PSYCH 201 Exam 3

Resting potential

A battery that is NOT connected to anything is a good analogy for the _____ of a neuron.

bloodstream; endocrine system

A champion athlete loses his medal after officials discover that he has taken anabolic steroids, a synthetic version of the male sex hormone testosterone. Anabolic steroids, like other hormones, circulate through the _____ and act as chemical messengers in the ____.

sympathetic nervous system

A child wakes his mother from a peaceful slumber to say he heard a noise. As she gets up to investigate, her heart begins to race, her mouth is dry, and she begins to sweat. Clearly, the _____ has been activated.

producing muscle contractions, learning, and memory

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in:

functional plasticity

Adana has an uncle who had a hemispherectomy when he was a young child. She is always amazed that most people don't know he is missing one of his hemispheres. She has been reading in her psychology book about _____ and the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas in order to adapt to the environment.

playing tennis, typing, and walking with a smooth gait.

After Eduardo's serious skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Eduardo is MOST likely to have trouble:

right side of his brain

After a stroke, Dwayne's grandfather has weakness on his left side including his hand and leg. The stroke occurred on the:

Cerebellum

Aimee can hit a golf ball in what looks like an effortless and smooth movement. The part of the hindbrain MOST associated with this highly coordinated motion is called the:

biological psychology

Also known as _____, this is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes.

the result of each human voice having a distinctive timbre

An old friend calls Peter on the phone and, though he doesn't have caller ID and hasn't spoken to his friend in a long time, he recognizes her voice immediately. The ability to recognize her voice so quickly after so many years would BEST be described as:

limbic system

Anytime Rachel remembers the date she had the other night, she feels very excited and happy. Which component of the brain is primarily responsible for her memory and feelings?

Loudness

As Rodney was setting up the equipment for a concert, he adjusted the amplitude of the speaker system. This is MOST likely to affect the music's:

the vibration of air or some other medium.

As a physical stimulus, sound is:

In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual.

Bill wakes up early in the morning, and his room is fairly dark. He can see his shirt hanging on a hook. He knows it's a red shirt because he hung it up there before bed, but in the dark it looks dark gray. Why is that?

cerebellum

Chelsea was hit in the back of the head by a falling tree branch. At the hospital she had difficulty coordinating her movements. The hospital physician concluded that Chelsea has likely experienced damage to her:

slower to arrive and longer lasted

Compared to messages delivered by the nervous system, messages delivered by the endocrine system are

clear membrane that covers the front of the eye.

Denise is hit by a softball while attending a friend's game. When she gets to the emergency department, she is told that she has injured her cornea. Given what Denise knows about the visual system, she knows that this is the

sensation; perception

Detection of stimulus energy is to the interpretation of that information as _____ is to _____.

photoreceptor; bipolar; ganglion

Dr. Aguilar studies how information flows through the visual pathway. She has a large diagram on her office wall that shows this flow: The neurons in the retina respond to light energy, sending signals from the _____ cells to the _____ cells, and then on to the _____ cells, which bundle into the optic nerve.

frequency

Dr. Hernandez studies the pitch of sounds by measuring their _____ with a unit known as hertz.

spinal cord

Dr. Hoffmann studies the central nervous system. His work focuses on the brain and the other component of the central nervous system, which is the:

loudness, pitch, and timbre.

Dr. Hogarth is discussing sound in class today. His voice is heard throughout the room by the students, as well as the people in the hallway. Similar to any sound, his voice can be differentiated by three main qualities:

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. She wants to use the least invasive method of brain imaging that will show activity in the brain. Which brain imaging technique should she employ in order to detect which brain areas are active when the participants are lying?

Agonists

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter are called:

The brain area responsible for sensation and motor control of his hands is larger than normal.

Emil has played the piano for many years. What is MOST likely true about Emil's brain?

Curare

First used by South American Indians for hunting, _____ was briefly used in surgeries because of its acetylcholine-blocking properties.

Mirror neurons

Five-year-old Janna watches her brother throw a baseball. In her brain, _____ would respond as if she were throwing the baseball herself.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Five-year-old Theresa is Christmas shopping with her mother and siblings. She looks around and realizes her mother is nowhere to be found. Theresa's _____ nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. Theresa's mother finally comes around the corner, and Theresa is filled with relief, the result of the activation of the _____ part of her nervous system.

activity of oxygenated blood in the brain and body

Functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) directly measures the

a failure of the lens to properly focus incoming light on the retina.

Graham is nearsighted and Macy is farsighted. Corrective lenses work for both of them because their respective visual disorders are caused by:

damage to hair cells

Gretta is 85 years old and has trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years at a time before there were regulations to safeguard against noise levels. Besides normal aging, the MOST likely reason for Gretta's hearing loss is:

smell and taste

Hannah has a head cold and, although she is hungry, she notices that she has no interest in eating. This is likely because the senses of _____ and _____ are closely linked.

Seratonine (5-HT)

Hannah is suffering from depression and has received a prescription for an antidepressant. It is likely that she needs more of the neurotransmitter known as:

Sensory adaptation

If Carol moves her watchband up her wrist an inch or so, she will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates:

Sodium ions

If a neuron was compared with a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prisoners when the neuron is at the resting potential.

Cancel each other out

If a postsynaptic neuron receives an excitatory and an inhibitory message simultaneously, the two:

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

If a researcher is interested in using an imaging technique to measure both the structure and function of the brain, which techniques would you recommend to her?

jump between breaks of the myelin sheath

If an axon is wrapped in a myelin sheath, a signal would:

Nervous system

If one wanted to send a message to the body in the fastest way possible, which system would you choose?

parietal; temporal

Ignacio is trying to remember the names and functions of the lobes of the human brain. He reads in his book that the _____ lobes receive and process sensory information such as touch and temperature, but the _____ are largely responsible for hearing and language comprehension

Endorphins

In his medical practice, Dr. Setiadi uses acupuncture, an ancient Chinese procedure, which involves inserting needles at various points in the body. This painkilling technique is assumed to involve the production of _____ by the brain.

amygdala

In his research on the limbic system, Yuri electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.

neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles

In synaptic transmission, the action potential stimulates the release of:

Autonomic nervous sytem

In terms of heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, the body is a fairly well-oiled machine that works even when one is asleep. This is possible because of the:

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Jaquan suffers from epilepsy because of too much glutamate. His doctor may prescribe a drug containing _____ because this type of neurotransmitter inhibits information transmission.

he can only see with rods.

Joel is totally color-blind; he is able to see only in black and white. You could accurately tell him that:

Sensory neurons

Jorge cannot feel his left leg after being struck by a car, but he can still move it and walk on it. It is MOST likely that he damaged his _____, but his motor neurons are still intact.

how pain is adaptive in preventing further injury

Justin quickly pulls his hand away from a hot pan handle. This illustrates:

Axon

Katie has a rare neurological disease in which her neurons can receive new information and process it, but some of them just cannot pass the information along. This disease likely affects the _____ of the neuron.

slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion

Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:

regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons slows with age

Odor sensitivity diminishes with aging because:

Sympathetic nervous system

Olu is hiking in the woods when he comes across a bear. What part of the nervous system is coordinating his body as he decides whether he stay or should run away from the bear?

the slow pain system

Pain conveyed by _____ is more like a dull ache, not necessarily in a specific region

sound waves

Prescott has his ear pressed up against the wall of his room. He is trying to hear who is talking on the phone so late at night. When Prescott hears his brother's voice through the wall, he is detecting the _____, which are rhythmic vibrations of molecules traveling through a variety of forms of matter, from his brother's voice.

langauge

Regions on the left side of the brain tend to predominate in:

Axon

Responsible for carrying information from the neuron to other cells in the body (including other neurons), the _____ is a single, elongated tube that extends from the cell body in most neurons.

Sensory adaptation

Rizzo enters his girlfriend's apartment and notices the strong garlic odor coming from the lasagna she is preparing for dinner. However, after a few minutes he no longer notices the odor. This phenomenon is called:

structural plasticity

Sarah just learned to juggle. Before and after images of her brain showed a 3 percent increase in the size of a few specific brain regions. This is known as:

dissolve in saliva

Smell occurs when molecules enter the nose, and taste occurs when molecules:

Saturation

Sometimes thought of as the richness of color, the _____ of a color corresponds to the purity of the light wave.

hippocampus

Studies in adult humans have shown that new neurons continue to be generated in the _____, a part of the brain that plays an important role in the ability to form new memories, even late in life

difference threshold

Susan is studying and asks her roommate to turn down the radio. Her roommate had turned the radio up from a volume level of 14 to a volume of 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. This describes the phenomenon of

mid brain

Teresa and Yuko are quizzing each other before their psychology exam on the physiology of the brain. Yuko asks Teresa to name the two parts of the brainstem. Teresa correctly names the hindbrain and the:

resting potential

The _____ refers to the neuron in its naturally charged state.

thalamus

The _____ relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

Visual Acuity

The ability to see fine details is called:

Medulla

The brain area perhaps MOST crucial to life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion is the _____.

Medulla

The brain area perhaps MOST crucial to life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion is the:

2 percent

The brain makes up _____ percent of the body's weight.

Action potential

The brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron is called a(n):

provide a large network of interacting nerve fibers passing information throughout the body.

The main focus of the nervous system is to:

the absolute threshold.

The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is referred to as

brain

The pituitary gland is located in the:

hindbrain

The pons and medulla are positioned in the _____.

control complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

The primary function of the forebrain is to

Reuptake

The process that occurs when the presynaptic axon terminal reabsorbs a neurotransmitter is referred to as:

Wernicke's area.

The region of the cortex that plays a critical role in language comprehension is called:

Iris

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the

limbic system

The slow pain messages travel along pathways projecting to the:

information from the axon of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron

The synapse is a small gap between neurons where:

lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the

parasympathetic nervous system

Tyree is startled awake in the middle of the night by a loud noise. He sees that his cat has knocked over his bedside lamp. Knowing that, he begins to calm down and his heart stops racing. Which nervous system has been activated?

It sweeps down the auditory canal to the eardrum, which separates the outer ear from the middle ear

What happens first when a sound wave reaches the ear?

damage to the same area on the side of the lower left frontal lobe

What pattern did Broca find over the years with speech-impaired patients?

Hue

When Johnetta was painting a landscape, she used many different colors. The technical term for the wavelengths of light that produce the perception of different colors in Johnetta's painting is _____.

Adrenal Glands

When Zeke was faced with taking his medical board exams he was totally stressed out. The particular gland(s) in his endocrine system likely to be stimulated in response to this stress are his:

olfactory bulb

When enough odor molecules attach to an olfactory receptor neuron, it fires and sends a message first to the _____ in the brain.

Iris

Whenever Rihanna hears a loud frightening noise, her pupils dilate. The eye structure involved in this response is called the:

Iris

Whenever Robyn looks at her boyfriend, her pupils dilate. The eye structure involved in this response is called the:

Wernicke's area

Which area is involved in comprehension of spoken language?

partial or complete blindness

Which effect would someone with damage to the occipital lobe be MOST likely to display?

carrying information to vessels and glands

Which function is NOT a primary function of the central nervous system?

It is a tightly stretched membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear

Which statement accurately characterizes the eardrum?

The various types can be distinguished by their wavelengths.

Which statement describes electromagnetic energy?

The pitch of a sound describes how high or low it is

Which statement describes the pitch of a sound?

Drugs damage and degrade neurotransmitters.

Which statement does NOT describe a means by which drugs affect the nervous system?

anosmia

Yokio does not use cologne because he has a condition known as _____, which is the inability to smell.

Ovaries and Testes

_____ and _____ are both kinds of gonads.

Sensory neurons

_____ convey information to the brain from specialized receptor cells in the sense organs.

Proprioception

_____ is the system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts.