psyc 360 final
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals.
100, 50
social learning theory behaviorist
Albert Bandura
People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
Alfred Adler
reaction times to photographs
B data
An IQ test and a projective test yield what kind of data?
B-data
operant conditioning model creator
B.F. Skinner
Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images
Carl Jung
Describe a time when labeling a patient would be appropriate
Dr. Powell has just seen a new patient and needs to diagnose him to appease the insurance company.
Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic
Drew Westen
People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans
Erik Erickson, D.W. Winnicot
There are no perfect indicatiors of persoality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous
Funder's Second law
Who cares about self-awareness (generally, not a specific person)?
Humanisitc psychologists
a therapists description of her client
I data
your own responses to statements
I data
Judgments made by knowledgeable observers
I-data
Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences
Jane Loevinger
Janet consistently expects criticism, contempt, and rejection from others.
Janet has avoidant personality disorder
Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
John Bowlby
S-R association theorist
John Watson
expectancy value theorist
Julian Rotter
Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women
Karen Horney
the number of times someone has been arrested
L data
the arrest records would be
L-data
How do rewards affect social behavior?
Learning approach
an objective test example
MMPI
People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds
Melanie Klein
How are OCPD and OCD distinct?
OCPD generally doesn't include specific compulsions like obsessive hand-washing
How does unconscious conflict affect well-being?
Psychoanalytic approach
_____ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment
S
if... then contingency model creator
Walter Mischel
occurs when someone moves to a new place and gradually picks up the culture of the new location.
acculturation
Rosie has recently been rejected from several graduate school programs. In response, she works on the weak aspects of her application and intends to gain experience and reapply the following year. Rosie is high in ________.
achievement motivation
The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality.
acquaintanceship effect
The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called ________.
active person-environment transaction
Ashley has just graduated from law school and in the next few weeks will begin working as a junior partner at a national law firm. Ashley is beginning to see herself as an ________.
agent
Combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item
aggregation
Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or rewards?
amygdala
Which type of parenting style produces children who are the most psychologically healthy?
authoritative
Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother?
avoidant
Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________.
behavior, emotion, thought
The field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives
behavioral genetics
Talking about problems helps bring those issues into conscious awareness.
benefits of psychotherapy
Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
biological approach
The differences between men and women in mate selection and other behaviors are built-in through biological evolution
biological determinism
Emotional instability is the hallmart of which personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder
What is the most important criteria for personality disorders?
cause major problems for the person or others
According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals ________, the trait change will follow.
change the relevant behaviors
Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one's personality
chronically accessible concepts
emphasizes passive learning
classical conditioning
Understanding the basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
cognitive approach
Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of ________.
collective unconscious
belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual
collectivism
According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________.
conscientiousness
What trait is most clearly associated with positive health outcomes?
conscientiousness
What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?
conscious and unconscious
Evolutionary psychologists are not concerned with the moral justification or condemnation of any one aspect of the human psyche
conservative bias
your particular experience of the world
construal
"If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck"
convergent validation
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
correlational
The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________.
correlational studies
A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether or not individuals' levels of subjective well-being change across the life span. What type of developmental study is this?
cross-sectional
A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether or not individuals' levels of subjective well-being change across the life span.
cross-sectional study
psychological attributes of groups
culture
contains information about who we are
declarative self
John is 65 years old. Relative to his personality as a 20-year-old, John has likely ________ in openness to experience.
decreased
goals to improve oneself
development goals
The study of personality consistency and stability.
developmental personality psychology
belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinion
diginity
What are essential traits according to Jack Block?
ego control, ego resiliency
Which the best way to get information into long-term memory?
elaboration
Components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ________, and components that are universal across cultures are called ________.
emics, etics
For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction.
empirical
Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests.
empirically
Explain the three philosophical principles behaviorism is rooted.
empiricism, associationism, and hedonism
occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.
enculturation
how research findings are used, how truthful researchers are when they are describing their work, which research topics are used
ethical issues involving research
In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________.
expectancy effects
Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________.
expectancy effects
Self-fulfilling prophecies. In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year
expectancy effects
Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is ________.
experiencing the masculine protest
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
experimental
Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
extraversion
avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
face
Too much libido becomes invested in a given stage of psychosexual development.
fixation
The therapeutic technique that involves instructing the patient to say whatever comes to mind is called ________.
free association
what part of the brain is responsible for both an individual's strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing
frontal lobes
A result applies behind the context of the current study
generalizable
Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience?
generativity vs. stagnation
emphasis on attaining goals
head
People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called
high self-monitors
high sensitivity to threats to reputation
honor
Evolution of a cerebral cortex enables humans to have the ability to overcome innate urges.
human flexibility
Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
humanistic approach
Explain the internal structure of the mind according to Freud
id, ego, superego
your view of what you could do
ideal self
goals that are specific to the individual
ideographic goals
The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
individiaul differences
Goals to validate an attribute in oneself
judgement goals
people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called
low self-monitors
two purposes of the DSM
make diagnosis more objective, facilitate insurance billing
Generally speaking, what is the function of a parapraxis?
manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.
manipulated, measured
A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt
many-trait
A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach.
many-trait
The cumulative effect random influences have on the outcome of interest
measurement
For any theoretical proposal in science, alternative explanations are always possible.
methodology
Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?
narcissism
Becoming an author enables you to form a(n)________.
narrative identity
Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles
need for achievement
Who uses the same research methods Freud used (Patient histories and introspection)?
neo-freudians
What would happen to your emotional responses if zombies ate your amygdala
no more emotions
goals that everyone has
nomothetic goals
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
not generalizable
If a test consists of a list of True/False questions and is graded using a computer-scored answer sheet, then it is a(n)
objective test
Personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits
omnibus inventories
emphasizes active learning
operant conditioning
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's major stages of psychosexual development?
oral, anal, genital, phallic
your view of what you should do
ought self
What do Persnalty Psychologists mean when they say people are inconsistent?
people act differently in different situations
the process whereby the perceptual system filters out information that might make the individual uncomfortable or distressed
perceptual defenses
goals that are long-term and can organize broad area's of a person's life
personal strivings
According to Mischel, every individual's if ... then pattern of contingencies is unique and comprises his ________.
personality
the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
personality assessment
Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic?
personality disorders
The processes by which people respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible with their personalities.
personality-envrionment transactions
A scientist who studies how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species originated because of the survival value they had for our ancestors.
perspective of an evolutionary psychologist
How do people from individualist cultures differ from others?
phenomenological approach
In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________.
power of expectancies
refers to the idea that the concepts recently activated in the mind influence one's perceptions of the world
priming
contains information about what you do
procedural self
Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
psychoanalytic approach
predicts behavior in the long term
purpose of personality traits
Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction.
rational
A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly
reliable
. It is not necessary for people to be consciously aware of what evolutionary theory says is required for reproductive success.
reproductive instinct
If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean?
result is unlikely to have occured by chance
In high school Jane was made fun of for being a geek. As an adult, she is a molecular biologist who now proudly wears the "geek" badge of honor. Jane's experience is an example of which of the principles of personality development?
role continuity principle
The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be _____.
s-data
The highest need proposed by Maslow was
self-actualization
sensitivity to success and failure
self-regard
the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self
self-schema
Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of __ to __
skills, to challenges
Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent.
someone high in self-enhancement
Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work ________.
started the person situation debate claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors
Gloria is at a job interview and is asked to tell the interviewer a little about herself. Gloria says that she is friendly, hardworking, and reliable. What self is she describing?
the me
What is the common first impression someone has when they meet a person with narcissistic personality disorder?
they are charming and extroverted
What is Geworfenheit?
thrown-ness
limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms
tightness
Availability of goals and the ways to achieve them are limited
toughness
Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
trait approach
What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions?
transcranial magnetic stimulation
During therapy, Bob feels the same hostility toward his therapist that he feels toward his father. What term describes Bob's experience?
transference
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
type I
An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest
valid
belief that people are unique
vertical