Psych 101 Final

To determine whether you are an alcoholic or not, which question should you ask?

Does alcohol cause serious troubles in my life?

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. the tone is the ____ and the blinking is the _____

conditioned stimulus..... conditioned response.

the prisoner dilemma is an attempt to investigate

cooperation and competition

Which of the following does the biopsychosocial model of mental illness emphasize?

Something that seems normal is one culture might be abnormal in another

What is the main emphasis of Gestalt psychology?

We perceive and object as a whole, not as a sum of its parts

Who is Clever Hans?

a horse that seemed to do arithmetic

if you are experiencing cognitive dissonance, one way to minimize that dissonance is to

change some of your attitudes to bring them in line with your actions

If you remember the number "14916253649" as "1-4-9-16-25-36-49" (the squares of the first seven integers) you are improving your ability to store the information by means of

chunking

Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of

classical conditioning

sound waves are carried through the ear by three tiny bones to a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure called the

cochlea

An experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. We can say that the driver has increased his or her:

crystallized intelligence

One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that

long-term memory holds much more information than short-term memory does.

We identify the direction of a source of sound by attending to the

different responses from the left ear and those from the right ear.

On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines. The one on the left always works; the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?

discrimination

Someone who supports the position of "determinism"(as opposed to "free will") believes that

every behavior has a cause

Pyschologists Latane and Darley ropse that no one helped Kitty Genovese when she was attacked near her apartment in New York in 1964 because

everyone knew there were other people who could, and presumably would, help her.

Which of the following methods leads to conclusions about cause and effect?

experiment

If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?

fluid intelligence

In contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what?

fluid intelligence

The Society for the Defense of Apathy asks you to make a $1 contribution, and you agree. Later they ask you for a $50 donation. The society is using the ______ technique.

foot-in-the-door

What is spontaneous remission?

improvement of psychological problems without therapy

Nearly all types of psychotherapy have the following feature in common

in all, the client makes a commitment to try to improve in some way

what do we call the process of looking within yourself to describe sensations and experiences

introspection

Why is the Rorschach Inkblot test considered a "projective" technique?

it asks people to project their personality onto an ambiguous figure

Willhelm Wundt was one of the first people to demonstrate that

it is possible to measure psychological processes scientifically

What does an Institutional Review Board do?

it judges whether proposed experiments are ethical

When you see something, what happens?

light bouncing off the object strikes your eyes

The tendency to remember the first items on a list is the ___ effect. The tendency to remember the last items is the ___ effect

primary...recency

Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of which type of memory?

procedural

An investigator repeats the procedures of another researcher's experiment but obtains different results. Scientists would say that the results of the first experiment were not

replicable

Researchers survey people they selected to include the same percentages of male and female, old and young, ect., as the whole population. what kind of sample is this?

representative sample

The left hemisphere of the cortex receives input from the ___ side of the body and controls muscles on the ___ side of the body

right...right

The MMPI includes some items concerning rare virtues, such as "Without fail, I always stop to help a person who is having trouble." Why?

to check whether people are answering honestly

Which term refers to Titcheners attempts to understand the components of mental experience?

structuralism

in 1905 who developed the first useful intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Which of the following research questions is most directly related to the nature-nurture issue?

Are the behavioral differences between boys and girls due to differences in their genes?

What is an action potential in the nervous system?

A message that travels along an axon

what do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question?

"How does brain activity relate to mental activity?"

What evidence, if any, shows that newborn infants hear a difference between "ba" and "pa"?

An infant who habituates to "ba" increases sucking rate after hearing "pa"

Why is it possible for people with different symptoms to get the same psychiatric diagnosis?

Certain disorders are diagnosed by a choice of symptoms from a list.

What clinical psychologist do

Clinical psychologists often work in medical settings, private practice or in academic positions at universities and colleges. Some clinical psychologists work directly with clients, often those who suffer from severe psychiatric disorders. Some of the job roles performed by those working in clinical psychology include: Assessment and diagnosis of psychological disorders, Treatment of psychological disorders, Offering testimony in legal settings, Teaching, Conducting research, Drug and alcohol treatment, Creating and administering program to treat and prevent social problems Other clinical psychologists may work in private therapeutic settings offering short-term and long-term outpatient services to clients who need help coping with psychological distress. Some clinical psychologists work in other settings, often performing research, teaching university-level courses and offering consultation services.

What Clinical Psychology is

Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. Psychodynamic Approach, Cognitive Behavioral Perspective, humanistic Perspective.

what is community psychology?

Community psychology is a specialty area concerned with how individuals relate to society. Have you ever wondered how people can become more active contributors in their communities? Or do you ever think about how community issues can impact the health and wellness of individuals? These are both major topics of interest within the field of community psychology. This is a fairly broad and far-reaching subject within psychology, synthesizing elements from other disciplines including sociology, political science, public health, cross-cultural psychology and social psychology. Psychologists working in this field look at the cultural, economic, social, political and environmental that shape and influence the lives of people all over the globe. The focus of community psychology can be both applied and theoretical, but it is oftentimes a mixture of both. While some community psychologists conduct research on theoretical issues, others take this information and put it into immediate use to identify problems and develop solutions within communities.

How does the DSM help psychologists do research?

DSM helps researchers identify psychological disorders the same way

Many psychologists and psychiatrists have offered criticisms of both DSM-IV and DSM-5. Which of the folioing is NOT one of those criticisms?

DSM includes only the most serious mental illnesses

Trust vs. mistrust, intimacy vs. isolation, and generatively vs. stagnation are stages in

Erikson's ages of social and emotional development

what is the primary difference between fear and anxiety?

Fear, unlike anxiety, is generally associated with a specific situation

what do forensic psychologists do?

Forensic psychologists are often involved in custody disputes, insurance claims and lawsuits. Some professionals work in family courts and offer psychotherapy services, perform child custody evaluations, investigate reports of child abuse and conduct visitation risk assessments. Those working in the civil courts often assess competency, provide second opinions, and provide psychotherapy to crime victims. Professionals working in the criminal courts conduct evaluations of mental competency, work with child witnesses, and provide assessment of juvenile and adult offenders.

what is forensic psychology

Forensic psychology is the interaction of the practice or study of psychology and the law. Psychologists interested in this line of applied work may be found working in prisons, jails, rehabilitation centers, police departments, law firms, schools, government agencies, or in private practice, to name a few. They may work directly with attorneys, defendants, offenders, victims, pupils, families, or with patients within the state's corrections or rehabilitation centers. Other psychologists interested in forensic psychology focus on the study of psychology and the law. They may work in colleges, universities, government agencies, or in other settings interested in researching and examining the interaction of human behavior, criminology, and the legal system.

Why do most introductory psychology courses today spend relatively little time discussing Feud?

Freu'd influence within psychology has declined greatly

What does it mean to say that Raven's Progressive Matrices is a "culture-reduced" test?

It calls for little factual information or use of language

what sports psychology is

It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement, applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation, communication, team building, and career transitions.

What do the findings in epigenics imply about the concept of heritability?

It is difficult or impossible to separate the effects of heredity and environment

The learning approach to personality emphasizes which fact about someone's personality?

It varies from one situation to another.

What is one implication of the results of Milgrams study on obedience to authority?

Many normal people will follow unreasonable and dangerous orders

The X chromosome has the colorblindness gene. Why is colorblindness more common in men?

Men have only one X chromosome.

What evidence did Spearman cite to support his concept of a "g" factor in intelligence?

Most people who do well on one intellectual task will do well on other tasks also

Some have claimed that messages recorded backward on rock music are perverting the minds of american youth. Which of these best-supported evidence evidence against that claim?

People cannot understand backward speech and do not respond to it.

suppose we find that how many hours people spend studying correlates -.60 with their knowledge about current television programs. What can we conclude?

People who study more tend to know less about television

Research on human perception leads to this conclusion:

Perception is an interpretation we draw from many subtle cues

What belief do humanistic psychologists emphasize?

Personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world.

Both people and bird prefer physically attractive mates. What is the theoretical explanation?

Physical attractiveness usually indicates health

Any scientific study goes through 4 steps. Which is not one of those steps?

Proof

What does The Individuals with Disabilities Act in the United States require?

Public schools must provide free and appropriate education for all children regardless of their limitations

what sports psychologists do

Some athletes seek help from a sport psychologist or other exercise and sport psychology professional when they have a problem. They might become anxious or lose focus during competition, for example. They might have trouble communicating with teammates, controlling their temper or even just motivating themselves to exercise. Or they might choke at key moments during a game. But athletes don't just consult sports psychologists when they're having difficulties. Sport psychologists can also help athletes: Enhance performance. Various mental strategies, such as visualization, self-talk and relaxation techniques, can help athletes overcome obstacles and achieve their full potential. Cope with the pressures of competition. Sport psychologists can help athletes at all levels deal with pressure from parents, coaches or even their own expectations. Recover from injuries. After an injury, athletes may need help tolerating pain, adhering to their physical therapy regimens or adjusting to being sidelined. Keep up an exercise program. Even those who want to exercise regularly may find themselves unable to fulfill their goal. Sport psychologists can help these individuals increase their motivation and tackle any related concerns. Enjoy sports. Sports organizations for young people may hire a sport psychologist to educate coaches about how to help kids enjoy sports and how to promote healthy self-esteem in participants. Sports psychology can even help people off the playing field. The same strategies that sport psychologists teach athletes — relaxation techniques, mental rehearsals and cognitive restructuring, for example — are also useful in the workplace and other settings.

what do community psychologists do?

Some things that a community psychologist might do include: Finding ways to help disadvantaged or disenfranchised individuals feel more connected with their local communities Understanding social issues among minority groups Developing, implementing and evaluating action-oriented community-based programs Building relationships between individuals and community groups Evaluate organizations, governments and communities in order to promote participation and diversity Community psychologists can be employed in a number of areas including education, government, nonprofit groups, community organizations and private consulting. Within the educational system, community psychologists often work at colleges and universities to teach courses and conduct original research. In government setting, they may work in health and human services for local, state and federal governments.

why do you have better color vision in the fovea than in the periphery of the retina?

The fovea has a higher proportion of cones than the periphery does.

Why do many psychologists criticize Feud's theory of psychosexual stages?

The theory makes no clearly testable predictions

When American soldiers at Abu Ghraib prison brutally abused their prisoners, what interpretation did psychologists favor?

These soldiers were reacting to a terrible situation

Under which condition do infants most easily recognize a face?

They are best at recognizing the kinds of faces most familiar to them

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

They both strengthen a behavior

When is the median a better indicator of most people's scores than the mean?

When mort scores were low but a few scores were very high.

What is a neurotransmitter?

a chemical that neurons release

According to Freud, the "anal stage" is

a normal part of psychosexual development

Compared to other high school girls, high school girls who are having unprotected sex give lower estimates of the chances of becoming pregnant through unprotected sex. This "can't happen to me" attitude is a clear example of

a personal fable

A maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people is defined as

a personality disorder

People with bipolar disorder alternate between periods of

depression and mania

Drugs that affect behavior—including both medical drugs such as Ritalin and illegal drugs such as cocaine—exert their effects mainly by altering the

activity at synapses

"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person" is an example of

an internal attribution

Stereotype threat lowers performance for what kind of people?

anyone who is told that his/her group does poorly on a given task.

One effective way to break down the stereotypes that individuals form about one another is to

arrange tasks that encourage them to cooperate.

an example of a self-handicapping strategy would be a student who

barely studied for a test he expected to fail

The original goal of psychoanalysis was to

bring the contents of the unconscious mind into the conscious mind

Your friend asks, "Whats the name of our chemistry lab instructor? I think it starts with a J." This is which type of memory test?

cued recall

The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the ___ and the ____

dendrites....axon

It is May 7 and you have not yet begun to look for a summer job. You say, "Nothing to worry about....I won't have any trouble finding a job.: This is an example of which defense mechanism?

denial

In which order do people enter REM sleep more quickly than normal after falling asleep?

depression

Many television viewers assume that an actor who plays the role of a kindly parent really is a kindly parent. what principle does this tendency illustrate?

fundamental attribution error

the presence of many other people will decrease the probability that you will

help a person in distress

A little boy in the preoperational stage would have trouble understanding that

his mother is also someone's daughter

the "binding problem" refers to which theoretical question?

how we perceive what we see, hear, and feel as a single object

A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as a/an

hypothesis

According to Freud, what is repression?

making an unpleasant thought or memory unconscious

The word psychology was derived from the greek word psych meaning ____ and logos meaning _____

mind...word

One explanation for many optical illusions is that people

misjudge sizes because they misjudge distances

compared to the rods, the cones in the retina are

more common towards the fovea

According to the feature-detector approach to vision, your ability to see a line or any other pattern depends on a particular kind of

neuron

suppose you try as hard as possible to avoid thinking of polar bears. you are likely to have a temporary experience that resembles which disorder?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

what did francis galton cite as evidence for the importance of heredity in intelligence

often the sons of eminent men become eminent themselves

jeff has periods of chest pains, difficult breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, faintness, and dizziness for no apparent reason. From which of these disorders is he apparently suffering?

panic disorder

Brittany cannot remember what happened during her psychology class and suggests that aliens from outer space temporarily kidnapped her brain. Her roommate suggests that she slept through class. Most psychologists prefer the "sleep" explanation because it is more

parsimonious

what does the Implicit Association test attempt to measure?

people's prejudices that they do not want to admit

With regard to schizophrenia, hallucinations are considered a ____ symptom and delusions are a _____ symptom

positive...positve

A psychotherapist with an MD degree is a ___. one with a Ph.D. is a___

psychiatrist...clinical psychologist

To test the concept of object permanence, Piaget would watch whether the child can

reach around a barrier to get an object that the child no longer sees

After you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. the police show you several photographs and ask whether any of them was the thief. They are checking your memory by which method?

recognition

A student who fails an exam begs, cries, and pouts. This is apparently an example of which defense mechanism?

regression

If you have once or twice heard a voice when you knew you were alone, what does it mean?

relax. its probably nothing

Two standard ways to evaluate a test are to measure its___ and its____

reliability.....validity

The order of stages in Piaget's theory of development is:

sensorimotor--preoperational--concrete operations--formal operations

Various parts of the cortex--such as occipital, parietal and temporal lobes control different

sensory systems

If you choose a job because you consider it "mans work" or "woman's work," you have been influenced by what?

sex roles

Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud disagreed about whether or not

sexual motives are the main force in personality development

Susan has seen a shark attack someone;she has also seen a dog attack someone. One reason why she is more likely to develop a phobia of sharks than a phobia of dogs is that

she has probably had a number of safe experiences with dogs

which of the following is an external attribution for someone's behavior?

she played tennis because her friend asked her to come along

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capability of

short-term memory

If someone achieves fame and fortune for a new style of singing, other people will copy that style even though they have never been reinforced for it themselves. Which of the following attempts to account for this observation?

social-learning approach

One unusual feature of implicit memories is that

someone can have an implicit memory without knowing it.

Which of the following is an example of synestesia?

someone insists tuesday is green

The terms "positive" and "negative" in positive and negative reinforcement refer to whether

something is presented or removed

Which of the following is most likely to increase your feelings of self-efficancy?

successful performance of tasks similar to the one you are considering

Below are descriptions of four children. Which one is in Piaget's stage of formal operations?

systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions

"I got angry because someone insulted me. He got angry because he is a moody person." this set of attributions illustrates which phenomenon in social psychology?

the actor-observer effect

The central nervous system consists of

the brain and spinal chord

According to Alfred Adler, developing mental health or mental illness depends on

the goals you seek in life

In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,

the individuals response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment)

Which of the following is often a cause of brain abnormalities in newborns?

the mother drank too much alcohol during pregnancy.

two people tell you something about pete, whom you have not met yourself. one of those statement is favorable, the other one is unfavorable. Which statement will probably have a greater influence on your impression of Pete?

the one you hear first

What is true of "flashbulb" memories of highly emotional events?

they are extremely detailed but not always accurate

What would be the best way to increase your depth of processing when you read a list of words?

think about the meaning of the words on the list.

A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

variable ratio

The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than then; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

variable ratio

Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore,

we do not know how her score compares to that of other people