Psych 101 Final
To determine whether you are an alcoholic or not, which question should you ask?
Does alcohol cause serious troubles in my life?
A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. the tone is the ____ and the blinking is the _____
conditioned stimulus..... conditioned response.
the prisoner dilemma is an attempt to investigate
cooperation and competition
Which of the following does the biopsychosocial model of mental illness emphasize?
Something that seems normal is one culture might be abnormal in another
What is the main emphasis of Gestalt psychology?
We perceive and object as a whole, not as a sum of its parts
Who is Clever Hans?
a horse that seemed to do arithmetic
if you are experiencing cognitive dissonance, one way to minimize that dissonance is to
change some of your attitudes to bring them in line with your actions
If you remember the number "14916253649" as "1-4-9-16-25-36-49" (the squares of the first seven integers) you are improving your ability to store the information by means of
chunking
Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of
classical conditioning
sound waves are carried through the ear by three tiny bones to a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure called the
cochlea
An experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. We can say that the driver has increased his or her:
crystallized intelligence
One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that
long-term memory holds much more information than short-term memory does.
We identify the direction of a source of sound by attending to the
different responses from the left ear and those from the right ear.
On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines. The one on the left always works; the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?
discrimination
Someone who supports the position of "determinism"(as opposed to "free will") believes that
every behavior has a cause
Pyschologists Latane and Darley ropse that no one helped Kitty Genovese when she was attacked near her apartment in New York in 1964 because
everyone knew there were other people who could, and presumably would, help her.
Which of the following methods leads to conclusions about cause and effect?
experiment
If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?
fluid intelligence
In contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what?
fluid intelligence
The Society for the Defense of Apathy asks you to make a $1 contribution, and you agree. Later they ask you for a $50 donation. The society is using the ______ technique.
foot-in-the-door
What is spontaneous remission?
improvement of psychological problems without therapy
Nearly all types of psychotherapy have the following feature in common
in all, the client makes a commitment to try to improve in some way
what do we call the process of looking within yourself to describe sensations and experiences
introspection
Why is the Rorschach Inkblot test considered a "projective" technique?
it asks people to project their personality onto an ambiguous figure
Willhelm Wundt was one of the first people to demonstrate that
it is possible to measure psychological processes scientifically
What does an Institutional Review Board do?
it judges whether proposed experiments are ethical
When you see something, what happens?
light bouncing off the object strikes your eyes
The tendency to remember the first items on a list is the ___ effect. The tendency to remember the last items is the ___ effect
primary...recency
Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of which type of memory?
procedural
An investigator repeats the procedures of another researcher's experiment but obtains different results. Scientists would say that the results of the first experiment were not
replicable
Researchers survey people they selected to include the same percentages of male and female, old and young, ect., as the whole population. what kind of sample is this?
representative sample
The left hemisphere of the cortex receives input from the ___ side of the body and controls muscles on the ___ side of the body
right...right
The MMPI includes some items concerning rare virtues, such as "Without fail, I always stop to help a person who is having trouble." Why?
to check whether people are answering honestly
Which term refers to Titcheners attempts to understand the components of mental experience?
structuralism
in 1905 who developed the first useful intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
Which of the following research questions is most directly related to the nature-nurture issue?
Are the behavioral differences between boys and girls due to differences in their genes?
What is an action potential in the nervous system?
A message that travels along an axon
what do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question?
"How does brain activity relate to mental activity?"
What evidence, if any, shows that newborn infants hear a difference between "ba" and "pa"?
An infant who habituates to "ba" increases sucking rate after hearing "pa"
Why is it possible for people with different symptoms to get the same psychiatric diagnosis?
Certain disorders are diagnosed by a choice of symptoms from a list.
What clinical psychologist do
Clinical psychologists often work in medical settings, private practice or in academic positions at universities and colleges. Some clinical psychologists work directly with clients, often those who suffer from severe psychiatric disorders. Some of the job roles performed by those working in clinical psychology include: Assessment and diagnosis of psychological disorders, Treatment of psychological disorders, Offering testimony in legal settings, Teaching, Conducting research, Drug and alcohol treatment, Creating and administering program to treat and prevent social problems Other clinical psychologists may work in private therapeutic settings offering short-term and long-term outpatient services to clients who need help coping with psychological distress. Some clinical psychologists work in other settings, often performing research, teaching university-level courses and offering consultation services.
What Clinical Psychology is
Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. Psychodynamic Approach, Cognitive Behavioral Perspective, humanistic Perspective.
what is community psychology?
Community psychology is a specialty area concerned with how individuals relate to society. Have you ever wondered how people can become more active contributors in their communities? Or do you ever think about how community issues can impact the health and wellness of individuals? These are both major topics of interest within the field of community psychology. This is a fairly broad and far-reaching subject within psychology, synthesizing elements from other disciplines including sociology, political science, public health, cross-cultural psychology and social psychology. Psychologists working in this field look at the cultural, economic, social, political and environmental that shape and influence the lives of people all over the globe. The focus of community psychology can be both applied and theoretical, but it is oftentimes a mixture of both. While some community psychologists conduct research on theoretical issues, others take this information and put it into immediate use to identify problems and develop solutions within communities.
How does the DSM help psychologists do research?
DSM helps researchers identify psychological disorders the same way
Many psychologists and psychiatrists have offered criticisms of both DSM-IV and DSM-5. Which of the folioing is NOT one of those criticisms?
DSM includes only the most serious mental illnesses
Trust vs. mistrust, intimacy vs. isolation, and generatively vs. stagnation are stages in
Erikson's ages of social and emotional development
what is the primary difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear, unlike anxiety, is generally associated with a specific situation
what do forensic psychologists do?
Forensic psychologists are often involved in custody disputes, insurance claims and lawsuits. Some professionals work in family courts and offer psychotherapy services, perform child custody evaluations, investigate reports of child abuse and conduct visitation risk assessments. Those working in the civil courts often assess competency, provide second opinions, and provide psychotherapy to crime victims. Professionals working in the criminal courts conduct evaluations of mental competency, work with child witnesses, and provide assessment of juvenile and adult offenders.
what is forensic psychology
Forensic psychology is the interaction of the practice or study of psychology and the law. Psychologists interested in this line of applied work may be found working in prisons, jails, rehabilitation centers, police departments, law firms, schools, government agencies, or in private practice, to name a few. They may work directly with attorneys, defendants, offenders, victims, pupils, families, or with patients within the state's corrections or rehabilitation centers. Other psychologists interested in forensic psychology focus on the study of psychology and the law. They may work in colleges, universities, government agencies, or in other settings interested in researching and examining the interaction of human behavior, criminology, and the legal system.
Why do most introductory psychology courses today spend relatively little time discussing Feud?
Freu'd influence within psychology has declined greatly
What does it mean to say that Raven's Progressive Matrices is a "culture-reduced" test?
It calls for little factual information or use of language
what sports psychology is
It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement, applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation, communication, team building, and career transitions.
What do the findings in epigenics imply about the concept of heritability?
It is difficult or impossible to separate the effects of heredity and environment
The learning approach to personality emphasizes which fact about someone's personality?
It varies from one situation to another.
What is one implication of the results of Milgrams study on obedience to authority?
Many normal people will follow unreasonable and dangerous orders
The X chromosome has the colorblindness gene. Why is colorblindness more common in men?
Men have only one X chromosome.
What evidence did Spearman cite to support his concept of a "g" factor in intelligence?
Most people who do well on one intellectual task will do well on other tasks also
Some have claimed that messages recorded backward on rock music are perverting the minds of american youth. Which of these best-supported evidence evidence against that claim?
People cannot understand backward speech and do not respond to it.
suppose we find that how many hours people spend studying correlates -.60 with their knowledge about current television programs. What can we conclude?
People who study more tend to know less about television
Research on human perception leads to this conclusion:
Perception is an interpretation we draw from many subtle cues
What belief do humanistic psychologists emphasize?
Personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world.
Both people and bird prefer physically attractive mates. What is the theoretical explanation?
Physical attractiveness usually indicates health
Any scientific study goes through 4 steps. Which is not one of those steps?
Proof
What does The Individuals with Disabilities Act in the United States require?
Public schools must provide free and appropriate education for all children regardless of their limitations
what sports psychologists do
Some athletes seek help from a sport psychologist or other exercise and sport psychology professional when they have a problem. They might become anxious or lose focus during competition, for example. They might have trouble communicating with teammates, controlling their temper or even just motivating themselves to exercise. Or they might choke at key moments during a game. But athletes don't just consult sports psychologists when they're having difficulties. Sport psychologists can also help athletes: Enhance performance. Various mental strategies, such as visualization, self-talk and relaxation techniques, can help athletes overcome obstacles and achieve their full potential. Cope with the pressures of competition. Sport psychologists can help athletes at all levels deal with pressure from parents, coaches or even their own expectations. Recover from injuries. After an injury, athletes may need help tolerating pain, adhering to their physical therapy regimens or adjusting to being sidelined. Keep up an exercise program. Even those who want to exercise regularly may find themselves unable to fulfill their goal. Sport psychologists can help these individuals increase their motivation and tackle any related concerns. Enjoy sports. Sports organizations for young people may hire a sport psychologist to educate coaches about how to help kids enjoy sports and how to promote healthy self-esteem in participants. Sports psychology can even help people off the playing field. The same strategies that sport psychologists teach athletes — relaxation techniques, mental rehearsals and cognitive restructuring, for example — are also useful in the workplace and other settings.
what do community psychologists do?
Some things that a community psychologist might do include: Finding ways to help disadvantaged or disenfranchised individuals feel more connected with their local communities Understanding social issues among minority groups Developing, implementing and evaluating action-oriented community-based programs Building relationships between individuals and community groups Evaluate organizations, governments and communities in order to promote participation and diversity Community psychologists can be employed in a number of areas including education, government, nonprofit groups, community organizations and private consulting. Within the educational system, community psychologists often work at colleges and universities to teach courses and conduct original research. In government setting, they may work in health and human services for local, state and federal governments.
why do you have better color vision in the fovea than in the periphery of the retina?
The fovea has a higher proportion of cones than the periphery does.
Why do many psychologists criticize Feud's theory of psychosexual stages?
The theory makes no clearly testable predictions
When American soldiers at Abu Ghraib prison brutally abused their prisoners, what interpretation did psychologists favor?
These soldiers were reacting to a terrible situation
Under which condition do infants most easily recognize a face?
They are best at recognizing the kinds of faces most familiar to them
What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?
They both strengthen a behavior
When is the median a better indicator of most people's scores than the mean?
When mort scores were low but a few scores were very high.
What is a neurotransmitter?
a chemical that neurons release
According to Freud, the "anal stage" is
a normal part of psychosexual development
Compared to other high school girls, high school girls who are having unprotected sex give lower estimates of the chances of becoming pregnant through unprotected sex. This "can't happen to me" attitude is a clear example of
a personal fable
A maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people is defined as
a personality disorder
People with bipolar disorder alternate between periods of
depression and mania
Drugs that affect behavior—including both medical drugs such as Ritalin and illegal drugs such as cocaine—exert their effects mainly by altering the
activity at synapses
"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person" is an example of
an internal attribution
Stereotype threat lowers performance for what kind of people?
anyone who is told that his/her group does poorly on a given task.
One effective way to break down the stereotypes that individuals form about one another is to
arrange tasks that encourage them to cooperate.
an example of a self-handicapping strategy would be a student who
barely studied for a test he expected to fail
The original goal of psychoanalysis was to
bring the contents of the unconscious mind into the conscious mind
Your friend asks, "Whats the name of our chemistry lab instructor? I think it starts with a J." This is which type of memory test?
cued recall
The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the ___ and the ____
dendrites....axon
It is May 7 and you have not yet begun to look for a summer job. You say, "Nothing to worry about....I won't have any trouble finding a job.: This is an example of which defense mechanism?
denial
In which order do people enter REM sleep more quickly than normal after falling asleep?
depression
Many television viewers assume that an actor who plays the role of a kindly parent really is a kindly parent. what principle does this tendency illustrate?
fundamental attribution error
the presence of many other people will decrease the probability that you will
help a person in distress
A little boy in the preoperational stage would have trouble understanding that
his mother is also someone's daughter
the "binding problem" refers to which theoretical question?
how we perceive what we see, hear, and feel as a single object
A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as a/an
hypothesis
According to Freud, what is repression?
making an unpleasant thought or memory unconscious
The word psychology was derived from the greek word psych meaning ____ and logos meaning _____
mind...word
One explanation for many optical illusions is that people
misjudge sizes because they misjudge distances
compared to the rods, the cones in the retina are
more common towards the fovea
According to the feature-detector approach to vision, your ability to see a line or any other pattern depends on a particular kind of
neuron
suppose you try as hard as possible to avoid thinking of polar bears. you are likely to have a temporary experience that resembles which disorder?
obsessive-compulsive disorder
what did francis galton cite as evidence for the importance of heredity in intelligence
often the sons of eminent men become eminent themselves
jeff has periods of chest pains, difficult breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, faintness, and dizziness for no apparent reason. From which of these disorders is he apparently suffering?
panic disorder
Brittany cannot remember what happened during her psychology class and suggests that aliens from outer space temporarily kidnapped her brain. Her roommate suggests that she slept through class. Most psychologists prefer the "sleep" explanation because it is more
parsimonious
what does the Implicit Association test attempt to measure?
people's prejudices that they do not want to admit
With regard to schizophrenia, hallucinations are considered a ____ symptom and delusions are a _____ symptom
positive...positve
A psychotherapist with an MD degree is a ___. one with a Ph.D. is a___
psychiatrist...clinical psychologist
To test the concept of object permanence, Piaget would watch whether the child can
reach around a barrier to get an object that the child no longer sees
After you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. the police show you several photographs and ask whether any of them was the thief. They are checking your memory by which method?
recognition
A student who fails an exam begs, cries, and pouts. This is apparently an example of which defense mechanism?
regression
If you have once or twice heard a voice when you knew you were alone, what does it mean?
relax. its probably nothing
Two standard ways to evaluate a test are to measure its___ and its____
reliability.....validity
The order of stages in Piaget's theory of development is:
sensorimotor--preoperational--concrete operations--formal operations
Various parts of the cortex--such as occipital, parietal and temporal lobes control different
sensory systems
If you choose a job because you consider it "mans work" or "woman's work," you have been influenced by what?
sex roles
Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud disagreed about whether or not
sexual motives are the main force in personality development
Susan has seen a shark attack someone;she has also seen a dog attack someone. One reason why she is more likely to develop a phobia of sharks than a phobia of dogs is that
she has probably had a number of safe experiences with dogs
which of the following is an external attribution for someone's behavior?
she played tennis because her friend asked her to come along
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capability of
short-term memory
If someone achieves fame and fortune for a new style of singing, other people will copy that style even though they have never been reinforced for it themselves. Which of the following attempts to account for this observation?
social-learning approach
One unusual feature of implicit memories is that
someone can have an implicit memory without knowing it.
Which of the following is an example of synestesia?
someone insists tuesday is green
The terms "positive" and "negative" in positive and negative reinforcement refer to whether
something is presented or removed
Which of the following is most likely to increase your feelings of self-efficancy?
successful performance of tasks similar to the one you are considering
Below are descriptions of four children. Which one is in Piaget's stage of formal operations?
systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions
"I got angry because someone insulted me. He got angry because he is a moody person." this set of attributions illustrates which phenomenon in social psychology?
the actor-observer effect
The central nervous system consists of
the brain and spinal chord
According to Alfred Adler, developing mental health or mental illness depends on
the goals you seek in life
In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,
the individuals response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment)
Which of the following is often a cause of brain abnormalities in newborns?
the mother drank too much alcohol during pregnancy.
two people tell you something about pete, whom you have not met yourself. one of those statement is favorable, the other one is unfavorable. Which statement will probably have a greater influence on your impression of Pete?
the one you hear first
What is true of "flashbulb" memories of highly emotional events?
they are extremely detailed but not always accurate
What would be the best way to increase your depth of processing when you read a list of words?
think about the meaning of the words on the list.
A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?
variable ratio
The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than then; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
variable ratio
Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore,
we do not know how her score compares to that of other people