Psych 101 Chapter 15

Unconditional Positive Regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy).

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Aversive Conditioning

A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

Insight Therapies

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Cognitive Therapy

Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His therapeutic approach best illustrates

Cognitive

Although originally trained in Freudian techniques, Aaron Beck developed a ________ therapy for depression.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Eclectic Approach

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Token Economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD

Antidepressant drugs are increasingly being prescribed for the treatment of

Counterconditioning

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditiong

Exposure Therapies

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Often need to convince themselves that they did not waste time on therapy

Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients

Evidence-Based Practice

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research and clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

D-cycloserine helps relieve the symptoms of

Antianxiety Drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant Drugs

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD

Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

Neurogenesis

Electroconvulsive therapy appears to promote

Active Listening

Empathic Listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client-centered therapy

Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Thorazine

Jordan experiences delusions of persecution, and irrelevant sights or sounds consistently distract him from things that require his attention. Which of the following drugs is most likely to relieve these distressing symptoms?

Stigmatized

Most self-help and support groups focus on ______ illnesses.

Biomedical Therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

Establishing programs to wipeout poverty and other demoralizing situations

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the likelihood of psychological disorders by

Token Economy

Proponents of behavior modification have suggested that institutionalized patients can be weaned from ________ by shifting them to other rewards common to life outside an institution.

Attend to patients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists

Psychoanalysts are most likely to

Interpersonal Relationships

Psychodynamic therapies try to understand patients' current symptoms by focusing on recurring patterns in their

Depression

Psychodynamic therapy has been found to be especially successful in the treatment of

Briefer

Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis.

Behavior Therapy

Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of

Depression

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Whereas clients' perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results

The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been assessed both through clients' perspectives and through controlled research studies. What have such assessments found?

Joseph Wolpe

The exposure therapies used today were refined by

Cognitive Therapy

The goal of encouraging therapy clients to reduce their incapacitating anxiety by saying positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations best illustrates a form of

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy

Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because

Group Therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.

Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Family Therapy

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Counterconditioning

To reduce his daughter's fear of the dark, Mr. Chew would hug and gently rock her immediately after turning off the lights at bedtime. Mr. Chew's strategy best illustrates the technique of

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques, consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Which form of therapy has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Client-Centered Therapy

Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?

Vagus-Nerve Stimulation

Which of the following is used to treat depression with a chest-implanted electrical device that periodically sends signals that affect the limbic system?

Sigmund Freud

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

ECT

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient