Psych 107

_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. A. Repression B. Interference C. Absent-mindedness D. Blocking

B. Interference

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years and he can play musical skills of the giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthews mastery of the clarinet is likely the result of:

Strong synaptic connections that have been built over years of practice and playing

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. enactive learning integrative learning latent learning operant learning

enactive learning

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.

ethology

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. variable-interval schedule variable-ratio schedule fixed-interval schedule fixed-ratio schedule

fixed-interval schedule

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________. A) reinforcement B) habituation C) modeling D) enactive learning

modeling

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

modeling

Some people continue smoking cigarettes because it reduces stress, social isolation, and appetite. From a learning perspective, these reductions can be considered as ___________.

negative reinforcers

Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking: coolness, peer acceptance, and looking like an adult. All of these rewards are ____________ reinforcers.

secondary

Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.

synapses

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. the meat powder and salivation. salivation and the sound of the apparatus.

the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking

A. Absent-mindedness

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes? A. Auditory B. Olfactory C. Somatosensory D. Visual

A. Auditory

Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses? A. CREB B. Ghrelin C. Insulin D. GABA

A. CREB

______________ memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval. A. Explicit B. Procedural C. Working D. Echoic

A. Explicit

____________ refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns. A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Episodic memory

A. Procedural memory

_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world. A. Schemas B. Networks C. Hierarchies D. Data designs

A. Schemas

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n): A. false memory. B. repressed memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. recovered memory.

A. false memory.

Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______. A. transcranial direct current stimulation B. cortical stimulation C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. peripheral nerve and field stimulation

A. transcranial direct current stimulation

Which of the following statements is true regarding imprinting? Imprinting occurs only in humans. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all. Imprinting provides clear evidence of synaptic change. Imprinting can be learned at any age.

After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________. A) conditioning B) modeling C) imprinting D) habituation

B) modeling

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario? A. The method of loci B. A mnemonic device C. Chunking D. Rhyming

B. A mnemonic device

______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number. A. Suggestibility B. Blocking C. Absent-mindedness D. Interference

B. Blocking

_________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory. A. Semantic; episodic B. Implicit; explicit C. Episodic; semantic D. Explicit; semantic

B. Implicit; explicit

Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions? A. Sound B. Taste C. Vision D. Touch

B. Taste

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? A. The words "good dog" B. The treat C. The word "sit" D. Mark

B. The treat

Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? A. When learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. C. Older adults have the tendency to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. D. The side of a printed media presented first will have greater effectiveness than the side presented subsequently.

B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

The second stage of long-term memory formation is: A. storage. B. consolidation. C. retrieval. D. encoding.

B. consolidation.

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing. A. structural; effortful B. effortful; automatic C. automatic; phonological D. phonological; structural

B. effortful; automatic

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. A. explicit conditioning B. operant conditioning C. observational conditioning D. backward conditioning

B. operant conditioning

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory. A. false B. recovered C. blocked D. repressed

B. recovered

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. A. catalyst B. reinforcer C. converter D. unconditioned stimulus

B. reinforcer

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. A. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place C. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly D. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because: A. most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. C. sensory memory for numbers is very expansive and can handle such large quantities of digits. D. when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers.

B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: A) punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. B) the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. C) certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. D) all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

C) certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life.

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. A) habituation B) stimulus generalization C) extinction D) backward conditioning

C) extinction

Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case? A. Inferior colliculus B. Nucleus accumbens C. Amygdala D. Cerebellum

C. Amygdala

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory? A. The negative effects of prescription drugs such as Adderall or Ritalin happen only in low doses. B. Caffeine in general and over-the-counter energy drinks have no effects in their capacity to enhance memory. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. D. There is nonclinical trial evidence that long-term, foods and drinks rich in flavonoids reduce memory and impair cognitive function.

C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation.

Which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced.

C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.

Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing? A. Sensory memory B. Primary memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory

C. Long-term memory

_____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. A. Output B. Long-term C. Proactive D. Retroactive

C. Proactive

______, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. A. Absent-mindedness B. Interference C. Repression D. Suggestibility

C. Repression

Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory. A. storage B. retrieval C. encoding D. consolidation

C. encoding

Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in: A. implicit memory. B. procedural memory. C. episodic buffer. D. automatic processing.

C. episodic buffer.

Hebb's law states that: A. neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. B. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. C. neurons that fire together wire together. D. when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron.

C. neurons that fire together wire together.

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the: A. visuospatial sketch pad. B. central executive. C. phonological loop. D. episodic buffer.

C. phonological loop.

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n): A. false memory. B. autobiographical memory. C. recovered memory. D. repressed memory.

C. recovered memory.

Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will: A. experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress. B. alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. D. experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause.

C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over.

Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory. A. priming B. working C. semantic D. implicit

C. semantic

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. A. stimulus generalization B. habituation C. shaping D. backward conditioning

C. shaping

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following?

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models

Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Retrieving information from memory B. Rehearsing the stored process C. Storing information about a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus

D. Attending to a stimulus

_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. A. Long-term B. Output C. Proactive D. Retroactive

D. Retroactive

The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. A. thalamus B. fornix C. hippocampus D. amygdala

D. amygdala

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that: A. an individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information. B. the spread of activation ensures all memories have equal chances of getting stored. C. the neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes

Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing. A. structural B. phonological C. effortful D. automatic

D. automatic

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information. A. iconic B. semantic C. implicit D. echoic

D. echoic

How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective: A. retrieval. B. recognition. C. storage. D. encoding.

D. encoding.

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment

D. negative punishment

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. A. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented B. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus C. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory. A. renal cortex B. adrenal cortex C. cell cortex D. prefrontal cortex

D. prefrontal cortex

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. A. behaviors B. habits C. stimuli D. reflexes

D. reflexes

False memories are an example of: A. interference. B. blocking. C. repression. D. suggestibility.

D. suggestibility.

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus Having experiences repeated over a short period of time Converting a change in response into habituation Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time.

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Which of the following statements is true regarding synaptic connections? Synaptic connections, once formed, are permanent. Synaptic connections between neurons are stronger but lesser in number during long-term associative learning. Synaptic connections lessen during long-term associative learning. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. a) an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b) an unconditioned response (UCR) c) conditioned stimulus (CS) (UCR) d) a conditioned response (CR)

c) conditioned stimulus (CS) (UCR)

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________. A) continuous reinforcement B) imprinting C) classical conditioning D) latent learning

classical conditioning

A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________.

imprinting

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. observational learning enactive learning operant learning latent learning

observational learning

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. unconditioned stimulus discriminating stimulus reinforcer converter

reinforcer

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. What is this an example of?

social learning

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________.

social learning theory

neurogenesis is __________________

the growth of new neurons

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule

variable-interval schedule