

Because it indicates that the researchers two research assistants are making similar measurements

Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are... -overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias. -being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes to mind easily. -probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking. -the present/present bias and the confederate bias.

Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes to mind easily

After reading Chapter 2, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? -Bias blind spot -Motivated thinking -Confirmation bias -Faulty intuition

Bias blind spot

Which of the following allows us to make strong predictions using association claims? Neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations Both strong positive associations and strong negative associations Strong negative associations Strong positive associations

Both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? -Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity -Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense -Research the frequency of OCD in mice -Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error

Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is... There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples. cluster samples use oversampling; stratified random samples use undersampling. cluster samples study all possible clusters; stratified random samples randomly select strata. cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata.

Cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have... conducted a census. increased internal validity. collected a sample. biased the study.

Conducted a census

To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on the measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? -Content validity -Face validity -Discriminant validity -Criterion validity

Criterion validity

Another word for discriminant validity is _____ validity. -convergent -divergent -multiple -asymmetrical

Divergent

Articles that could be considered journalism... -are hard to access. -do not require special education to read. -are typically written for scientists. -are typically written by scientists.

Do not require special education to read

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? -Scientific journals -Edited books -Popular magazines -An expert's dissertation

Edited books

Refer to the research study below to answer the next three questions. Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by exposure to high levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Contrary to the theory, Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. What would be a reasonable next step for Dr. White? -Work with a journalist to write a magazine article claiming she has disproved the theory about estrogen and depression -Develop an entirely new theory of what causes depression -Start altering treatments for depression based on her findings -Evaluate the ways in which her study differed from previous studies that supported this theory

Evaluate the ways in which her study differed from previous studies that supported this theory

Another word for observer effects is... expectancy effects. interrater reliability. observer bias. unobtrusive observation.

Expectancy effects

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 2 questions. Dr. Rodriguez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal Scale. Item 1 of the scale reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Item 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Item 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriguez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? -Face validity -Discriminant validity -Content validity -Concurrent validity

Face validity

Juilan creates a survey asking participants to first report how happy they are in their marriage, and then second to report how happy they are in their life. His advisor, Dr. Furentes, recommends that he create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is Julian's advisor recommending this? He is concerned that Julian's participants will use shortcuts. He is concerned that Julian's results could be affected by question order. He is concerned that Julian has a double-barreled question. He is concerned that Julian's participants will try to fake good.

He is concerned that Julian's results could be affected by question order

Refer to the research study below to answer the next two (2) questions. Like Dr. Singh above, Dr. Califf has decided to measure how happy her students are with her teaching this semester. She is teaching two classes: Introduction to Psychology, and Pseudoscience. She gives her students a survey. 43 of 50 Introduction to Psychology and 46 out of 48 Pseudoscience students complete the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Califf say? Because some students did not complete the survey, the results are not valid. Her sample came from the population of interest. Her sample is biased. Her sample is larger than the population.

Her sample came from the population of interest

Refer to the following study to answer the next 2 questions. Jenny reads the following headline on an article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that white women can be threatened by racism, and men of color can be threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Which of the following questions assesses the construct validity of this study? -Would this research generalize to children? -Did the researchers establish temporal precedence? -How big was the effect of perceived discrimination? -How did the researchers measure expectations of unfair treatment?

How did the researchers measure expectations of unfair treatment?

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as an _____. -AWA -AIRB -IACUC -IRB

IACUC

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? -In ensure that the studies published are of the highest quality. -It is cost effective. -It encourages collaboration among researchers. -It is more efficient/faster.

In ensure that the studies published are of the highest quality

Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this item? It is a double-barreled question. It has a double negative. It is a forced-choice question. It is a leading question.

It is a leading question

Which of the following is true of probability sampling? It is the same as random assignment. It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling. It is the best way to obtain a representative sample. It should only be used when external validity is not the goal of the study.

It is the best way to obtain a representative sample

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 2 questions. Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on this new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a... -prediction paradigm. -test-retest paradigm. -known-groups paradigm. -group-evaluation paradigm.

Known-groups paradigm

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions? -First page of the method section -Last paragraph of the introduction -First page of the article -Last paragraph of the results section

Last paragraph of the introduction

Why would behavioral observation be a good research method for studying a high frequency behavior (e.g., the number of words spoken in a day or number of steps taken in a week)? it is cheaper to collect data than it is to self-report data. It will take less time to collect the data. Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data. Researchers do not need to obtain participant consent for behavioral observation.

Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) -theory -prediction -outcome -observation

Prediction

Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar? -PsycINFO is not limited to just psychology and related fields. -PsycINFO does not allow you to search particular fields. -PsycINFO does not provide pdf versions of articles. -PsycINFO is not free to use.

PsycINFO is not free to use

You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that... -your intuition is better than research. -you have fallen prey to your bias blind spot. -research is probabilistic. -you have cherry-picked information to support your conclusion.

Research is probabilistic

How does research overcome the problem of confounds? -Research uses intuition to detect potential confounds. -Research systematically compares multiple conditions. -Research combines data across diverse individuals. -Research systematically compares multiple conditions.

Research systematically compares multiple conditions

Which of the following is true of question wording? -Differences in how questions are worded always lead to different results. -Researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results. -No research has scientifically demonstrated the question wording affects the answers participants give. -It has no effect on the results of a survey/poll.

Researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results

Which of the following increases accurate responding? Fence sitting Reverse-worded questions Acquiescence Nay-saying response sets

Reverse-worded questions

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? -Scientific journals are peer-reviewed; popular magazines are not. -Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology. -Scientific journal article findings explain all cases all of the time; popular magazine articles only explain certain cases. -Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly.

Scientific journals are peer reviewed; popular magazines are not

Refer to the research question below to answer the next 4 questions. Dr. Reznick is planning to conduct a research study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with lower cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Reznick is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Reznick plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Reznick suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Reznick recruit for his study? -Students attending college -People with a history of insomnia -Patients from Dr. Reznick's clinical psychology practice -Employee at a local daycare center

Students attending college

Adam wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Adam have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? -The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion -The abstract and the method section -The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction -The last paragraph of the introduction and the results section

The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

Refer to the research question below to answer the next 4 questions. Dr. Reznick is planning to conduct a research study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with lower cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Reznick is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Reznick plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Reznick's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont report? -The principle of beneficence -The principle of justice -The principle of integrity -The principle of respect for persons

The principle of justice

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? -The peer reviewers -The researcher -The participants -The journalist

The researcher

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 3 questions. Aamir is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, and Williamson, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? -The volume of the music -The type of game -The sex of the researcher -The sex of the participant

The sex of the participant

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 2 questions. Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. in the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I'm not sure I'm convinced. I'm not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I'm curious if the results would apply to both public and private school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? -The study's external validity -The study's internal validity -The study's statistical validity -The study's construct validity

The study's construct validity

Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? -To avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases -To know what evidence people like best -To be able to sway people with a good story -To identify the most intuitive explanations

To avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases

Which of the following is the most likely reason a psychological scientist would publish their research in a scientific journal? -To have their results reviewed by other psychologists -To gain attention by journalists -To share their findings with the general public -To get money from the journals where their work appears

To have their results reviewed by other psychologists

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as _____ research. -empirical -translational -compound -practical

Translational

Studies that use nonprobability samples have _____ external validity. zero guaranteed unknown enhanced

Unknown

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? -We do not examine all the evidence, only what we can think of quickly. -We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. -It keeps us from examining our own experience. -We will never be right in our conclusions.

We do not examine all the evidence, only what we can think of quickly

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? -Negative association -Positive association -Zero association -Causal association

Zero association

Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might engage in unethical behavior by fabricating or falsifying data? -Research success has implications for promotion within their department. -They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. -They feel pressure to publish findings. -A journal might require it.

A journal might require it

Refer to the research study below to answer the next three questions. Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? -Data -A theory -A hypothesis -Research

A theory

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT: -a confidential study examining eating patterns in newborns. -an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed. -a confidential survey examining sexual behavior in individuals who have an intellectual disability. -an anonymous study looking at gang behavior in parolees.

An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD? -Neither group of participants can provide informed consent. -Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants. -Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants. -Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.

Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants

When interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask? -Has an expert said that this measure is valid? -Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid? -Do I know that this measure is valid? -Does this measure have the right kind of validity?

Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim? -One that is kept constant -One that is measured -One that has one level -One that is manipulated

One that is manipulated

A common finding in the study of aggression that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? -The criterion of covariance -The third-variable criterion -The criterion of temporal precedence -The criterion of external validity

The criterion of temporal precedence

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? -Procedure -Abstract -Outcomes -Participants

Outcomes

Which of the following is an association claim? -"Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners." -"A majority of American like." -"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." -"Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time."

Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 2 questions. Dr. Rodriguez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal Scale. Item 1 of the scale reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Item 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Item 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriguez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. Dr. Rodriguez is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on each of these days, and she sees that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following? -A strong relationship -A positive relationship -A valid finding -A negative finding

A strong relationship

Refer to the research study below to answer the next three questions. Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by exposure to high levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Contrary to the theory, Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, "depressed individuals will have been exposed to higher levels of estrogen in the womb than non-depressed individuals" was the _____. -hypothesis -research question -data -theory

Hypothesis

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 2 questions. Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. in the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I'm not sure I'm convinced. I'm not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I'm curious if the results would apply to both public and private school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study? -Because the author of the study already did -Because he has not taken statistics yet -Because he is a student, not a researcher -Because the study's claim is an association claim

Because the study's claim is an association claim

Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time during the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean? The true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%. If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%. We can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% of fathers. If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time.

If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? -Determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes. -Check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results. -Research the credentials of the author of the popular media article. -Find and read the original scientific article.

Find and read the original scientific article

Compared with doing a generic internet search, why is PsycINFO a better way to find scientific sources? -It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. -It searches research scientists' websites. -It can be done on any computer. -It is free.

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? -It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. -It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies. -It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. -It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress

If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n)... -Likert scale. -semantic differential format. -agreement scale. -open-ended format.

Likert scale

Dr. Howard is the editor of a psychology journal. He wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to evaluate. Which of the following would be the best way to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? -Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers -Use reviewers from fields other than psychology -Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous -Increase the number of peer reviewers

Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous

Refer to the research study below to answer the next two (2) questions. Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law, and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Use the scale below to rate how much you agree with the following statement: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? I am a very serious student. I only try as hard as I have to. D. How easy do you feel this class was? 1 2 3 4 5 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? -Question C -Question A -Question D -Question B

Question A

Refer to the research study below to answer the next two (2) questions. Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law, and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Use the scale below to rate how much you agree with the following statement: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? I am a very serious student. I only try as hard as I have to. D. How easy do you feel this class was? 1 2 3 4 5 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a semantic differential scale? -Question A -Question C -Question B -Question D

Question D

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? -Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. -Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. -Researchers test theories to help determine whether a hypothesis is accurate. -Researchers test hypotheses to help determine whether a theory is accurate.

Researchers test hypotheses to help determine whether a theory is accurate

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several researchers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of which type of measurement? -Physiological measurement -Archival measurement -Self-report measurement -Observational measurement

Self-report measurement

Dr. Okeke would like all her research assistants to know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: -She wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs -She wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style -She wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies -She wants to make sure they understand the procedures involved in the peer-review process.

She wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

A sample is always _____ a population. more expensive to measure than more scientific than more interesting than smaller than

Smaller than

Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling? Snowball sampling Purposive sampling Convenience samplign Self-selection sampling

Snowball sampling

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? -Conceptual and operational definitions are the same thing. -Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. -Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did researchers measure the variable?" -Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others

Which of the following is true of variables? -All variables can be manipulated. -Variables are the same as constants. -Variables only need conceptual definitions. -Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following? Studying people who are easy to find Studying people who are typical Studying people who are willing to participate Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher

Studying people who are easy to find

Refer to the research study below to answer the next three questions. Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? -Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory. -Susan writes a paper challenging self-determination theory because only some of her data supported it. -Susan proposes an altered or amended version of the theory to fit her data. -Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory.

Susan proposes an altered or amended version of the theory to fit her data

Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? -That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self-esteem -That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction -That his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have -That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 3 questions. Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides the list of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. He assigns the first 20 randomly drawn names to Group A, and the last 20 randomly drawn names to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that is very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for five minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the per reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? -The internal validity of the study -The statistical validity of the study -The construct validity of the study -The external validity of the study

The construct validity of the study

The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: -the education and experience of the journalist. -the importance and accuracy of the story. -the length and source of the story. -the education and experience of the scientist.

The importance and accuracy of the story

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 3 questions. Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides the list of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. He assigns the first 20 randomly drawn names to Group A, and the last 20 randomly drawn names to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that is very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for five minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? -The external validity of the study -The statistical validity of the study -The internal validity of the study -The construct validity of the study

The internal validity of the study

The principle of justice calls for a balance between _____ and _____. -the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it -costs to the participant; benefits to the participant -needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent -the interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB)

The kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? -The cost of the book -The number of authors -The number of references -The number of pages

The number of references

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 3 questions. Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides the list of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. He assigns the first 20 randomly drawn names to Group A, and the last 20 randomly drawn names to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that is very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for five minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? -The number of words on the list -The number of words remembered -The length of the distractor task -The emotional or neutral content of the words

The number of words remembered

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is best described as an example of... -the present/present bias. -the availability heuristic. -asking biased questions. -cherry-picking evidence.

The present/present bias

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 2 questions. Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gambler's Anonymous (GA) and another in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? To obtain evidence for face validity To obtain evidence for convergent validity To obtain evidence for criterion validity To obtain evidence for content validity

To obtain evidence for criterion validity

Refer to the research study below to answer the next 3 questions. Aamir is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, and Williamson, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many variables are included in this study? -One -Two -Five -Four

Two

Refer to the research question below to answer the next 4 questions. Dr. Reznick is planning to conduct a research study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with lower cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Reznick is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Reznick plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Reznick would need to ask which of the following questions? -Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study? -Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? -What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? -Are the people who are in my study going to benefit as much as the people who are not in my study?

What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority? -When they present all the evidence on a topic -When they base their opinions on their intuition -When they have conducted scientific research on the topic -When they have a scientific degree

When they base their opinions on their intuition

Refer to the following study to answer the next 2 questions. Jenny reads the following headline on an article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that white women can be threatened by racism, and men of color can be threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. The results of this study are most likely generalizable to which of the following groups? -White women and African American men -Individuals receving unfair treatment -All minority groups -African American women

White women and African American men