PSYCH 207 FINAL
What does 'faking bad' refer to in the context of self-report measures? A) Answering questions in a way that portrays oneself in a positive light. B) Providing responses that make one appear worse than is actually the case. C) Giving random answers without regard to the question content. D) Consistently choosing the neutral option in surveys or questionnaires. E) Intentionally misunderstanding the questions.
B
What does 'operationalize' mean in the context of research? A) To formulate a hypothesis based on a conceptual definition. B) To convert a theoretical concept into a variable that can be measured or manipulated. C) To determine the theoretical implications of a research finding. D) To analyze data according to pre-established theoretical criteria. E) To apply research findings to practical situations.
B
What does 'power' signify in the context of statistical analysis? A) The influence of the researcher's bias on the study's outcomes. B) The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. C) The capacity of a study to produce significant results regardless of the data. D) The effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable. E) The ability of a study to generalize findings to the larger population.
B
What does an observational measure in research involve? A) Recording subjective impressions of participant behavior. B) Measuring variables through direct observation of behavior. C) Relying exclusively on self-report measures from participants. D) Observing phenomena without any systematic recording. E) All of the above.
B
What does it mean when a result is 'not statistically significant'? A) The result definitively proves the research hypothesis. B) The result is likely due to chance rather than the effect of the independent variable. C) The result has a large effect size. D) The p-value is less than the alpha level set for the study. E) All of the above.
B
What does measurement error refer to in research? A) The variability of responses across different measurement occasions. B) The discrepancy between the true value and the observed value of a variable. C) Errors in the statistical analysis of research data. D) The intentional manipulation of measurements by researchers. E) The inconsistency of measurements across different studies.
B
What does open access refer to in the context of academic publishing? A) Journals that restrict access to subscribers only. B) The availability of academic journal articles to the public without charge. C) The practice of publishing articles without peer review. D) Limited access to research articles for a certain period. E) All of the above.
B
What does the term 'cell' signify in experimental research? A) The smallest unit of analysis in a data set. B) A specific condition or level in an experiment. C) The group of participants not receiving the treatment. D) The intersection of rows and columns in a data matrix. E) A control group used for comparison purposes.
B
What does the term 'conceptual variable' refer to in research? A) A variable defined in terms of specific, measurable properties. B) An abstract concept that is not directly measurable. C) The statistical interaction between two or more variables. D) A variable manipulated directly by the researcher. E) The outcome variable in an experimental study.
B
What does the term 'matched groups' refer to in experimental research? A) Groups that are identical in all respects except the independent variable. B) Groups composed of participants with similar characteristics. C) Groups matched based on their responses to a pretest. D) Randomly assigned groups that are statistically equivalent. E) Control and experimental groups that receive the same treatment.
B
What does the term 'paywalled' imply in the context of academic journals? A) Articles are freely accessible to the public. B) Articles are accessible only to subscribers or members of subscribing institutions. C) Journals that exclusively publish open-access articles. D) Journals that do not require peer review for publication. E) Academic journals that publish only print editions.
B
What does theory-testing mode mean in research? A) Developing new theories based on the results of a study. B) Testing association or causal claims to investigate a theory. C) Conducting research without any preconceived theories. D) Revising existing theories in light of new findings. E) Comparing different theoretical approaches to the same problem.
B
What does unobtrusive observation in research entail? A) Making the observation process obvious to participants. B) Observing behavior in a way that does not interfere with or alter it. C) Using hidden cameras or other secretive methods without consent. D) Relying on participants' self-reports rather than direct observation. E) Conducting observations in a controlled laboratory setting.
B
What is a quasi-experiment in research? A) A study with high levels of control and random assignment of participants. B) A study similar to an experiment but lacking full experimental control. C) A purely observational study without any manipulation of variables. D) An experiment conducted in a laboratory setting. E) A study that strictly follows the scientific method without deviations.
B
What is a theory in the context of scientific research? A) A guess or speculation about a scientific phenomenon. B) A set of statements describing general principles about how variables relate. C) The detailed description of the methodology used in a study. D) The statistical analysis used to interpret research data. E) A summary of the results of a particular study.
B
What is an attrition threat in a research study? A) Risk of participants' data being inconsistently recorded. B) Probability of participants dropping out before the study ends. C) Likelihood of external factors influencing results. D) Challenge in interpreting complex statistical data. E) Difficulty in maintaining the anonymity of participants.
B
What is an outlier in the context of data analysis? A) A data point that fits well within the pattern of a data set. B) A score that stands out as significantly higher or lower than most other scores. C) The most frequent score in a data set. D) The average value of a data set. E) A data point that has no impact on the overall analysis.
B
What is involved in probability sampling in research? A) Using nonrandom techniques to select a sample. B) Sampling each member of the population with an equal and known chance. C) Selecting a sample based on convenience or accessibility. D) Choosing a sample that represents specific characteristics of interest. E) Relying on volunteers to form the sample for the study.
B
What is self-plagiarism in academic research? A) The practice of citing one's previous work appropriately. B) Republishing one's own previously published work without citation or acknowledgment. C) Collaborating with others to rewrite previously published material. D) Building upon one's own previously published ideas and research. E) Referencing one's own unpublished work in a research paper.
B
What is the concept of open materials in research? A) Keeping research materials confidential and proprietary. B) Sharing the full set of research materials online for verification or replication. C) Using only materials that are publicly available. D) Restricting access to materials to maintain the validity of the study. E) All of the above.
B
What is the correlation coefficient r used for in research? A) To calculate the average value of a set of data. B) To measure the degree of relationship between two variables. C) To determine the statistical significance of study results. D) To assess the reliability of a measurement tool. E) To identify outliers in a data set.
B
What is the essence of a construct in psychological research? A) A tangible, observable entity measured in a study. B) An abstract concept or idea that is central to a theory. C) A specific method used to manipulate variables. D) The operational definition of a research variable. E) A statistical measure used to assess data reliability.
B
What is the principle of beneficence in research ethics? A) Ensuring fair treatment of all participants. B) Protecting participants from harm and promoting well-being. C) Maintaining the confidentiality of participant data. D) Providing benefits to society through research findings. E) Ensuring the autonomy and respect for all participants.
B
What is the principle of beneficence in research ethics? A) Ensuring that research benefits the researcher financially. B) Protecting participants from harm and ensuring their well-being. C) Guaranteeing that the research findings are beneficial to society. D) Making sure that research procedures are beneficial to the study's outcomes. E) Prioritizing the benefits of the research over the needs of the participants.
B
What is the purpose of an alpha level in statistical analysis? A) To indicate the average significance of the data. B) To define the threshold at which p values indicate statistical significance. C) To measure the reliability of the data collected. D) To represent the highest score achieved in data analysis. E) To establish the minimum sample size required for a study.
B
What is the purpose of counterbalancing in a repeated-measures experiment? A) To ensure that all participants receive the same treatment in the same order. B) To control for order effects by varying the sequence of conditions. C) To randomly assign participants to different experimental conditions. D) To balance the number of participants across all experimental conditions. E) To measure the effect of the independent variable at different time intervals.
B
What is the purpose of partial counterbalancing in experimental research? A) To use all possible condition orders. B) To use some, but not all, of the possible condition orders. C) To randomly assign participants to experimental conditions. D) To ensure that each condition is presented only once to participants. E) To compare the effects of different orders of conditions on outcomes
B
What is the role of a moderator in research? A) To lead discussions and focus groups in qualitative studies. B) A variable that changes the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables. C) The person responsible for overseeing the ethical conduct of a study. D) The main variable of interest in a research study. E) A tool used to control and regulate experimental conditions.
B
What is the standard error in statistical analysis? A) The error made when a hypothesis is incorrectly rejected. B) The typical distance between a sample statistic and the population parameter. C) The overall accuracy of a statistical model. D) The degree of bias in a statistical estimation. E) The average error made across multiple samples.
B
What kind of bias is at play when an individual believes they are less susceptible to cognitive biases in their decision-making compared to others? A) Availability Heuristic B) Bias Blind Spot C) Confirmation Bias D) Observer Bias E) Present/Present Bias
B
What phenomenon does regression to the mean describe? A) The tendency for a variable to change in direction over multiple measurements. B) The likelihood that an extreme finding is closer to the mean on subsequent measurement. C) The increase in variability of a variable over time. D) The decrease in the effect of an independent variable in a longitudinal study. E) The consistent movement of a variable's mean over different study phases.
B
What sampling technique is used when a researcher first randomly selects neighborhoods and then randomly selects households within those neighborhoods for a study? A) Stratified Random Sampling B) Multistage Sampling C) Cluster Sampling D) Convenience Sampling E) Quota Sampling
B
What is universalism in the context of scientific norms? A) The idea that scientific findings are not influenced by the scientist's personal characteristics. B) The belief that science should be accessible to everyone, regardless of background. C) The principle that all scientific claims should be evaluated based on merit. D) The notion that scientific knowledge is applicable in all cultural contexts. E) The practice of making scientific research universally available.
C
Which of the following documents establishes fundamental ethical principles that should guide research involving human subjects? A) The Nuremberg Code B) The Declaration of Helsinki C) The Belmont Report D) The Common Rule E) The APA Code of Ethical Violations
C
Which type of reliability assesses the stability of a measure over time, ensuring that it yields consistent results across multiple testing occasions? A) Internal Reliability B) Interrater Reliability C) Test-Retest Reliability D) Dynamic Reliability E) Comparative Reliability
C
What kind of scale is demonstrated by a clinical tool ranking anxiety levels as mild, moderate, severe, without quantifying the exact difference in symptoms between these categories? A) Sequential Scale B) Ratio Scale C) Interval Scale D) Ordinal Scale E) Likert Scale
D
What sampling technique is used when researchers start with a small group of participants and then expand the sample by asking those initial participants to recommend others for the study? A) Stratified Random Sampling B) Multistage Sampling C) Quota Sampling D) Snowball Sampling E) Convenience Sampling
D
Which of the following studies is infamously known for its unethical treatment of African-American men, involving the non-consensual and deceptive study of the natural progression of untreated syphilis? A) The Rivertown Behavioral Analysis B) The Clearwater Perception Experiment C) The Fairview Group Dynamics Research D) The Tuskegee Syphilis Study E) The Eastwood Cognitive Trials
D
Which sampling method involves selecting a random starting point and then picking every Nth individual in the population list? A) Cluster Sampling B) Convenience Sampling C) Multistage Sampling D) Systematic Sampling E) Purposive Sampling
D
In statistics, what is the mode? A) The value that appears most frequently in a data set. B) The average of all values in a set of data. C) The middle value when all values are arranged in order. D) The difference between the highest and lowest values. E) The sum of all values divided by the number of values.
A
In what sampling method does a researcher specifically select individuals who are experts in cognitive therapy for a study on therapeutic techniques? A) Purposive Sampling B) Simple Random Sampling C) Snowball Sampling D) Systematic Sampling E) Convenience Sampling
A
What characterizes convenience sampling in research? A) Selecting a sample that is easily accessible and readily available. B) Choosing a sample that represents the entire population. C) Randomly selecting participants from the population of interest. D) Using a complex statistical method to choose the sample. E) Sampling only individuals who volunteer to participate.
A
What constitutes a design confound in experimental research? A) A variable that is systematically varied along with the independent variable. B) The random assignment of participants to different conditions. C) The operational definition of the independent variable. D) The selection of appropriate statistical tests for data analysis. E) The use of control groups to compare against experimental groups.
A
What does restriction of range imply in bivariate correlations? A) The absence of variability in one of the variables, underestimating the true correlation. B) A limitation in the types of responses allowed in the measurement of variables. C) A confined geographical area in which data is collected. D) The focus on a specific subset of a population in a study. E) The intentional narrowing of variables for a more precise analysis.
A
What does scientific literature encompass? A) A series of related studies conducted by various researchers on similar variables. B) Textbooks and educational materials used for teaching scientific concepts. C) Popular science books and articles aimed at a general audience. D) Government and organizational reports on scientific progress. E) Patents and technical documents related to scientific inventions.
A
What does the 'margin of error of the estimate' indicate in statistical analysis? A) The maximum likely difference between the sample result and the true population value. B) The accuracy of the experimental manipulation in an experiment. C) The degree of error accepted in the measurement of the dependent variable. D) The variability of data points around the mean in a data set. E) The potential for error in the selection of the sample.
A
What is a carryover effect in experimental research? A) The impact of the order in which treatments are received. B) The influence of participants' expectations on their behavior. C) The effect of one treatment diminishing the effects of another. D) A type of bias resulting from the way participants are selected. E) The change in response due to fatigue or boredom.
A
What is a maturation threat in research? A) The potential for participants to change over the course of the study. B) The risk of the research methods becoming outdated during the study. C) The possibility of experimental materials deteriorating over time. D) The chance of changes in societal norms affecting study outcomes. E) The likelihood of technological advances influencing data collection.
A
What is a positive association in research? A) A relationship where high levels of one variable are associated with high levels of another. B) A beneficial relationship between the researcher and participants. C) The presence of a strong correlation between two variables. D) A relationship that positively impacts the validity of the study. E) An association that leads to positive outcomes in an experiment.
A
What is a scatterplot used for in research? A) To illustrate the relationship between two quantitative variables. B) To represent the frequency distribution of a single variable. C) To plot the mean and standard deviation of a data set. D) To show the hierarchical structure of data. E) To visualize the theoretical model of a study.
A
What is a selection-history threat in research? A) A threat that historical events will affect only one group in a study. B) The possibility that the selection process itself changes over time. C) The risk that historical factors influence the selection of participants. D) The influence of participants' personal histories on study outcomes. E) The chance that the study's results will be influenced by concurrent events.
A
What is a testing threat in a repeated-measures design? A) The potential for participants to become more skilled at the test over time. B) The likelihood of technical issues with the testing equipment. C) The risk of participants sharing answers or information between tests. D) The possibility that the test itself is biased or flawed. E) The chance that external events will influence test performance.
A
What is meant by a study being 'preregistered'? A) The study's methods and expected outcomes are publicly stated before data collection. B) Participants are enrolled in the study well in advance of the start date. C) The study has been approved by a review board prior to its commencement. D) Preliminary results of the study are published before the final analysis. E) The study follows a previously established methodology.
A
What is present/present bias in research? A) Focusing only on the presence of both an event and its outcome. B) Considering all possible combinations of the presence and absence of events. C) Overlooking instances where either the event or outcome is absent. D) Acknowledging only the absence of both an event and its outcome. E) Being impartial to the presence or absence of events and outcomes.
A
What is problematic about a double-barreled question in survey research? A) It asks two questions at once, potentially confusing respondents. B) It leads participants to give socially desirable answers. C) It is too complex for most respondents to understand. D) It only allows for 'yes' or 'no' responses, limiting data collection. E) It is biased towards a particular viewpoint or answer.
A
What is systematic sampling in the context of survey research? A) A method where every nth member of a population is selected. B) Sampling that is conducted in a haphazard and unplanned manner. C) Choosing participants based solely on their availability. D) Randomly selecting a sample without a specific system or pattern. E) Using a complex algorithm to determine the sample.
A
What is the concern with HARKing (hypothesizing after the results are known) in research? A) Creating hypotheses based on the data rather than prior to data collection. B) Formulating too many hypotheses, leading to confusion. C) Hypothesizing without considering the existing literature. D) Using complex hypotheses that are difficult to test empirically. E) Focusing on trivial hypotheses that do not advance scientific knowledge.
A
What is the term for the consistency of a measure that contains several items, ensuring that the pattern of answers is uniform across different phrasings of questions? A) Internal Reliability B) Interrater Reliability C) Test-Retest Reliability D) Contextual Reliability E) Predictive Reliability
A
What refers to the extent to which statistical conclusions drawn from a study are accurate and reasonable? A) Statistical Validity B) External Validity C) Ecological Validity D) Face Validity E) Discriminant Validity
A
Which scale is used in surveys and features multiple response options, typically including "strongly agree," "agree," "neither agree nor disagree," "disagree," and "strongly disagree"? A) Likert Scale B) Ratio Scale C) Interval Scale D) Categorical Scale E) Ordinal Scale
A
stem plot
A graphical display of quantitative data that involves splitting the individual values into two components in this case numbers
A demand characteristic in a research study is: A) A requirement for participation in the study. B) A feature that influences participants to behave as they think the researcher wants. C) The primary characteristic being measured or manipulated in the study. D) A characteristic of the sample that demands statistical attention. E) A variable that significantly affects the outcome of the study.
B
An interrupted time-series design is a type of: A) Experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to conditions. B) Quasi-experiment involving repeated measurements before and after an intervention. C) Longitudinal study measuring variables at multiple points over time. D) Cross-sectional study comparing different groups at one time point. E) Correlational study examining the relationship between two variables.
B
Autocorrelation in a longitudinal design refers to: A) The correlation between two different variables over time. B) The relationship between a single variable measured at different times. C) The correlation between two variables measured at the same time. D) Variations in data due to external environmental factors. E) Inconsistencies in data collection methods over time.
B
Bivariate correlation is best described as: A) The correlation involving more than two variables. B) An association involving exactly two variables. C) A correlation that implies causation between variables. D) The absence of any correlation between two variables. E) A correlation where one variable predicts the other perfectly.
B
Criterion validity is best described as: A) The extent to which a measure correlates with a related but different measure. B) The degree to which a measure predicts an outcome it should theoretically predict. C) The ability of a measure to distinguish between different groups. D) The consistency of a measure across different contexts. E) The relevance of the content of a measure to the construct it purports to measure.
B
External validity in research is concerned with: A) The accuracy of the statistical analysis used. B) The degree to which the findings can be generalized beyond the study. C) The internal consistency of the research methodology. D) The extent to which the study avoids ethical issues. E) The reliability of the measurements within the study.
B
How is a confederate used in research studies? A) As a participant who is unaware of the study's true purpose. B) As an actor directed by the researcher to play a specific role. C) As a member of the control group for comparison. D) As an external observer assessing the experiment. E) As a collaborator in the design of the experiment.
B
How is confirmation bias typically demonstrated? A) Preferring information that contradicts one's beliefs. B) Considering evidence that supports one's pre-existing beliefs. C) Being influenced by the opinions of others. D) Changing beliefs in response to new information. E) Seeking out diverse perspectives to challenge one's views.
B
In experimental research, what characterizes the treatment group? A) The group that does not receive the experimental manipulation. B) The group exposed to the level of the independent variable involving an intervention. C) Participants who are given a placebo instead of the actual treatment. D) The group used as a benchmark to compare the effects of the treatment. E) All participants in the study, regardless of the conditions they experience.
B
In research methodology, what is a masked design? A) A design where the hypothesis is hidden from the participants. B) A study in which the researchers are unaware of the participants' conditions. C) An experiment where the true purpose is concealed from both researchers and participants. D) A method where data is collected without revealing its true intent. E) A technique to disguise the manipulation of the independent variable.
B
In research, what does 'population' refer to? A) A specific group of participants selected for a study. B) The total group of individuals from which a sample may be drawn. C) The subset of individuals who actually participate in a study. D) The demographic characteristics of participants in a study. E) The geographical location where the research is conducted.
B
In research, what is purposive sampling? A) A method where participants are randomly selected from a population. B) Selecting a sample based on specific characteristics or qualities. C) Choosing participants who are conveniently available. D) Using statistical methods to ensure a representative sample. E) Sampling a large number of participants to increase generalizability.
B
In statistics, what is a frequency distribution? A) A graph showing the relationship between two variables. B) A table showing the frequency of various outcomes in a data set. C) A calculation of the average value of a set of data. D) A measure of the variability of data around the mean. E) A representation of the normal distribution of a variable.
B
In the context of research, what is an independent variable? A) The outcome variable that is measured in an experiment. B) The variable that researchers manipulate in a study. C) A variable that remains constant and unaffected by other variables. D) A variable used to predict the outcome of another variable. E) An uncontrollable factor that might influence the study results.
B
In the context of scientific research, what does parsimony refer to? A) The complexity and intricacy of a theoretical explanation. B) The simplicity and conciseness of a theory or explanation. C) The ability of a theory to explain diverse phenomena. D) The cost-effectiveness of conducting a research study. E) The thoroughness and detail-oriented nature of a research method.
B
What characterizes a posttest-only design in an experimental study? A) Testing participants before and after the experimental manipulation. B) Measuring the dependent variable only once after the experimental manipulation. C) Requiring participants to take multiple tests throughout the experiment. D) Comparing participant responses at various stages of the experiment. E) Observing the long-term effects of the experiment on participants.
B
What characterizes a review journal article? A) An article that reports original research findings for the first time. B) A publication summarizing and integrating findings from existing research on a topic. C) An editorial piece providing a critique of current research trends. D) A brief report on preliminary findings of a recent study. E) A scholarly article presenting a new theoretical perspective.
B
What characterizes a wait-list design in experimental research? A) All participants receive the treatment at the same time. B) Some participants receive the treatment immediately, while others wait. C) Participants are randomly assigned to receive different treatments. D) The treatment's effectiveness is not tested until after a waiting period. E) Participants choose whether to receive the treatment or to wait.
B
What characterizes an independent-groups design in an experiment? A) Each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable. B) Different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable. C) Participants are randomly assigned to only one experimental condition. D) The same group of participants is compared at different time points. E) Participants self-select into different groups based on their preferences.
B
What characterizes situation noise in an experimental setting? A) The physical noise present in the environment where the experiment takes place. B) Unrelated environmental factors that create variability in experimental results. C) The intentional introduction of distractions to test participants' focus. D) The absence of any external noise or distractions during the experiment. E) The consistency of the experimental environment across different trials.
B
What does 'condition' signify in the context of an experiment? A) The physical environment where the experiment takes place. B) A specific level or variation of the independent variable. C) The overall health and well-being of participants. D) The criteria for participant selection and inclusion. E) The standard procedures used throughout the experiment.
B
What is the purpose of a meta-analysis in research? A) To develop new hypotheses for future studies. B) To conduct a preliminary survey before a major study. C) To mathematically average the effect sizes of multiple studies. D) To compare and contrast different theoretical perspectives. E) To assess the reliability of measurement tools across studies.
C
Average inter-item correlation (AIC) is a measure used to assess: A) The overall reliability of a survey or test. B) The average correlation between each item and the total score. C) The consistency of responses to different items within a test. D) The correlation between two different tests measuring the same concept. E) The variability of responses across different survey items.
C
Descriptive statistics are used in research to: A) Test hypotheses and infer conclusions about populations. B) Manipulate data to fit the research design. C) Organize and summarize the properties of a set of data. D) Determine the cause-and-effect relationships between variables. E) Predict future trends based on current data.
C
In ethical research practice, what is the principle of respect for persons? A) Ensuring all research subjects are treated with dignity and fairness. B) Providing special protection to certain groups within the research study. C) Treating research participants as capable of making their own decisions. D) Giving research subjects autonomy while maintaining confidentiality. E) Prioritizing the well-being of the research subjects over the research outcomes.
C
In research, what is a multiple-baseline design? A) A design where baseline measurements are taken multiple times. B) A design involving several different experimental treatments. C) A design introducing an intervention at different times in different settings. D) A design using multiple groups with different characteristics. E) A design where multiple dependent variables are measured.
C
What characterizes a biased sample in research? A) A sample where all population segments are equally represented. B) A sample including members not part of the target population. C) A sample where certain members of the population are systematically excluded. D) A sample randomly selected from the entire population. E) A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
C
What characterizes a self-report measure in research? A) A method where researchers observe and record participants' behaviors. B) A technique involving the measurement of physiological responses. C) A method where participants provide information about themselves. D) The use of third-party reports to gather data about participants. E) The collection of data through direct physical measurements.
C
What constitutes plagiarism in the context of research? A) Citing sources accurately and appropriately. B) Collaborating with other researchers to produce a joint work. C) Presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own. D) Conducting independent research on a topic that has been studied before. E) Building upon previous research to develop new theories.
C
What does nonprobability sampling entail in research? A) Selecting a sample randomly from the population. B) Using specific criteria to choose a sample. C) Sampling techniques that result in a biased sample. D) Techniques ensuring each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. E) All of the above.
C
What does the principle of justice in research ethics involve? A) Ensuring that the benefits of research are shared by all societal members. B) Providing equal opportunities for all individuals to participate in research. C) Balancing the risks and benefits of research fairly among participants. D) Treating all research participants with respect and dignity. E) Maintaining fairness in the distribution of the burdens and benefits of research.
C
What is a control variable in the context of an experiment? A) A variable that is manipulated to determine its effect on the dependent variable. B) An unpredictable factor that can affect the outcome of an experiment. C) A factor that the researcher keeps constant to focus on the main variables. D) The primary variable that is measured in an experiment. E) A variable that is introduced to add validity to the experiment.
C
What is a pretest/posttest design in experimental research? A) A design where participants are only tested once after the experiment. B) A design involving multiple experimental groups without pretesting. C) An experimental design testing participants before and after the intervention. D) A design that does not include any testing of participants. E) A design focusing on the long-term effects post-experiment.
C
What is a within-groups design in experimental research? A) A design where each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable. B) An approach where different groups are exposed to different conditions. C) A design where each participant is exposed to all levels of the independent variable. D) The use of a single group without any experimental manipulation. E) A method where participants are assigned to groups based on their similarities
C
What is systematic variability in an experiment? A) Random fluctuations in data that do not correlate with experimental conditions. B) Variability in participant responses due to unknown factors. C) The predictable variation in data related to experimental conditions. D) The lack of variability in data, indicating consistent responses. E) Variability that occurs outside of the control of the researcher.
C
What is the purpose of a frequency histogram in data analysis? A) To depict the relationship between two variables. B) To show the mean and standard deviation of data. C) To represent the frequency of various values in a data set. D) To illustrate the percentile ranks of data points. E) To compare the frequencies of different categories.
C
What is the essence of cluster sampling in research? A) Selecting individual participants randomly from a population. B) Dividing the population into groups and randomly sampling individuals within each group. C) Choosing a sample based on convenience or accessibility. D) Sampling every nth individual from a large population. E) Randomly selecting groups, then surveying all members within these groups.
E
In a negative association between two variables, what is typically observed? A) As one variable increases, the other also increases. B) As one variable increases, the other decreases. C) No systematic relationship is observed between the variables. D) The variables fluctuate independently of each other. E) Both variables remain constant irrespective of each other.
b
What is the role of a placebo group in an experiment? A) To receive the active treatment and provide a comparison for effectiveness. B) To be exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group. C) To receive an inert treatment as a control for comparison. D) To determine the side effects of the active treatment. E) To provide a benchmark for the natural progression of a condition.
c