Psych 181 Exam 1
a
Defensive self-esteem is to _____ as secure self-esteem is to _____. a. fragility; sturdiness b. moisture; dryness c. the Rorschach; the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) d. self-serving bias; learned helplessness
Projection
Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
b
Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as: a. companionate love. b. genuineness. c. confirmation bias. d. unconditional positive regard.
b
Dr. Hillburton has received approval for his research grant to study the effects of divorce on children aged 5-12 in terms of maturational milestones. Dr. Hillburton is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. a. social b. developmental c. clinical d. counseling
Sensorimotor
Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping); birth to about 2 years
psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality and the associated techniques for treating psychological disorders.
Middle adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation; 40s to 60s
a
Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to _____ as water, sun, and nutrients are to _____. a. positive growth in humans; the growth of healthy trees b. therapy; benign therapists c. self-love; excessive self-esteem d. fallacious self-concept; unconditional positive regard
It recaptured the field's early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific study.
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
c
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of: a. empirically derived tests. b. reciprocal determinism. c. a positive self-concept. d. an external locus of control.
Adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion; teen years into 20s
double-blind procedure
If the study is using a ___________, neither the participants nor those who administer the drug or placebo and collect the data will know which group is receiving the treatment.
d
In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used _____ test. a. empirically derived b. thematic apperception c. factor analytic d. projective
b
In debating the origins of behavior, as was seen with Clarence, we often disagreed about the relative importance of: a. applied research. b. nature and nurture. c. behavior. d. structuralism and introspection.
Secure attachment
In their mother's presence they play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment. When she leaves, they become distressed; when she returns, they seek contact with her.
Preschool
Initiative vs. guilt; 3 to 6 years
Late adulthood
Integrity vs despair; late 60s and up
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation; 20s to early 40s
d
Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of: a. mental illness. b. personality. c. perception. d. learning.
c
John B. Watson is to _____, as Carl Rogers is to _____. a. contemporary psychology; humanistic psychology b. humanistic psychology; behaviorism c. behaviorism; humanistic psychology d. humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis
Placebo Effect
Just thinking you are getting a treatment can boost your spirits, relax your body, and relieve your symptoms
b
Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to change her life. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as: a. defixation. b. free association. c. rational-emotive therapy. d. humanistic therapy.
d
Kate comes home with three "A's" and two "B's," to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" and walks away. Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of: a. companionate love. b. genuineness. c. confirmation bias. d. unconditional positive regard.
c
Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. However, in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of: a. social loafing. b. linguistic determinism. c. reciprocal determinism. d. attributional style.
Y chromosomes
Makes you a boy
X chromosomes
Makes you a girl
b
Martin's family suffered through two weeks of pain and suffering after a horrific car accident that left him in a coma. Martin struggled for his life, and physicians predicted he would never wake up. On the 13th day, Martin did wake up. Martin's Aunt Marie proudly exclaimed, "I knew Martin would make it." This is called: a. overconfidence. b. hindsight bias. c. operational thinking. d. intuitive management.
Genital
Maturation of sexual interests; puberty on
b
Max just found out that the prom king and queen from his high school are splitting up. He thinks back to the last time he saw them together and has the feeling that he could have predicted their divorce. Which of these is the MOST likely cause for this feeling? a. astute observation powers b. hindsight bias c. critical thinking d. inferential thinking
b
Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Abraham Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by: a. the need to reinforce others. b. the need for self-actualization. c. operant conditioning. d. unconscious needs
Ego
Mostly conscious; makes peace between the id and the superego
Levels of analysis
Offer complementary outlooks
Rationalization
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
a
One strength of the case study method is that: a. it suggests hypotheses for future study. b. its findings can be easily generalized. c. it can easily be replicated. d. it is less vulnerable to bias than other methods.
a
One thinking error that is made by many people is to assume that a strong correlation _____. However, this is not true, regardless of how strong a relationship there is between two variables. a. proves causation b. is rarely negative c. is rarely positive d. suggests a bias in sampling
a
One way to develop a complete picture of any given behavior or mental process is to incorporate an integrated viewpoint that examines biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. This is known as: a. a biopsychosocial approach. b. social influence theory. c. psychodynamic theory. d. functionalism.
Conscientiousness
Organization, care, impulsive/disciplined
Reciprocal determinism
Person-environment interaction
Oral
Pleasure centers on the mouth--sucking, biting, chewing; 0-18 months
Anal
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control; 18-36 months
Phallic
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings; 3 to 6 years
Openness
Practical/imaginative; prefers routine/prefers variety; conforming/independent
d
Professor Bernstein conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Bernstein is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. a. social b. clinical c. personality d. developmental
puberty
Pronounced physical differences emerge during adolescence, when boys and girls enter _____ and mature sexually
b
Psychologists persistently ask two questions, "What do you mean?" and "How do you know?", because they approach the world of behavior with a curious: a. cynicism. b. skepticism. c. gullibility. d. overconfidence.
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Preoperational
Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical thinking; about 2 to 6 or 7 years
Extraversion
Retiring/sociable; sober/fun-loving; reserved/affectionate
Regression
Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stge, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Self actualized
Rich, productive, self-aware, self-accepting, spontaneous, etc. are all characteristics of __________ people
Agreeableness
Ruthless/soft-hearted; suspicious/trusting; uncooperative/helpful
d
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates: a. the self-reference phenomenon. b. unconditional positive regard. c. the spotlight effect. d. reciprocal determinism.
Preconventional morality
Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards; before age 9
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
a
Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of: a. unconscious processes. b. an external locus of control. c. factor analysis. d. reciprocal determinism.
a
Sigmund Freud suggested that adults with a passive and submissive personality, marked by a childlike dependence, demonstrate signs of: a. an oral fixation. b. an inferiority complex. c. a reaction formation. d. an Oedipus complex.
b
Sigmund Freud suggested that three interacting systems can explain the dynamics of the human mind. These three systems refer to: a. the oral, the anal, and the phallic. b. the id, the ego, and the superego. c. repression, identification, and fixation. d. the unconscious, the preconscious, and the collective unconscious.
b
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about: a. a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition. b. an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms. c. trait dimensions (e.g., introverted-extraverted or stable-unstable). d. self-actualization and fulfilling one's potential.
critical thinking
Smart thinking, called ________, examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
b
Some psychologists believe self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization refers to: a. the need to belong. b. the motivation to fulfill one's potential. c. the need to achieve. d. not being attainable.
basic research
Some psychologists conduct __________ that builds psychology's knowledge base.
neuroscience perspective
Someone working from a _____________ might study brain circuits that cause us to be "red in the face" and "hot under the collar."
evolutionary perspective
Someone working from the __________ might analyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors' genes.
behavioral perspective
Someone working from the ____________ might attempt to determine which external stimuli trigger angry responses or aggressive acts.
behavior genetics perspective
Someone working from the ____________ might study how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament.
cognitive perspective
Someone working from the ____________ might study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking.
psychodynamic perspective
Someone working from the ____________ might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility.
social-cultural perspective
Someone working from the _____________ might explore how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts.
c
Structuralists introduced which research method to identify basic elements of the human mind? a. spaced practice b. behavior genetics c. introspection d. psychoanalysis
Reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
c
The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders. a. trait b. social-cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. humanistic
Attachment
The _________ bond is a powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers.
d
The director of research at a major pharmaceutical company presented the findings of a failed bipolar disorder research trial. Statistical analysis showed that all subjects took the medication as prescribed, that the drug levels were within range, and that all study procedures were followed per the protocol. Despite all of this, the experimental medication was no more effective than the control condition. Upon further investigation, it was determined that a number of researchers were conducting supportive psychotherapy with the subjects. This explains the: a. random effect. b. dependent effect. c. experimental effect. d. placebo effect.
d
The factor that differentiates case studies and surveys is that case studies: a. include many people in the sample. b. use a representative sample. c. ascertain self-reported attitudes and behaviors. d. involve in-depth analyses of individuals.
c
The field of _____ refers to the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace. a. personality psychology b. developmental psychology c. industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology d. clinical psychology
b
The humanistic perspective of personality: a. emphasizes the driving force of unconscious motivations in human personality. b. emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals. c. emphasizes the importance of human interaction with the environment in shaping personality. d. describes human personality in terms of scores on various personality scales.
c
The proper order of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency. b. oral, anal, latency, phallic, and genital. c. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. d. anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital.
d
There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a: a. developmental approach. b. deterministic approach. c. psychoanalytic approach. d. biopsychosocial approach.
applied research
These and other psychologists also may conduct ___________, tackling practical problems.
Concrete Operational
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations; about 7 to 11 years old
a
This variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated, and these manipulations may affect the outcome factor. a. independent b. dependent c. control d. double-blind
b
To examine the effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of: a. correlational research. b. an experiment. c. survey research. d. naturalistic observation.
Infancy
Trust vs. mistrust; to 1 year
Conventional morality
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order; early adolescence
Independent variable
Variable that is manipulated
Assimilate
We __________ new experiences
provides a more complete view than any one perspective could offer
What advantage do we gain by using the biopsychosocial approach in studying psychological events?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
What does MMPI stand for?
Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review
What does the acronym SQ3R stand for?
1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
events often stem from the interaction of nature and nurture
What is contemporary psychology's position on the nature-nurture debate?
b
When something extraordinary happens, such as when one person wins the lottery twice, a pattern emerges. Yet, in effect, the two winnings are: a. causally related. b. random events. c. an example of beating the statistical odds. d. a coincidence that cannot be explained statistically.
a
Which perspective is MOST relevant to understanding links between hormone levels and sexual motivation? a. neuroscience b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. behavioral
c
Which research method is best suited to observing and recording behavior in various environments without trying to control the situation? a. the case study b. the survey c. naturalistic observation d. None of the answer choices are correct.
a
Who was the functionalist who authored the textbook, Principles of Psychology, for the emerging discipline of psychology? a. William James b. Rosalie Rayner c. John B. Watson d. Mary Whiton Calkins
People's self reports varied
Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?
c
Wilhelm Wundt was both a _____ and _____. a. theologian; philosopher b. sociologist; psychiatrist c. physiologist; philosopher d. psychoanalyst; psychiatrist
a
With surveys, the _____ can have a substantial impact on the results. a. wording of questions b. type of font used c. color of the paper on which the survey is printed d. day of the week the questionnaire is launched
c
_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development. a. Gordon Allport b. Albert Bandura c. Carl Rogers d. Karen Horney
a
_____ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind. a. Free association b. Identification c. Projective disassociation d. Regression
Wording
______ can have a huge impact on surveys and their results
Gender identity
_______ is a person's sense of being male or female
Experiments
________ enable researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by (1) manipulating the factors of interest and (2) holding constant (controlling) other factors.
Jean Piaget
________ felt that kids in the sensorimotor stage did not think abstractly.
case study
_________ examines one individual in depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all.
Counseling psychologists
_________ help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning.
correlation coefficient
_________ indicates how closely two things vary together, and thus how well either one predicts the other.
positive psychology
_________ scientifically explores "positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions."
Structuralism; functionalism
_________ used introspection to define the mind's makeup; ________ focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
random sample
_________, in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating
psychiatrists
_________, who also may provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.
Clinical psychologists
__________ assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders.
naturalistic observations
__________ range from watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle, to unobtrusively videotaping (and later systematically analyzing) parent-child interactions in different cultures, to recording racial differences in students' self-seating patterns in a school lunchroom.
Social learning theory
___________ assumes that children acquire this identity by observing and imitating others' gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded or punished for acting in certain ways themselves
testing effect
describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval (as in self-testing) rather than from simple rereading of new information.
theory
explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.
confounding variables
factors which could influence the experiment's results, are called __________
Free Association
in which he told the patient to relax and say whatever came to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial
experimental group
in which people receive the treatment
External locus of control
individuals believe they are powerless to control outside events.
Internal locus of control
individuals believe they can control events that happen to them
biopsychosocial approach
integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors
Superego
internalized ideals
Insecure attachment
marked either by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships. They are less likely to explore their surroundings; they may even cling to their mother.
control group
members do not receive the treatment.
hindsight bias
the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
gender roles
the social expectations that guide men's and women's behavior.
gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which your culture defines male and female
Moral reasoning
the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
gender typing
the way some children seem more attuned than others to traditional male or female roles
c
two best friends are discussing fossil fuel usage, and one friend says that carbon emissions are up by 15 percent. The other friend asks "where did you pull that number from?" as he: a. wants to anger the friend. b. is engaging in overconfident thinking. c. is engaging in critical thinking. d. is engaging in hindsight bias.
Id
unconscious energy
sex
your biological status, defined by your chromosomes and anatomy
survey
A _____ looks at many cases in less depth.
negative correlation
A ________ (between 0 and −1.00) indicates an inverse relationship: As one thing increases, the other decreases.
positive correlation
A _________ (between 0 and +1.00) indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or decrease together.
c
A focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures is MOST relevant to the _____ perspective. a. behavioral b. behavior genetics c. social-cultural d. cognitive
a
A focus on how humans learn observable responses is MOST relevant to the _____ perspective. a. behavioral b. behavior genetics c. psychodynamic d. cognitive
hypotheses
A good theory produces testable predictions, called __________
d
A large pharmaceutical company begins to write a research protocol based on their belief that the new medication called Drug R may be useful in treating anxiety. They predict that Drug R should lower symptoms of anxiety. This prediction is a(n) a. theory. b. prediction. c. method. d. hypothesis.
Schema
A mental container we build to hold our experiences
b
A mother called her daughter to tell her that, in a single day, five different men she met on an over-50 Internet dating forum invited her out on dates. She can't believe it! Which statement can be used to explain the mother's great news? a. "The superego can overcome any obstacle placed in the way by the ego." b. "With a large enough sample, any outrageous thing is likely to happen." c. "Even sweet people can sell themselves through manipulation." d. "Birds of a feather stick together."
Latency
A phase of dormant sexual feelings; 6 to puberty
d
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of these? a. Ask them if they have met all of their self-esteem and self-actualization needs. b. Look at the way their behavior is influenced by environmental factors. c. Compliment them often even if the compliments are insincere. d. Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
b
A professor directs a child and adolescent to a clinic that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. This clinic adheres to which perspective of psychology? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviorism c. functionalism d. humanistic psychology
d
A unified understanding of explanations provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other psychological perspectives is MOST clearly provided by: a. structuralism. b. behaviorism. c. a psychodynamic perspective. d. a biopsychosocial approach.
Formal operational
Abstract reasoning; about 12 to adulthood
a
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by: a. a hierarchy of needs. b. inborn instincts. c. conditions of optimal arousal. d. drive reduction.
d
According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from our universal experiences. This is known as a person's: a. defense mechanisms. b. reaction formation. c. repressed memories. d. collective unconscious.
d
According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are: a. honesty, sincerity, and empathy. b. high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy. c. high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance. d. genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
c
According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle. a. the phallic b. the id c. the ego d. the superego
d
According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations. a. the phallic b. the id c. the ego d. the superego
Postconventional morality
Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
MMPI
Although it assesses "abnormal" personality tendencies rather than normal personality traits, the _____ illustrates a good way of developing a personality inventory.
b
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as: a. empathy. b. unconditional positive regard. c. genuineness. d. altruism.
operational definitions
As a check on their biases, psychologists report their research with precise __________ of procedures and concepts.
Accomodate
As we experience new things, we ________ and incorporate the information from these new experiences
d
At the beginning of the school year, groups of college students were asked to predict a variety of their own social behaviors such as calling their parents or voting in an election. The students reported being 84 percent confident in their self-predictions. However, they correctly predicted their own behavior only 71 percent of the time. This human tendency is known as: a. "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. b. instrumental learning. c. hindsight bias. d. overconfidence.
Toddlerhood
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 1 to 3 years
c
Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates: a. identification. b. reaction formation. c. displacement. d. projection.
d
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as: a. regression. b. projection. c. displacement. d. reaction formation
Conscientiousness; agreeableness; neuroticism; openness; extraversion
CANOE; the "big five"
Neuroticism
Calm/anxious; secure/insecure; self-satisfied/self-pitying
d
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?'" Which statement is NOT how critics of Rogers would MOST likely object to Rogers' statement? a. It encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness. b. It encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints. c. It fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction. d. It encourages people to be "undeterred" by others' needs, which can lead to self-actualization.
a
Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much LESS likely to focus on the study of: a. thinking. b. fighting. c. screaming. d. smiling.
Elementary School
Competence vs. inferiority; 6 years to puberty
b
Critics complain that the humanistic perspective fails to appreciate: a. self-acceptance. b. human capacity for evil. c. human capacity for good. d. individual needs.
