Psych 348 chapter 5 Peer groups

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as _

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents.

more; than

Which of the following statements regarding internet harassment is false?

most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:

possibly a gang member.

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:

placed less emphasis on academic success than their parents.

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

sex cleavage

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers?

Maya, a white female

The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies:

1. more troubled family relationships. 2.more troubled peer relationships. 3. greater difficulty controlling aggression.

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?

"druggies"

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?

"populars"

In societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is ________ for the particularistic normed societies and ________ for the universalistic normed societies.

A) not effective; effective

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

Chuck is part of the "jock" crowd at his school. Greg is part of the "toughs." Which adolescent probably has high self-esteem?

Chuck

Which of the following statements about cliques is false?

Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

Cliques; crowds

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?

James Coleman

Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities:

Little League baseball

Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior?

Robert, who is highly relationally aggressive

Which adolescent would be expected to spend the most amount of time with his parents?

Sanjay, who lives in India

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:

a clique.

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?

a cohort

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:

a crowd.

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

a reference group.

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:

a reference group.

Pepler, Jiang, Craig, & Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10 to 17 year old Toronto youths and found that:

about 40% of adolescents have never bullied anyone.

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:

academics.

Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except:

active school involvement.

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:

adult orientation; peer orientation

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection?

an aggressive-withdrawn child

In contrast to crowds, cliques:

are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:

baby boom.

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents.

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:

peers.

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:

clique avoiders.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

clique; crowd

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence?

cognitive

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of:

crowds.

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is studying:

crowds.

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:

decrease in family values.

In terms of time spent with peers, recent research has categorized adolescents into four different groups based on their social self-perceptions. Of these four groups, which two spend the most time with peers?

desperate and confident adolescents

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:

differential abilities in athletics.

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:

diminished social competence.

According to the textbook, most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them to:

drink alcohol.

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:

gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents:

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except:

he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

higher

Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

hostile attributional bias.

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

identity development

A(an) _____is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

isolate; liaison

Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools?

jocks

Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

jocks and brains

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except:

larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

middle adolescence.

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:

offensive-reclusive.

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

one-sixth

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems except:

parent-child conflict.

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:

parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:

participant observation.

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

participant observation.

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

particularistic norm.

Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships.

patterns of substance use

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:

peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.

Karen, a 9th grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.

relational aggression

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

relational aggression

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:

remain constant.

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:

responsibility.

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.

same sex; opposite sex

Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of:

same-age peers.

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

selection and socialization.

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as:

sex cleavage

Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan's social life been influenced by?

sex cleavage

According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on:

social class.

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

social competence.

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________than adolescents in previous times.

spend more time in peer groups

All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:

taking piano lessons.

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?

teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:

the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:

the youth culture.

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds?

their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd")

In the United States, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. This is an example of:

universalistic norm.

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:

universalistic.

Contemporary societies are more ________, whereas societies from the past were more ________

universalistic; particularistic