psych 2400 exam 2 revel questions

Julie's 7-year-old son Brody is in danger of becoming obese. What can Julie do to improve her son's eating habits? -Remove the television from Brody's room and limit viewing time. -Provide food as a way to ease Brody's discomforts. -Frequently take Brody out to restaurants for dinner. -Restrict when, what, and how much Brody eats, letting him know that she is worried about his weight gain.

Remove the television from Brody's room and limit viewing time

Which statement is true of rough-and-tumble play? -It increases from middle childhood to adolescence. -School-age children seem to use it to assess peers' physical strength. -It is more common among girls than boys. -It usually takes place among young children who strongly dislike each other.

School-age children seem to use it to assess peers' physical strength.

Which of the following is true about treating childhood obesity? -Programs that focus on changing the whole family's behaviors are less effective than those that focus on the child alone. -Few U.S. states and cities have been able to pass obesity-reduction legislation. -Monitoring dietary intake and physical activity with mobile devices is ineffective in helping people lose weight. -School-based efforts are more successful at reducing 6- to 12-year-olds' BMIs than programs delivered in other community settings.

School-based efforts are more successful at reducing 6- to 12-year-olds' BMIs than programs delivered in other community settings

According to research on theory of mind, which of the following preschoolers will be more aware of false beliefs? -Sammi, who is an only child -Taye, who has three older brothers -Davi, a Quechua child who resides in the Peruvian highlands -Petra, who has autism

Taye, who has three older brothers

Which of the following is true about overweight and obesity? -The relationship between SES and obesity shows that environment contributes importantly to excessive weight gain. -Identical twins are less likely than fraternal twins to resemble each other in BMI. -Heredity is the only risk factor to consider for obesity, as evidenced by twin studies. -Adopted children tend to resemble their adoptive parents in BMI.

The relationship between SES and obesity shows that environment contributes importantly to excessive weight gain.

Which of the following statements about violent media and aggression is true? -Compared to aggressive children, nonaggressive children display a more intense aggressive response to violent media fare. -Girls devote more time to violent media, particularly television, than boys. -Watching violent TV increases all types of aggression, but playing violent video games has no such effects. -Time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood.

Time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood.

Which of the following is true about the educational benefits of computers in early childhood classrooms? -Computer literacy and math programs have little impact on young children's academic skills. -Kindergartners who use computers to draw or write produce less elaborate pictures and text than they do with crayons and paper. -Few early childhood classrooms include computer-learning centers. -Using simplified computer languages to make designs or build structures promotes problem solving and metacognition.

Using simplified computer languages to make designs or build structures promotes problem solving and metacognition.

With respect to Piaget's theory, which statement is true about preschool children's ability to think logically? -Because Piagetian problems are too simplistic, they overestimate preschoolers' ability to reason. -When given simplified tasks relevant to their everyday lives, preschoolers show the beginnings of logical thinking. -Piaget underestimated preschoolers' animistic beliefs about objects. -Follow-up research shows that, in support of Piaget's findings, preschoolers are unable to reason by analogy about physical changes.

When given simplified tasks relevant to their everyday lives, preschoolers show the beginnings of logical thinking.

Which of the following statements about Chinese art education for young children is true? -When learning to draw, Chinese children are taught the precise steps required to depict various images. -Because young Chinese children are taught how to draw using a standardized curriculum, their artistic products are unoriginal and lack creativity. -Chinese art education emphasizes independence—finding one's own style. -Chinese teachers rate providing children with a rich variety of art materials as highly important.

When learning to draw, Chinese children are taught the precise steps required to depict various images.

Research on the origins of child maltreatment reveals that __________. -abusive parents are isolated from formal and informal social supports -perpetrators suffer from an "abusive personality type" -child characteristics, such as overactivity, strongly increase the risk of abuse -societal endorsement of physical discipline is unrelated to child abuse

abusive parents are isolated from formal and informal social supports

Readiness for kindergarten is best assessed in terms of __________. -academic and social skills -number of friends -temperament -intelligence test scores

academic and social skills

During the school years, girls ________ than boys. -have slightly more muscle -accumulate fat at a slower rate -accumulate fat at a faster rate -lose their baby teeth slightly later

accumulate fat at a faster rate

According to Erikson's theory, during the preschool years children __________. -are at risk for much criticism and failure during play -develop a highly strict superego as a positive outcome of parenting -are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers, and benefit from the help of adults -are at risk for a sense of doubt if they have been criticized and punished excessively

are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers, and benefit from the help of adults

One reason that preschoolers enrolled in Head Start fare less well than those in model university-based programs is that Head Start preschoolers ________. -are more likely to enter inferior public schools in poverty-stricken neighborhoods -do not receive cognitively enriching experiences -transition to kindergarten at a younger age -have fewer learning problems and, thus, less room for improvement

are more likely to enter inferior public schools in poverty-stricken neighborhoods

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs __________. -are often acquired through media stereotypes but seldom encouraged by parents -are situational, varying widely from one context to another -are often applied as blanket rules, rather than as flexible guidelines, for behavior -are usually applied as flexible guidelines, rather than as fixed rules, for behavior

are often applied as blanket rules, rather than as flexible guidelines, for behavior

Preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play ________. -are more self-centered than children who prefer other forms of play -are less interested in academic learning -are rated as more socially competent a year later -usually prefer to play alone rather than with adults or peers

are rated as more socially competent a year later

By conveying a sense of competence to their children, __________ parents foster favorable self-esteem and cognitive and social maturity. -authoritative -authoritarian -uninvolved -permissive

authoritative

Researchers agree that ________ stems from abnormal brain functioning, usually due to genetic or prenatal environmental causes. -egocentrism -impaired theory of mind -autism -delayed emergent literacy

autism

Vygotsky paid far less attention than Piaget to the development of ________. -basic cognitive processes -information-processing skills -social skills -cultural variation

basic cognitive processes

Which of the following factors contributes to children becoming overweight? -regularly eating evening meals with parents -being undernourished in the early years -being responsive to internal hunger cues -getting too much sleep

being undernourished in the early years

During early childhood, ________. -girls become slightly more muscular than boys -boys retain somewhat more body fat than girls -brain growth tapers off, whereas body growth increases rapidly -body proportions become similar to those of adults

body proportions become similar to those of adults

From playing in gender-segregated peer groups, __________. -both boys and girls experience criticism for engaging in physical force, which gradually declines -both boys and girls develop in-group favoritism, which sustains their separateness -boys learn to use polite requests, persuasion, and compromise -girls learn that engaging in "cross-gender" activities is acceptable

both boys and girls develop in-group favoritism, which sustains their separateness

Research on preschoolers' development of conversational skills reveals that ________. -the capacity to adapt language to social expectations is first evident in kindergarten -3-year-olds give less specific directions for solving a puzzle over the phone than in person -not until age 5 can children infer a speaker's intention when it is expressed indirectly -by age 2, children can take turns and respond appropriately in conversations

by age 2, children can take turns and respond appropriately in conversations

Preschoolers' rapidly expanding vocabularies and general knowledge support their impressive skill at ________. -animistic thinking -categorizing -conservation problems -reversibility

categorizing

Preoperational children fail Piaget's class inclusion problem because they ________. -are not yet capable of conservation -are not yet capable of effective perspective taking -center on the overriding perceptual feature and do not think reversibly -have already mastered hierarchical classification

center on the overriding perceptual feature and do not think reversibly

While at the park, Josey saw a man watering flowers. Since she didn't know the word "gardener," she called him the "plant-man." This is an example of how preschoolers ________. -use overregularization -apply recasts -coin new words using ones they already know -misuse expansions

coin new words using ones they already know

Pedro is a fearless, impulsive 5-year-old. His parents can best foster his conscience development through __________. -threatening to withdraw parental love -combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction -strict supervision and use of corporal punishment when necessary -use of mild, patient requests and explanations

combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction

Ben scores very low on working-memory tasks and struggles in school. Which of the following interventions could Ben's teacher use to reduce Ben's memory load so he can learn? -communicating in short sentences with familiar vocabulary -encouraging him to use memory strategies such as rehearsal and elaboration -placing him in a homogeneous group with other struggling students -promoting working-memory practice by limiting his use of external memory aids

communicating in short sentences with familiar vocabulary

Formation of synapses and myelination in the reticular formation ________. -support balance and control of body movement -increase sensitivity to facial emotional expressions, especially fear -play a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way -contribute to improvements in sustained, controlled attention

contribute to improvements in sustained, controlled attention

As the preschool child's symbolic mastery improves, make-believe play ________. -becomes more self-centered -detaches from the real-life conditions associated with it -becomes less important to the child -includes less complex combinations of schemes

detaches from the real-life conditions associated with it

To account for children's unevenness in cognitive development, neo-Piagetian theorists propose that ________. -working-memory capacity peaks in the preschool years, reaching a plateau in middle childhood -children have difficulty transferring well-practiced logical ideas to more demanding situations -children who have had extensive experience with a certain type of task must devote more attention to performing it -different forms of the same logical insight vary in their processing demands, with those acquired later requiring more space in working memory

different forms of the same logical insight vary in their processing demands, with those acquired later requiring more space in working memory

On an outing to the swimming pool, 4-year-old Simone proudly proclaims, "I'm great at swimming!" even though she can't yet float on her own. Simone has difficulty __________. -describing herself in terms of observable characteristics -accurately expressing her self-esteem -distinguishing between her current and future preferences -distinguishing between her desired and her actual competence

distinguishing between her desired and her actual competence

Greater working-memory capacity ________. -becomes less important in problem-solving skills with age -is not as strong a predictor as inhibition is of 4- to 6-year-olds' solutions to challenging problems involving planning -eases preschoolers' effort in keeping several rules in mind and flexibly shifting focus to new rules -suppresses preschoolers' control of attention

eases preschoolers' effort in keeping several rules in mind and flexibly shifting focus to new rules

When adults induce in children __________, children are likely to make amends for misdeeds and engage in future prosocial behavior. -high levels of anguish -sympathy-based shame -indirect shame -empathy-based guilt

empathy-based guilt

Most preschoolers who spend time playing by themselves __________. -lag behind agemates in cognitive development -lack the necessary social skills to play with peers -would prefer to play with another person -engage in positive and constructive solitary activities

engage in positive and constructive solitary activities

EEG, NIRS, and fMRI measures of neural activity reveal especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the prefrontal-cortical areas devoted to ________. -motor skills -motor skills and social capacities -spatial skills -executive function

executive function

In Vygotsky's view, children speak to themselves ________. -because they are egocentric -for emotional support -for self-guidance -to alleviate boredom

for self-guidance

The term ________, as opposed to ________, takes into account children's diverse ways of learning through involvement with others across situations and cultures. -proximal development; guided participation -reasoning by analogy; guided participation -guided participation; scaffolding -scaffolding; guided participation

guided participation; scaffolding

With respect to the prevalence of asthma in the United States, researchers believe that ________. -it is on the decline because of new laws limiting pollution in low income residential areas -it is entirely the result of environmental conditions -it is caused by either contagious bacteria or an airborne virus -heredity contributes to asthma, but environmental factors are necessary to spark the illness

heredity contributes to asthma, but environmental factors are necessary to spark the illness

School-age children's enthusiasm for collecting treasured objects, such as baseball cards, reflects their enhanced __________ skills. -conservation -spatial reasoning -math -hierarchical classification

hierarchical classification

On average, school-age boys outperform girls on most gross-motor skills, especially throwing and kicking. Which of the following is a likely contributing factor? -growing up in the United States rather than in Western Europe -higher parental expectations for boys -boys' genetic advantage in muscle mass -boys' earlier lateralization of the cerebral cortex

higher parental expectations for boys

Educational television programs with slow-paced action and easy-to-follow narratives are associated with ________. -improved executive function -less elaborate make-believe play -poorer recall of program content -gains in theory of mind

improved executive function

Which of the following is among the measures U.S. schools have taken to help combat childhood obesity? -including obesity awareness and weight-reduction programs in school curricula -restricting students' time for lunch mandating that each student participate in at least one extracurricular sport -placing overweight and obese children on special diets with parental approval

including obesity awareness and weight-reduction programs in school curricula

For most children, joining community athletic teams fosters ________. -self-doubt and low self-esteem -social ostracism of weak players -increased self-esteem and social skills -increased stress and anxiety

increased self-esteem and social skills

Five-year-old Kendra is getting better at playing "Simon Says," a game that requires her to follow another person's commands only if the person first says "Simon Says," but not otherwise. Her improvement at this game is due to gains in ________. -inhibition -recall -categorization -theory of mind

inhibition

In a study in which 2½- to 6-year-old children were given a problem-solving task requiring multistep planning, both ________ and ________ scores predicted solutions. -language; inhibition -inhibition; working-memory -categorization; working-memory -categorization; language

inhibition; working-memory

Research on self-conscious emotions reveals that among Western children, __________ is associated with maladjustment, but __________ is related to good adjustment. -emotion; pride -intense shame; guilt -sensitivity; shame -jealousy; affection

intense shame; guilt

Children organize their experiences into gender schemas that they use to __________. -understand the other sex -label their own emotions -solve gender constancy tasks -interpret their world

interpret their world

The more informal literacy experiences preschoolers have, the better their ________. -math skills in early elementary school -social skills in early elementary school -language and emergent literacy development -attention and inhibition

language and emergent literacy development

In left-handed people, ________. -language is often shared between the hemispheres -the brain is more strongly lateralized than in right-handed people -developmental problems are common -language is housed in the left hemisphere

language is often shared between the hemispheres

Vygotsky saw ________ as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood. -educational videos -independent discovery -make-believe play -bedtime rituals

make-believe play

Which of the following gender-typed behaviors are widespread not just in human cultures but also in mammalian species, suggesting a biological basis? -females' greater modeling of behaviors of same-sex adults -females' preference for large-group play, males' preference for small-group play -males' and females' preference for same-sex playmates -males' greater sociability and more advanced social competence

males' and females' preference for same-sex playmates

As early as 3 to 4 years of age, children consider __________ violations as more wrong than __________ violations. -moral; social-conventional -school; home -emotional; physical -social-conventional; moral

moral; social-conventional

Evaluations of Healthy Families America, an early intervention aimed at preventing maltreatment, showed that program participants, compared with no-intervention controls, __________. -benefited less from three years of home visitation than from accessing community services -reported more parenting stress from engaging their child in developmentally supportive activities -more often used effective discipline and less often displayed harsh, coercive tactics -continued to use harsh, coercive discipline but reported less parenting stress

more often used effective discipline and less often displayed harsh, coercive tactics

Three-year-old Nathalie, a poor emotional regulator, sees a boy drop his snack on the floor at preschool and start to cry. Nathalie most likely will __________. -react with anger and hit the boy -comfort and help the boy -not show sympathetic concern -throw away the boy's snack

not show sympathetic concern

Children usually master conservation of ________ first. -weight -number -length -mass

number

Unintentional childhood injuries ________. -occur less often in the United States than in other industrialized nations -occur more often among children who are inattentive and overactive -are a factor in the deaths of more preschoolers than adolescents -are not a major cause of death in industrialized nations

occur more often among children who are inattentive and overactive

Neurobiological consequences of child maltreatment include ___________________. -normal EEG brain-wave activity accompanied by abnormal fMRI activity -reduced size and impaired functioning of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus -initially too low production of cortisol but, after months of abuse, too high -overgrowth of the corpus callosum, due to lack of synaptic pruning

overgrowth of the corpus callosum, due to lack of synaptic pruning

Which of the following seems particularly effective for promoting peer interaction skills? -parent-child play -sharing chores with siblings -adult instruction in conflict resolution -observing cartoon characters behaving prosocially

parent-child play

Four-year-old Brynn is impulsive, disobedient, and rebellious. She is also overly demanding and dependent on adults. Brynn is likely the child of __________ parents. -uninvolved -permissive -authoritarian -authoritative

permissive

According to Erikson, through which important means do young children learn about themselves and their social world? -play -adoption of gender roles -identifying with the same-sex parent -imitation

play

Longitudinal evidence on Parten's three-step sequence of peer sociability reveals that __________. -cooperative play usually emerges before associative play -play forms emerge in Parten's sequence, though early-appearing ones do not disappear -once preschoolers engage in cooperative play, they rarely return to solitary or parallel play -associative play and cooperative play are impossible to differentiate

play forms emerge in Parten's sequence, though early-appearing ones do not disappear

Preschoolers view friendship as __________. -based on abstract qualities, such as fairness -having enduring, long-term qualities -pleasurable play and sharing of toys -based on sharing thoughts and feelings

pleasurable play and sharing of toys

In early childhood, __________ aggression declines with preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification, whereas __________ aggression rises as children become better able to recognize others' malicious intentions. -physical: proactive -verbal; physical -relational; verbal -proactive: reactive

proactive: reactive

Typically, gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start and other preschool intervention programs ________. -quickly dissolve during the first few years of elementary school -are rarely evident after one year of intervention -strengthen after the transition to kindergarten -persist throughout elementary school

quickly dissolve during the first few years of elementary school

Without medical intervention, children who lack growth hormone (GH) will ________. -be intellectually disabled -reach a mature height that is significantly below average -rarely live past early adolescence -reach normal size eventually, but not until early adulthood

reach a mature height that is significantly below average

Along with body growth, improved ________ contributes greatly to motor performance in middle childhood. -visual processing -reaction time -brain lateralization -perspective taking

reaction time

Which of the following strategies best promotes healthy eating habits in early childhood? -controlling what and when children eat -offering children bribes in exchange for eating healthy foods -pressuring children to try nutritious new foods in order to increase their acceptance -repeatedly offering nutritious new foods without pressuring children to accept them

repeatedly offering nutritious new foods without pressuring children to accept them

Preschoolers who develop well intellectually have parents who ________. -send them to a family child-care home -work fewer than 40 hours per week -rely on a reward-punishment disciplinary approach -resolve conflicts with reason instead of physical force and punishment

resolve conflicts with reason instead of physical force and punishment

School-age children's ability to pass conservation tasks reveals that they have attained the cognitive capacity to engage in ________ -class inclusion -centration -transitive inference -reversibility

reversibility

Three-year-old Misako emerges from her bedroom one morning and proudly states, "I putted on my shoes!" Misako's father can provide feedback on her grammar indirectly by ________. -asking her to identify the mistake in the words she just used -explaining how she has misused the word "put" -saying, "Yes, you put on your shoes" -repeating her words verbatim and then congratulating her

saying, "Yes, you put on your shoes"

During the summer, 5-year-old Liz accesses her ________ memory of trips to the beach to predict what will occur during next weekend's beach trip. -short-term -script -episodic -long-term

script

Children who are targets of parental harsh, inconsistent discipline often __________. -engage in aggressive attacks only when provoked by peers -experience intense shame and guilt -see hostile intent where it does not exist -withdraw from peers to play by themselves

see hostile intent where it does not exist

Martin is the parent of 3-year-old twins, Lilli and Steven. Which of the following behaviors will Martin likely engage in with Lilli more than with Steven, thereby promoting gender typing? -singing songs and reading with her -reacting positively when she demands attention -giving her toy cars and trucks -participating in physical play with her

singing songs and reading with her

Which of the following seems to be a universal beginning in drawing human figures? -three-dimensional forms -tadpolelike shapes -straight lines only -geometric shapes

tadpolelike shapes

As part of his research on pragmatics, Professor Shih is investigating whether young children _______. -take turns and respond appropriately to their partners' remarks -have mastered grammatical markers such as adding -s for plural -notice which words consistently appear in the same position in sentences -know how to create passive sentences

take turns and respond appropriately to their partners' remarks

The issue of cultural bias in mental testing has been hotly debated, but ________. -few studies have found a link between ethnicity or SES and intelligence test scores -test scores remain important because by age 6 to 7, they are good predictors of later academic achievement -the IQ gap between children with high and low HOME scores has clearly narrowed in recent years -contemporary intelligence tests include only unbiased items

test scores remain important because by age 6 to 7, they are good predictors of later academic achievement

Preschoolers, unlike adults, often say that robots have perceptual and psychological capacities because ________. -they believe that all self-moving objects are alive -they believe that robots are created by magic and, therefore, do not fit the categorical distinctions between living and nonliving things -they are incapable of nonegocentric responses -their knowledge of the characteristics of robots is incomplete

their knowledge of the characteristics of robots is incomplete

A study of the long-term effects of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project revealed that ________. -quality of services makes little difference in the outcomes of early intervention programs -it led to improved cognitive development but had little impact on social adjustment -all benefits had disappeared by the end of third grade -those who had attended preschool were more likely to have graduated from high school and college.

those who had attended preschool were more likely to have graduated from high school and college.

Children master the gross-motor skills of early childhood ________. -according to a predictable schedule, with little individual variation -by observing adults engaged in physical activity -through formal lessons -through everyday play

through everyday play

In children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), deficient executive function ________. -underlies their symptoms and results from abnormal brain functioning -interferes with sustained attention and planning but does not involve low working-memory capacity -generally improves by the end of middle childhood, even without treatment -is the reason that drug treatment alone is the most effective way to help them

underlies their symptoms and results from abnormal brain functioning

Kendra is the mother of two young children. Kendra is emotionally detached and depressed and often complains about how overwhelmed she feels. Kendra is likely to use a(n) __________ child-rearing style. -uninvolved -authoritative -permissive -authoritarian

uninvolved

During middle childhood, children have ________. -limited flexibility -bones that thin out as they lengthen -unusual flexibility -decreasing muscle strength

unusual flexibility

Children with damage to the cerebellum ________. -exhibit wide-ranging socially inappropriate behaviors -lose their ability to learn about fear and safety signals -usually display both motor and cognitive deficits -usually display motor but not cognitive deficits

usually display both motor and cognitive deficits

In village and tribal cultures, make-believe play is limited, and when it occurs, children ________. -create more elaborate fantasies than Western children -require extensive assistance from older peers -usually imitate adult work -engage in it alone or in pairs

usually imitate adult work

When children begin to write, they ________. -experience a temporary setback in reading skills -usually master uppercase and lowercase letters at the same time -usually master uppercase letters first -tend to write letters that are very small and tight

usually master uppercase letters first

Studies show that some children, because of their temperaments, require __________. -very strict authoritarian child-rearing practices -a favorable balance of authoritative and uninvolved parenting -"heavier doses" of certain authoritative features -a mix of permissive and authoritarian child rearing

"heavier doses" of certain authoritative features

Children and adults who have __________ gender identities tend to have higher self-esteem. -"masculine" and androgynous -"feminine" -"masculine" and "feminine" -"feminine" and androgynous

"masculine" and androgynous

At what age are children able to use a map or model as a guide to finding a real object without adult help? -2 -4 -5 -3

3

Which statement about young children's cognitive maps is true? -By age 7, children can readily draw and read maps, even when the orientation of the map and the space it represents do not match. -Around age 9, children's maps of large-scale spaces show landmarks along an overall route of travel. -Ten- to twelve-year-olds have trouble accurately depicting landmarks on a map of a room. -Preschoolers can grasp the notion of scale on a map.

Around age 9, children's maps of large-scale spaces show landmarks along an overall route of travel.

Which of the following statements about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood is true? -Boys are ahead of girls in skills that emphasize force and power. -Girls' overall physical maturity explains why they can jump slightly farther than boys. -Sex differences in motor skills are not evident in early childhood. -Boys' overall physical maturity explains why they are ahead of girls in fine-motor skills.

Boys are ahead of girls in skills that emphasize force and power.

Which of the following statements about gross-motor development in childhood is true? -By age 3, children's center of gravity has shifted upward, toward the head and neck. -By age 2, children's gaits become smooth and rhythmic. -As children grow older, their bodies become more top-heavy. -After children learn to jump, hop, and skip, they then begin running.

By age 2, children's gaits become smooth and rhythmic.

Which statement about SES and math proficiency is true? -Math proficiency at kindergarten entry is not predictive of math achievement during elementary school, but it can predict math achievement during secondary school. -Children usually have comparable math knowledge when they begin kindergarten, regardless of the economic status of their families. -Children from low-SES families who completed a math curriculum called Building Blocks showed no gains in math concepts and skills when compared with age mates in other preschool programs. -Children from low-SES families begin kindergarten with less math knowledge than their economically advantaged age mates due to differences in home learning environments.

Children from low-SES families begin kindergarten with less math knowledge than their economically advantaged age mates due to differences in home learning environments.

__________ play(s) an especially important role in early self-concept development, particularly when it focuses on children's thoughts and feelings. -Elaborative parent-child conversations -Peer interaction -Parental criticism -Culture

Elaborative parent-child conversations

Children learning ________ are less likely to add verbs early and quickly to their vocabulary. -English -Chinese -Korean -Japanese

English

__________ contribute(s) to declines in emotional outbursts during early childhood. -Gains in inhibition and flexible shifting of attention -Parental ignoring of children's negative feelings -Insisting that children give up desired goals -Placing limits on children's working-memory capacity

Gains in inhibition and flexible shifting of attention

Which of the following is an effect of repeated, harsh punishment of children? -Stopping children's misbehavior temporarily deters parents from using harsh discipline. -Harsh punishment prompts a focus on the self's distress rather than a sympathetic orientation to others' needs. -Physical discipline, while increasing child aggression, often strengthens desirable behaviors, too. -Individuals who experienced corporal punishment in childhood tend to be less accepting of its use.

Harsh punishment prompts a focus on the self's distress rather than a sympathetic orientation to others' needs.

Which of the following statements about immunizations is true? -Immunizations are unnecessary for healthy, well-nourished children. -Large-scale studies show no association between vaccines and autism. -Research shows that a mercury-based preservative used in vaccines causes autism. -The United States has the highest childhood immunization rate in the world.

Large-scale studies show no association between vaccines and autism.

________ depresses the body's immune system, making children far more susceptible to ________, which in turn reduces appetite and limits the body's ability to absorb foods. -Obesity; malnutrition -Pituitary gland dysfunction; malnutrition -Childhood injury; obesity -Malnutrition; disease

Malnutrition; disease

Which of the following statements about emotional understanding in early childhood is true? -Knowledge about emotion is related to a spike in manipulative behaviors, such as fake crying. -Preschoolers who better understand emotion respond more constructively to disputes with agemates. -By age 3, children correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions. -Not until the school years do children realize that thinking and feeling are interconnected.

Preschoolers who better understand emotion respond more constructively to disputes with agemates.