PSYC 107 - Exam 3, Chapter 10

In binocular rivalry, you see one image in the left eye and an incompatible image in the right eye. What do you perceive? - an alternation between one image and the other - one superimposed on the other - something halfway between one and the other - something entirely different from both

an alternation between one image and the other

In which of these does a person have the LEAST amount of brain activity and responsiveness? - brain death - coma - minimally conscious state - vegetative state

brain death

Which of the following is characteristic of a "minimally conscious state"? - low, steady brain activity and no responses to stimulation - only limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to pain - brief periods of purposeful action and speech comprehension - a tendency to ignore stimuli on one side of the body

brief periods of purposeful action and speech comprehension

In which condition does the brain show a low, steady rate of activity and no response to any stimulus? - brain death - coma - minimally conscious state - vegetative state

coma

What is one important function of sleep? - conserving energy - increasing body temperature - increasing blood flow to the muscles - increasing blood flow to the brain

conserving energy

Which of the following often produces spatial neglect for half of the body? - damage in the right hemisphere of the brain - damage in the left hemisphere of the brain - damage to the corpus callosum - aftereffects from electroconvulsive therapy

damage in the right hemisphere of the brain

The brain activity associated with REM sleep is most similar to that associated with - stage 1 sleep. - stage 2 sleep. - stage 3 sleep. - stage 4 sleep.

stage 1 sleep.

The sequence of words as they are actually spoken or written is called the ____ - surface structure. - prototype. - deep structure. - transformational grammar.

surface structure

T/F: Re-synchronizing the circadian rhythm is easier after flying west, the same direction as the sun seems to rise.

true

T/F: SCN stands for suprachiasmatic nucleus.

true

T/F: Sleep progresses through a series of stages.

true

T/F: Sleep spindles tend to occur during stage 2 sleep.

true

T/F: The brain is an electronic device.

true

T/F: To experience smell, our brain detects molecules.

true

T/F: Unpleasant dreams are called nightmares.

true

T/F: Wernicke's area is critical for speech comprehension.

true

When most people read, they do so by seeing a "window" of about __________ letters. 3 5 7 plus or minus 2 11

11

How many fixations per second does a typical reader have when reading an average page of text? 1 4 20 100

4

T/F: A "saccade" is movement of the eyeballs while reading.

true

T/F: A less synchronized brain is a "more" active brain.

true

T/F: A person is considered conscious if they are aware of themselves and their surroundings.

true

T/F: An average reader makes 4 fixations per second while reading.

true

T/F: Broca's area is critical for speech production.

true

T/F: Detecting electric fields on the head is a way to detect and measure brain activity.

true

T/F: In the context of the brain, a "nucleus" refers to a group of neuron cell bodies.

true

T/F: One explanation as to why animals sleep is to save energy.

true

When researchers measured brain activity during a binocular rivalry task, what did they find? - Whichever stimulus became conscious activated the left hemisphere. - Whichever stimulus became conscious activated the right hemisphere. - A consciously perceived image activated large portions of the brain. - Each stimulus activated one brain hemisphere or the other.

A consciously perceived image activated large portions of the brain.

What condition is marked by fluent speech despite few nouns, and impaired language comprehension? - Wernicke's aphasia - Williams syndrome - Rett syndrome - Broca's aphasia

Broca's aphasia

Why do cats sleep more than sheep? - Cats are more intelligent. - Cats are more active during the day. - Cats are in less danger while they sleep. - Cats are more closely related to human beings.

Cats are in less danger while they sleep.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between light-dark cycles (from the rising and setting sun) and circadian rhythms? - Circadian rhythms are completely independent of light-dark cycles. - Circadian rhythms are completely determined by light-dark cycles. - Circadian rhythms function only during the day (light cycle). - Circadian rhythms are generated by the body, but reset by light-dark cycles.

Circadian rhythms are generated by the body, but reset by light-dark cycles.

What evidence do we have that children exposed to no language at all would invent their own? - Children who were reared in orphanages in the 1930s invented a new language. - The Basque language of Spain is entirely different from that of other European languages. - Deaf children who fail to learn spoken language generally invent a sign language. - A child and a chimpanzee communicated by a system of grunts and whistles.

Deaf children who fail to learn spoken language generally invent a sign language.

What evidence indicated that a woman in a vegetative state may be conscious? - She moved her eyes one direction or the other depending on who was present. - She pointed her finger toward the direction of certain sounds. - She smiled or cried after people told her various kinds of news. - Her brain activity responded to commands such as "imagine playing tennis."

Her brain activity responded to commands such as "imagine playing tennis."

Which of the following is true of brain activity during sleep? - Most brain neurons cease all activity during sleep. - Neurons generate normal activity but their action potentials become much slower. - Neurons generate normal activity but their axons fail to release neurotransmitters. - Increased inhibitory messages prevent excitation from spreading in the brain.

Increased inhibitory messages prevent excitation from spreading in the brain.

What evidence suggested that some people in a vegetative state are conscious? - Instructions to imagine something activated the same brain areas as in intact people. - Body temperature increased and decreased at various times of day. - People with psychic ability said they could read their minds. - The people learned to blink their eyes in a code to spell out words.

Instructions to imagine something activated the same brain areas as in intact people.

How does dreaming differ from other thinking? - On average, it has happier emotions. - As a rule, it includes no emotions at all. - It accurately predicts future events. - It has less sensory input and less voluntary control.

It has less sensory input and less voluntary control

How would the activation-synthesis theory explain why people dream of an inability to move? - People have unusually vigorous eye movements during such dreams. - Activity increases in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex during such dreams. - Sexual arousal is most likely during such dreams. - It really is difficult to move the muscles during REM sleep.

It really is difficult to move the muscles during REM sleep.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep? - Most of the body's muscles are tense and active. - The eyes move rapidly. - It begins about once every 90 minutes during the night. - Dreams are likely to occur.

Most of the body's muscles are tense and active

A worker at International Amalgamated, Inc., is currently working from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The company wants to shift her to a different work time. For the sake of her physical and mental health, which of the following would be best? - Move her to the 4 p.m. to midnight shift, then to midnight to 8 a.m. shift. - Move her to the midnight to 8 a.m. shift, then to the 4 p.m. to midnight shift. - Ask her to alternate between the 4 p.m. to midnight period one day and the midnight to 8 a.m. period the next day. - Ask her to work 24 hours in a row one day followed by two days of not working at all.

Move her to the 4 p.m. to midnight shift, then to midnight to 8 a.m. shift.

What does it mean if you wake up and find yourself temporarily unable to move? - You are starting to develop a muscle disorder. - You are starting to develop a psychological disorder. - You had an extremely frightening dream just before awakening. - Part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep.

Part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep.

Students watched an experimenter fill two jars with sugar. They were then given two labels and instructed to label either jar with "sucrose, table sugar" and the other with "not sodium cyanide, not poison." Then the students could use either jar to make Kool Aid. What did the results indicate? - People don't fully process or trust negative statements. - People respond strongly to any reassurance that something is not dangerous. - People are generally indifferent to messages on labels. - People prefer the label with the longer message.

People don't fully process or trust negative statements

During which stage of sleep is the brain most active? - stage 2 - stage 3 - stage 4 - REM

REM

The terms "light sleep" and "deep sleep" are not very useful because - dreams occur during both REM and non-REM sleep. - brain activity increases in stages 1 and 3, and decreases in stages 2 and 4. - all stages of sleep are equally "deep." - REM sleep is deep in some ways and light in others.

REM sleep is deep in some ways and light in others.

If a person goes without sleep for several days, what happens? - The person eventually has to catch up on every missed hour of sleep. - Sleepiness decreases at the end of each sleepless night, as morning arrives. - After a couple of days it becomes impossible to concentrate even briefly. - Sleepiness continues to increase, in direct proportion to the deprivation period.

Sleepiness decreases at the end of each sleepless night, as morning arrives.

After a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, what happens to the brain? - Brain temperature increases. - Some neurons are active but others are as inactive as in sleep. - All neurons produce slower than average action potentials. - Many synapses begin sending their messages backwards.

Some neurons are active but others are as inactive as in sleep.

What happens to the brain's representation of a sensory stimulus on occasions when people are conscious of it, that does not happen when they are unconscious of it? - The activity is mostly in the right hemisphere of the brain. - The activity causes secretions by the pineal gland. - The activity evoked in the brain is briefer. - The activity spreads through much more of the brain.

The activity spreads through much more of the brain.

What enables humans to learn language so much more easily than other species? - Humans have larger brains than any other species. - Humans can be rewarded by a wider variety of reinforcements. - The human brain has areas specialized for language processing. - Humans can hear a wider range of sounds than any other species.

The human brain has areas specialized for language processing.

Why is it impossible for sleepwalking to occur during REM sleep? - The postural muscles are so relaxed that they would not support a person. - The heart rate is so slow that there would not be enough blood flowing to the large muscles. - The REM stage is too brief for any prolonged activity. - The EEG shows too much spontaneous activity for specific muscles to be stimulated.

The postural muscles are so relaxed that they would not support a person.

What problem do people with sleep apnea experience? - They often stop breathing while they are asleep. - They suddenly fall asleep in the middle of the day. - They walk and talk in their sleep. - Once they fall asleep, they have trouble waking up again.

They often stop breathing while they are asleep.

Researchers wanted to present a stimulus that would become conscious on some trials and not on others, while keeping the stimulus itself the same. Which of these methods did they use to make the stimulus unconscious? - The administered drugs that interfere with brain activity. - They presented interfering stimuli before and after the stimulus. - They directly stimulated certain areas of the brain. - They presented the stimulus while the person was asleep.

They presented interfering stimuli before and after the stimulus.

What evidence suggests that we sometimes consciously perceive a stimulus afterward, instead of simultaneously with it? - We don't perceive a brief masked stimulus, but a slightly longer one seems to last the whole duration. - The way you perceive a first stimulus sometimes alters the way you perceive a second stimulus. - You sometimes fail to notice that a stimulus has changed, unless you were attending to it. - Intense stimuli produce more rapid action potentials than weaker stimuli do.

We don't perceive a brief masked stimulus, but a slightly longer one seems to last the whole duration.

Brain-damaged patient A speaks fluently but is hard to understand, and she has trouble understanding other people's speech. Patient B understands most speech, but he speaks slowly and inarticulately, and he leaves out nearly all prepositions, conjunctions, and word endings. Patient A has _____ and patient B has _____. - Wernicke's aphasia... Broca's aphasia - Broca's aphasia... Williams syndrome - Williams syndrome... Broca's aphasia - Broca's aphasia... Wernicke's aphasia

Wernicke's aphasia... Broca's aphasia

If you were on a submarine with constant artificial light and no sunlight, what would happen to your sleep-wake cycle? - You would alternate between sleep and wakefulness on a 24-hour cycle. - Your periods of wakefulness and sleepiness would follow no regular schedule. - You would be constantly wakeful or sleepy, depending on the brightness of light. - You would be alert when other people are alert and sleepy when they are sleepy.

You would alternate between sleep and wakefulness on a 24-hour cycle.

What is meant by the "language acquisition device"? - a built-in mechanism for acquiring language - a computer that generates sentences and answers questions - the device that measures brain activity while someone is talking - the computer terminal used by bonobos to "speak" on the Internet

a built-in mechanism for acquiring language

Our tendency to feel wakeful and sleepy on a 24-hour basis depends mainly on - a cycle generated by a mechanism in the brain. - our perception of environmental stimuli such as heat and light. - a cycle generated by hormone-producing organs such as the adrenal gland. - wear and tear on the muscles followed by a period of repair.

a cycle generated by a mechanism in the brain

Narcolepsy may be caused by - excessive alcohol use. - brain abnormalities in the medulla that interfere with breathing during sleep. - a circadian rhythm that is out of synchrony with the outside world. - a deficiency of the brain chemical orexin.

a deficiency of the brain chemical orexin.

Someone who stays in a cave with no light alternates between sleepiness and wakefulness on about a 24 hour cycle. Why? - changes in temperature - a rhythm generated within the person's own brain - detection of tides and magnetic fields - learned habits

a rhythm generated within the person's own brain

Research examining the content of dreams in American and Japanese college students found that - American students were far more likely to dream about sex. - Japanese students were far more likely to dream about failure. - dream content was similar in both cultures. - Japanese students claimed not to have dreams.

dream content was similar in both cultures.

During REM sleep, - the brain is less active than at any other time. - heart rate and breathing rate are low and steady. - the muscles are tense and active. - dreaming is likely to occur.

dreaming is likely to occur.

After staying awake late many nights, Gloria has become accustomed to going to sleep late and awakening late. Now she tries to shift to going to bed earlier and waking up earlier. This shift is similar to the difficulties people face when they travel - north. - south. - east. - west.

east

T/F: A lucid dream refers to a dream someone forgets.

false

T/F: Most dreams do not include visual content.

false

T/F: The ears are most like a radio antenna.

false

T/F: The eyes take in information even while moving.

false

During reading, the eyes alternate between fixations and saccades. Reading--in the sense of understanding the words--occurs during - both fixations and saccades. - fixations only. - saccades only. - neither fixations nor saccades.

fixations only.

The rate of progression through the stages of language ability depends mostly on - how much the parents talk to the child. - how much time the child spends watching television. - maturation. - cultural differences.

maturation.

For most people, REM sleep occurs - randomly at any time during sleep. - mostly just after the person has fallen asleep. - mostly at the middle of the night's sleep. - mostly toward the end of the night's sleep.

mostly toward the end of the night's sleep.

When 2- to 3-year-old children speak, they - speak better than they understand speech. - seldom say a sentence they have not already heard someone else say. - overgeneralize grammatical rules. - use many verbs but few nouns.

overgeneralize grammatical rules.

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain often leads to which of the following? - excessive emotional reactivity - loss of language production - tendency to be unconscious of the right side of the body and the world - tendency to be unconscious of the left side of the body and the world

tendency to be unconscious of the left side of the body and the world

When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is least likely when - the eyes are moving. - the major postural muscles are relaxed. - the person has been asleep less than an hour. - the person has been asleep more than 8 hours.

the person has been asleep less than an hour

Common chimpanzees that learned to communicate by sign language or visual symbols - frequently describe things with the symbols. - use their symbols almost exclusively to make requests. - often link symbols together to form new sentences. - showed little understanding of what each symbol meant.

use their symbols almost exclusively to make requests.

In an experiment a cough or a tone replaced the first "s" in the word "legislatures" in a sentence the subjects were listening to. The results of this experiment support the idea that - we first hear each letter separately, then combine them into words. - we hear words as a whole, rather than a group of separate sounds (letters). - we interpret words independently of their context. - we block from consciousness any word that does not make sense in a sentence.

we hear words as a whole, rather than a group of separate sounds (letters).