Psych 207 Final Exam

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces

coregulation

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called _____ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity.

divergent

Jacob is a third grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently, Jacob was moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of

inclusion

Robert J. Stemberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that

intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.

Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie

is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Only few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status?

rejected

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

self-concept

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

The same sex as theirs.

Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?

Fixed mindset

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the _______ effect.

Flynn

_________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

Gender identify

Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piage's theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as

Heteronomous morality

Which of the following statements about IQ or intelligence is true?

IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.

Which of the following statements is true of the consequences of low self-esteem in children?

It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.

In the context of emotional and personality development in middle and late childhood, which of the following is true of self-regulation?

It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking?

It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with _______ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.

ADHD

Which of the following statements is true about learning disability?

About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them.

Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)

Authoritative parent.

Bernice is raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica is raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that

Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?

By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.

Which of the following statements is true of children's self-esteem?

Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

Russell conducts an experiment to study children's theory of mind. He selects participants and divides them into two groups. The first group consists of 3-year-olds, whereas the second group consists of 5-year-olds. Russell takes a box of crayons and places candies in them. He opens the box and shows it to both groups. Next, he asks the first group what a child who has never seen the box will think is actually inside the box. The group replies, "Candies!" To the same question, the second group replies, "Crayons!" This scenario illustrates that

Children younger than 4 years old do not understand that it is possible to have false belief.

______ is knowledge of the typical progress of child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child

Developmentally appropriate practice

Sabine is in the second grade. Compared to the other kids in her class, she finds it very challenging to read or spell simple words. Which of the following learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from?

Dyslexia

________ refers to an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex, which play a role in managing thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.

Executive function

In the context of emotional and personality development, identify a true statement about perspective taking.

Executive function is at work in perspective taking.

Tamara often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. Tamara's notion reflects

gender stereotypes

The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families

have a heterosexual orientation

A(n) ________ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability.

individualized education plan (IEP)

According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style.

indulgent

Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of

inferiority

The _________ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

least restrictive environment (LRE)

______ involves knowing about knowing.

metacognition

Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'lI remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her

metamemory

_________ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

mindfulness

Benjamin, a student, sits at the back of the classroom. Only few children in the class know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status?

neglected

According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children?

neglected children

Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?

neglectful parenting

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing resources and assistance?

physical support

Which of the following is a strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students in schools?

placing students from different cultural backgrounds in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal

The floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress?

Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.

Which of the following statements reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others.

Which of the following is true of the differences in the helping behavior of males and females?

Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature

What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

The spread of state-mandated tests to assess what students had or had not learned

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

In the context of accountability from schools, which of the following is a criticism of state-wide standardized testing in schools?

Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills.

Ellen Winner described three criteria that characterize gifted children. Which of the following is one of these criteria?

a passion to master

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

postconventional

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by

presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as

egocentrism

Six-year-old Gina has a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), she is

Overweight

Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

Self-regulation

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length.

Seriation

During a workshop for mothers, one of the topics of discussion was the increasing use of cell phones and other gadgets by children. During the session, the speaker requested parents to monitor their children's screen time and stressed the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She requested parents to exercise more often so that their children would be encouraged to spend less time with their gadgets and more time involved in physical activities. Which of the following statements explains why the speaker put forth this request?

Studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and high-activity children.

__________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

The Montessori approach

Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females.

anger

Children with high self-esteem typically

are prone to both pro social and antisocial actions

Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

belittled about religion or race

The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the

brain's prefrontal cortex

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n)________ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others an interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

Diego is 3 years old. His mother pours him and his elder sister orange juice. Because his mother does not have two glasses of the same size, she pours his sister the juice in a taller glass than his. Though both glasses have the same amount of juice, Diego starts to cry because he thinks his sister has more juice. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of

centration

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to

compare themselves with others

Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a ________ stepfamily.

complex

_________ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

convergence

In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changing an object's appearance

does not change its basic properties.

Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) _________.

emotion-dismissing parent

According to McClelland and others (2017) and Schmitt and others (2017), __________ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

executive

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that

females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do.

A police officer visits Heather's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer talked about. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was

salient

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a himself as distinct from others.

self-conscious

Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's

self-esteem

________ refers to global evaluations of the self.

self-esteem

It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around ________ years of age.

six

An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of ________ in behavior development.

social cognition

Ten-year-old Jose finds that he needs to talk to Richard, his friend, in order to know whether his feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does Richard provide in this case?

social comparison

The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their ______ status.

sociometic

The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their ________ status.

sociometric

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender

stereotypes

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

stimulation

In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age _____ or later.

twelve

According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys?

verbal skills

One area of math in which boys are found to be better at is

visuospatial skills