PSYCH 250 FINAL

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of A. an algorithm. B. belief perseverance. C. the availability heuristic. D. framing.

A

While sex refers to our ________ influenced characteristics, gender refers to our ________influenced characteristics. A. biologically; socially B. primary; secondary C. individualist; collectivist D. epigenetically; molecularly

A

A drive refers to A. a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species. B. an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need. C. a positive or negative environmental stimulus. D. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.

B

A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of A. psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often represent attempts by psychologists to explain behavior by simply naming it. B. bias our perceptions of the labeled person. C. interfere with effective research on the causes of these disorders. D. interfere with effective treatment of these disorders.

B

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of A. egocentrism. B. secure attachment. C. conservation. D. object permanence.

B

Among those seeking professional help for psychological disorders, eligibility for treatment is most likely to be guided by the use of the diagnostic criteria and codes provided by A. the biopsychosocial approach. B. the DSM-5. C. maladaptive behaviors. D. field trials.

B

First agreeing to a small request tends to make it more likely that you will later agree to a larger request. This is known as A. cognitive dissonance. B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. central route persuasion.

B

Free association is a method designed to A. show total acceptance of another person. B. explore the unconscious. C. reduce anxiety. D. give priority to group goals.

B

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates the dangers of A. the medical model. B. self-fulfilling prophecies. C. the biopsychosocial approach. D. epigenetics.

B

Janelle experiences difficulty sleeping and is seeking medical help for her lengthy episodes of depression and loss of energy. Effective prescription drugs for treating these symptoms would most likely be designed to increase the availability of the neurotransmitter A. ACh. B. serotonin. C. dopamine. D. GABA.

B

Peripheral route persuasion involves A. offering evidence and arguments in hopes of motivating careful thinking. B. being influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. C. the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. D. the tendency, when analyzing others' behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation.

B

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and A. self-identity. B. drive reduction. C. sensation-seeking. D. homeostasis.

B

Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as A. active listening. B. psychoanalysis. C. counterconditioning. D. cognitive therapy.

B

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by A. Harlow's attachment theory. B. Piaget's cognitive development theory. C. Vygotsky's social cognitive theory. D. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

B

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to bring ________ feelings and thoughts into conscious awareness. A. transferred B. repressed C. resisted D. discharged

B

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression is called A. behavior genetics. B. epigenetics. C. genomics. D. molecular genetics.

B

The term homeostasis literally means A. "unique to humans." B. "staying the same." C. "common to all." D. "motivational dynamics."

B

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response, ________ has occurred. A. spontaneous recovery B. acquisition C. extinction D. generalization

B

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of A. content validity. B. reliability. C. eugenics. D. predictive validity.

B

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another? A. personality psychology B. social psychology C. clinical psychology D. developmental psychology

B

Which of the following is NOT true regarding adolescent pubertal development? A. Puberty follows a surge of hormones. B. The timing of puberty is predictable. C. Puberty is related to an intensification of moods. D. Hormones released during puberty trigger bodily changes.

B

Attribution theory was designed to account for A. the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior. B. how people explain others' behavior. C. the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. D. the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.

B.

A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis is known as A. hindsight bias. B. perceiving patterns in random events. C. the scientific method. D. a scientific attitude.

C

ADHD is most clearly characterized by A. delusions. B. hallucinations. C. distractibility. D. violent behavior.

C

According to Freud, the unconscious is A. a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past. B. the part of personality that cannot process information. C. the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware. D. a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that do not affect behavior.

C

According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the A. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships. B. conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders. C. blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy. D. replacement of a genuine concern for others with self-centeredness.

C

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her A. defense mechanism. B. self-esteem. C. personality. D. reality principle.

C

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was A. most clearly necessary for test B. predictive validity. C. standardization. D. reliability.

C

Culture is best described as A. basic moral values that are shared by all of humanity. B. the entire collection of character strengths that help individuals and communities to thrive. C. the enduring ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted across generations. D. the contribution that experience makes to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

C

The psychological term for mental processes is A. consciousness. B. behaviorism. C. cognition. D. mental state.

C

The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called A. systematic desensitization. B. cognitive-behavioral therapy. C. biomedical therapy. D. psychodynamic therapy.

C

Which of the following is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together? A. replication B. experimentation C. correlation D. extrapolation

C

Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal? A. drive B. homeostasis C. need D. incentive

C

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? A. behavioral B. social-cultural C. evolutionary D. cognitive

C

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior. A. shaping B. primary reinforcers C. delayed reinforcers D. variable-interval schedules

C

A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize A. the similarities between substance abuse disorders and personality disorders. B. the distinction between consciously and unconsciously motivated substance abuse. C. that substance abuse is simply a lifestyle choice and not a psychological disorder. D. the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuse.

D

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of A. egocentrism. B. stranger anxiety. C. object permanence. D. a theory of mind.

D

A descriptive method in which one individual or group is studied in great depth is called a(n) A. double-blind procedure. B. experiment. C. replication. D. case study.

D

According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of A. the collective unconscious. B. an inferiority complex. C. free association. D. the conflict between impulse and restraint.

D

Epigenetics is the study of environmental influences on A. natural selection. B. personality traits. C. psychological disorders. D. gene expression.

D

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called A. dendrites. B. morphine antagonists. C. ACh agonists. D. endorphins.

D

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to A. make judgments in a very inefficient, time-consuming fashion. B. overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. C. judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them. D. search for information that supports our preconceptions.

D

The idea that various brain regions have particular functions is known as A. neural communication. B. plasticity. C. phrenology. D. localization of function.

D

Which of the following disorders often co-occurs with savant syndrome? A. reduce perception of emotions B. practical intelligence C. existential intelligence D. autism spectrum disorder

D

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating? A. heuristic B. mental set C. algorithm D. cognition

D

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called A. the Oedipus complex. B. an oral fixation. C. regression. D. reaction formation.

A

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________. A. personality traits; assigned roles B. central route persuasion; peripheral route persuasion C. high ability; low motivation D. politically liberal; politically conservative

A

A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance A. in a person's cognitions, emotion regulation, or behaviors. B. that is biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change. C. that is aggressive, persistent, and intentional. D. that is selfish, habitual, and avoidable.

A

According to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are A. repressed. B. stored in the collective unconscious. C. inferiority complexes. D. manifest contents.

A

Although instincts cannot explain most human motives, the underlying assumption that genes predispose some species-typical behaviors continues in A. evolutionary theory. B. arousal theory. C. drive-reduction theory. D. the Yerkes-Dodson law.

A

Alzheimer's disease begins with ________ and progresses into ________. A. difficulty remembering new information; an inability to complete daily tasks B. speech deficits; damaged memory centers in the brain C. an inability to complete daily tasks; difficulty remembering new information D. damaged memory centers in the brain; speech deficits

A

As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates A. overconfidence. B. the placebo effect. C. hindsight bias. D. random assignment.

A

Biological psychology is best described as the scientific study of the links between A. physiological activity and psychological events. B. genes and neurotransmitters. C. the CNS and the PNS. D. sensory and motor neurons.

A

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of A. a positive self-concept. B. empiricism. C. the Big Five factors. D. empirically derived tests.

A

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of A. nature‒nurture interactions. B. androgyny. C. a pruning process. D. individualism.

A

Intelligence is defined as A. the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. B. having one special talent. C. being disciplined. D. a person's score on an academic test.

A

Observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned was of most central interest to A. behaviorism. B. structuralism. C. Freudian psychology. D. humanistic psychology.

A

Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's mental abilities as A. the g factor. B. emotional intelligence. C. multiple intelligence. D. factor analysis.

A

The ability to focus our attention in order to learn a complex concept best illustrates the value of A. consciousness. B. popout. C. blindsight. D. dual processing.

A

The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as A. the medical model. B. epigenetics. C. a social-cultural approach. D. the biopsychosocial approach.

A

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of A. natural selection. B. the human genome. C. sexual overperception bias. D. social learning theory.

A

Which of the following disorders most clearly occurs worldwide? A. depression B. bulimia nervosa C. dissociative identity disorder D. susto

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called A. attributions. B. attitudes. C. dissonance. D. roles.

B

Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between A. stimulus energies and neural impulses. B. physical stimuli and psychological experience. C. sensation and perception. D. absolute thresholds and difference thresholds.

B

Psychotherapy is defined as A. therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences. B. treatment involving psychological techniques that consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to achieve personal growth. C. therapy that aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. D. an approach that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

B

The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as A. free association. B. transference. C. resistance. D. counterconditioning.

B

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n) A. incentive. B. homeostasis. C. instinct. D. drive.

C

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n) A. algorithm. B. prototype. C. concept. D. heuristic.

C

A physiological need is a A. need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. B. positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. C. basic bodily requirement. D. complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

C

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are A. conciliatory. B. implicit. C. inconsistent. D. reciprocated.

C

Cognitive therapy is most likely to A. focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings about their therapists. B. systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant experiences. C. emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events. D. employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties.

C

Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various A. identifications. B. defense mechanisms. C. psychosexual stages. D. free associations.

C

Jacob has just gotten an interview for a job he really wants. With his excitement, his heartbeat increases, his blood pressure rises, and he begins to perspire. Which nervous system is responsible for these physiological changes? A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. sympathetic D. somatic

C

Motivation is defined by psychologists as A. an impulse to accomplish something of significance. B. rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people. C. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal. D. the cause of behavior.

C

Motivations arise from the interplay between ________, the bodily "push," and ________, the "pulls" from our personal experiences, thoughts, and culture. A. nurture; nature B. nature; homeostasis C. nature; nurture D. incentives; homeostasis

C

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates A. cognitive dissonance. B. peripheral route persuasion. C. central route persuasion. D. the fundamental attributional error.

C

Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote A. systematic desensitization. B. transference. C. insight. D. counterconditioning.

C

Psychodynamic theorists emphasize the importance of A. conscious motives. B. the Oedipus complex. C. unconscious mental processes. D. displacement.

C

Sensation is the A. transformation of sound and light into meaningful words and images. B. conscious awareness of a familiar stimulus. C. detection and encoding of stimulus energies by sensory receptors and the nervous system. D. organization and interpretation of environmental events.

C

The most effective psychotherapists are those who A. employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties. B. have had many years of experience practicing psychotherapy. C. establish an empathic, caring relationship with their clients. D. discourage clients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs.

C

The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits. A. behavior and mental processes B. unconscious and conscious motives C. genes and experience D. massed practice and spaced practice

C

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called A. signal detection. B. sensory adaptation. C. perception. D. sensation.

C

The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was A. psychoanalysis. B. evolutionary psychology. C. behaviorism. D. humanistic psychology.

C

According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to A. a desire to perform a behavior in order to avoid punishment. B. a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people. C. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior. D. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

D

Adaptability is A. our ability to connect events that occur in sequence. B. any event or situation that evokes a response. C. the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. D. our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with our changing world.

D

Displays of humility are most characteristic of those who value A. individualism. B. androgyny. C. gender typing. D. collectivism.

D

Free association involves the A. repeated association of a relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. B. replacement of a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response. C. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships. D. uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.

D

Heuristics are A. methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems. B. problem-solving strategies involving the use of trial and error. C. mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. D. simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently.

D

Information-processing models compare human memory to a A. course syllabus. B. flashlight. C. battery. D. computer's operation.

D

Psychologists define learning as the process of A. adapting to the environment. B. responding to external stimuli. C. rewarding behavioral responses. D. acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.

D

Retaining information over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval best describes A. long-term potentiation. B. automatic processing. C. the two-track mind. D. memory.

D

The Harlows' infant monkeys developed ___________ their artificial cloth mothers. A. a sense of indifference to B. aggressive responses to C. a fear of D. an attachment to

D

The Rorschach inkblot test has ________ reliability and ________ validity. A. high; high B. high; low C. low; high D. low; low

D

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how A. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. B. people try to understand their own unconscious motives. C. feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. D. people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

D

The few people with psychological disorders who do commit violent acts tend to be those who A. experience free-floating anxiety, or those with obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. suffer persistent sleep deprivation, or those diagnosed with agoraphobia. C. exhibit two or more distinct and alternating personalities, or those who experience panic attacks. D. experience threatening delusions and hallucinated voices that command them to act, have suffered a financial crisis or lost relationship, or abuse substances.

D

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to A. dismiss the value of skepticism. B. reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. C. overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions. D. exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome.

D

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study A. experienced cognitive dissonance as a result of the study. B. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard. C. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores. D. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

D

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called A. central route persuasion. B. cognitive dissonance. C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D. the fundamental attribution error.

D

Which of the following best describes why psychology evolved into direct observations of behavior? A. The scientific study of behavior was found to be more appealing to current researchers. B. Research indicated that consciousness did not exist by itself. C. The field of neuroscience emerged. D. Researchers found it difficult to scientifically study consciousness.

D