psych 422 exam #2

what are some common questions of existential angst for a client?

"why am i here?" "what do i want from life?" "what gives my life purpose?"

what are the four areas of development according to behavior therapy?

1) classical conditioning: refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing (pavlov) 2) operant conditioning: focuses on a type of learning in which behaviors are influences mainly by the consequences that follow them (skinner) 3) social-learning approach: focuses on the reciprocal interaction between an individual's behavior, personal factors, and the environment (bandura) 4) cognitive behavior therapy: social skills training, cognitive therapy, stress management training, mindfulness, acceptance based practices, etc

what is atkinson, morten & sue's racial & cultural identity development five stage model?

1) conformity 2) dissonance 3) resistance & immersion 4) introspection 5) integrative awareness

what are the six components of gestalt therapy methodology?

1) continuum of experience -gestalts come from the foreground & eventually melt to the background -leaving space for the next gestalt 2) here & now -living & being conscious in the present moment rather than worry about the past -the past is in the past...let it gooooo! 3) paradoxical theory of change: -people change by becoming more fully themselves -not by trying to make themselves be something or someone they're not 4) the experiment: -moving from talking to experiencing 5) the authentic encounter: -therapeutic relationship provides environment for growth 6) process-oriented diagnosis: -process over content

according to schneider & krug (2010) what are the four aims of existential therapy?

1) help clients become more present to themselves and others 2) identify ways blocking self from fuller presence 3) assume responsibility for designing present life 4) choose expanded ways of being in daily life

what are the principles of gestalt therapy?

1) holism: full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language & dreams 2) field theory: the field is the client's environment which consists of the therapist & client & all that goes on between them. the client is a participant in their field 3) figure formation process: how an individual organizes experiences from moment to moment. 4) organismic self-regulation: emergence of need sensations & interest disturb an individual's equilibrium

what is the american psychological association guidelines for multicultural therapy?

1) identity & self-definition are fluid & complex 2) move beyond conceptualizations -e.g. gender 3) language & communication related to the lived experience is important 4) awareness of the role of social & physical environment 5) recognize historical & contemporary experiences with power, privilege & oppression 6) promote culturally adaptive interventions 7) practice with international context 8) conduct culturally appropriate & informed research 9) build resilience & decrease trauma within sociocultural context

what are exposure therapies?

1) in vivo desensitization: client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imaging these situations 2) flooding: in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time without the feared consequences 3) eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (emdr): involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders; validating research

what is the tripartite model of personality identity by sue & sue (2013)? (tmpi)

1) individual level -genetics -individual experiences -biological & subjective experiences 2) group level - aspects of a person that are similar to different groups -e.g. race, religion, gender 3) universal level -shared experiences of all humans -e.g. birth, death, aging, self-awareness, ability to understand things like language *this personality model encompasses more than one race (white).

what are the phases of existential therapy?

1) initial phase: identify & clarify client's assumptions about the world 2) middle phase: full examination of the source & authority of present value system 3) final phase: translate what client has learned about self and put this into action

what are the five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances?

1) introjection: uncritically accept others' beliefs & standards 2) projection: disown aspects of self by assigning them to the environment 3) retroflection: turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to another 4) deflection: process of distraction; difficulty maintaining a sustained sense of contact (eg humor) 5) confluence: blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment

what is model training program in counseling psychology regarding a multicultural perspective?

1) practitioners with diverse clients, promoting healing and growth across social & cultural contexts 2) completing competent research that contributes to multicultural theory development 3) commitment to studying international contexts 4) commitment to social justice demonstrated by professional behavior

what is corss & fhagen-smith's model of black identity development?

1) preencounter 2) encounter 3) immersion-emersion-immersed 4) internalization/internalization commitment

what are the two core aspects of existential therapy?

1) respect & faith in the clients' potential to cope 2) sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy

what are some therapeutic techniques of gestalt therapy?

1) the experiment: -imagining, dramatizing, reliving, role-playing 2) internal dialogue exercise: -moralistic vs. disobedient qualities -constant struggle for control 3) rehearsal exercise: -try out a new behavior -openness to experiment 4) reversal technique: -asking the client to do something they have never done before 5) exaggeration exercise: -exaggerate behaviors to become aware of real feelings 6) staying with the feeling: -face uncomfortable emotions 7) making the rounds: -defends self, confronts others, discloses self 8) dream work: -write down details of dreams -details are projections of self -create a script between characters from the dream

what is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

8-week group treatment program from mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy w/ cognitive behavior therapy learn how to respond with skillful intention kindness & self-compassion are essential components of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

a contribution of this therapeutic approach is: a. the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present. ​b. it can be a relatively long therapy. ​c. it enables intense experiencing to occur over a long period of time. ​d. it stresses talking about problems, as opposed to doing and experiencing.

a

a critical difference between early gestalt therapy and relational gestalt therapy is the: a. approach to confrontation. b. use of techniques. c. emphasis on contact. ​d. focus on the figure formation process.

a

existential therapy is best considered as:​ a. an approach to understand the subjective world of the client. b. a school of therapy. c. a system of techniques designed to create authentic humans. d. a strategy for uncovering dysfunctional behavior.

a

one of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is its: a. emphasis on learning to b. appreciate and fully experience the present moment. ​b. ability to allow the client to remain oblivious to his or her behavior. c. attempt to remain focused on the past. d. behavioral training models.

a

the basic goal of gestalt therapy is: a. attaining awareness and contact with the environment. b. to help clients develop better social skills. c. to uncover repressed material. d. to understand why we feel as we do.

a

the client's unique genetics and distinctive experiences is representative of which identity concept? a. individual level b. unique physical experiences c. racial salience d. sensitization

a

which of the following interventions is not associated with the third wave of behavior therapy? a. relaxation training b. acceptance and commitment therapy c. mindfulness based cognitive therapy d. dialectical behavior therapy

a

what is behavior therapy?

a set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research systematic focusing on the client's current problems on assessing behavior through observation or self-monitoring action-oriented & educational; therapist teaches the client self-management skills overt actions & internal processes change can take place without insight

what is the A-B-C model of behavior therapy?

antecedents behaviors consequences

what are the diversity strengths of behavior therapy?

appeals to many diverse cultures focuses on environmental, social, and political conditions that contribute to a client's problems

what is mindfulness-based stress reduction?

assists people in learning to live more fully in the present skills include meditation, mindful yoga, etc experiential learning & self-discovery are emphasized used with therapy

what are the therapeutic goals of gestalt therapy?

attaining awareness expanding choices

Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as:​ a. redecision therapy. b. logotherapy. c. individual psychology. d. reality therapy.

b

techniques used in mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy include all but: a. body scan meditation. b. flooding. c. yoga. d. formal and informal meditation.

b

the following are reasons why counselors may not be helpful to minority clients except: ​ a. the melting pot myth b. emphasis on social factors c. institutional racism d. cultural differences in expression of symptomatology

b

who has done most of the work in the area of modeling? a. Hans Eysenck b. Albert Bandura c. E. Jacobson d. Joseph Wolpe

b

what are the seven major areas of personality functioning according to multimodal therapy?

b=behavior a=affective responses s=sensations i=images c=cognitions i=interpersonal r=relationships d=drugs, biological functions, nutrition & exercise

what is systematic desensitization & how is it implemented in behavior therapy?

based on classical conditioning; by joseph wolpe effective in reducing maladaptive anxiety and treating anxiety-related disorders, particularly specific phobias entails relaxation training, development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy, and presentation of hierarchy items while client is deeply relaxed

according to gestalt therapy, how does a client become integrated or whole?

becoming aware of one's denied parts and working toward owning their experience

what is dialectical behavior therapy?

blend of behavioral & psychoanalytic techniques for treating bpd etc acceptance-oriented & change-oriented strategies skills are taught in four modules: mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation & distress tolerance

Ursula lived in New York City on 9/11. Ever since experiencing the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, she has felt anxiety about going to the upper level floors of tall buildings. As an existentially oriented therapist, you might conclude that:​ ​a. Ursula is on the verge of becoming psychotic. b. Ursula's fears are completely unfounded. c. Ursula's anxiety is normal in light of the traumatic experience she had on 9/11. d. Ursula is highly neurotic.

c

__________ grow out of the interaction between client and therapist and emerge within this dialogic process. a. figure formations b. fantasies c. experiments d. exercises

c

which best describes microaggression? ​ a. an active behavior that results in differential treatment of individuals within specific groups b. judging a person or a group based on preconceived notions about the group c. conscious or unconscious, covert, and common indignities directed toward individuals from diverse cultures d. a specific belief that one race is superior to another

c

which of the following is not an example of how existential therapy is unlike many other therapies? ​ a. which of the following is not an example of how existential therapy is unlike many other therapies? ​ b. it allows for incorporation of techniques from many other approaches. c. it focuses on the use of the specific techniques created for this theory. d. it focuses on the use of the specific techniques created for this theory.

c

which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence? ​a. assimilation b. discovery c. reunification d. accommodation

c

what is the human condition for existential therapy?

capacity for self-awareness tension between freedom & responsibility creation of identity & establishing meaningful relationships accepting anxiety as a condition of living awareness of death & nonbeing

what happens when new awareness is gained from the ground of the client's experience?

client begins to understand themselves clients begin to understand their situation with greater clarity beginning developments of new meaning

what are the limitations from a diversity perspective regarding gestalt therapy?

clients who are culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may find the emphasis on feelings to be off putting those who use gestalt techniques in a mechanical way to elicit certain effects (e.g. intense emotions) may lead clients to terminate therapy

what are some key concepts of multicultural therapy?

collective perspective: family is important, strength comes from the group; "we" individual perspective: cares for self & immediate family; "i" awareness of biases & prejudices; racism, discrimination of any minority group culturally competent social justice advocacy

what is multimodal therapy?

comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy developed by arnold lazarus grounded in social-cognitive theory applies diverse behavioral techniques to a wide range of problems; technical eclecticism

what is contact and what are boundary disturbances that are resistant to contact?

contact is interacting with nature and with other people with losing one's individuality. the boundary disturbances are defenses that we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully

what are some contemporary white models?

cultural biases & taboos of society are built into theory minority groups find that the models do not fit their experiences theories of deviance, deprivation, disadvantage, and abnormality based on experiences of various groups & how they differ from the model the research has incorporated biases inherent in monocultural theoretical models

all of the following are limitations of current theories except for: a. sociopolitical factors such as SES, class, & power are largely ignored. b. ethnic/racial awareness and identity have not been integral within psychosocial development process. c. theories of deviance, deprivation, disadvantage, and abnormality based on experiences of various groups and how they differ from the model. d. members of society who do not represent the dominant culture find that the models fit well with their life experiences.

d

behavior therapy is characterized by all of the following, except: a. a focus on overt specific behavior. b. the design of an appropriate treatment plan. c. a formulation of precise treatment goals. d. the subjective diagnosis of the therapist.

d

in the ABC model, the A stands for: a. assessment. b. actions. c. arbitrary behaviors. d. antecedents.

d

often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: a. have Greta undergo hypnosis. ​b. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis. ​c. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." d. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

d

who developed the RESPECTFUL Model? a. Cross & Fhagen b. Sue & Sue c. Ferdman & Gallego d. D'andrea & Daniels

d

what is the awareness of death & nonbeing in existential therapy?

death gives significance to living to think about life, one must think about death awareness of death is the source of zest for life and creativity fear of death can be turned into a positive force when the reality of mortality is accepted

what do the current multicultural theories emphasize?

development occurs in uninterrupted progression ethnic & racial awareness & identity are not integral parts within psychosocial development process

what are the basic assumptions of existential therapy?

emphasizes, choice, freedom, responsibility, and self-determination

what can meaningless in life lead to?

emptiness and hollowness; an "existential vacuum"

what are some applications to group counseling with gestalt therapy?

encourages direct experience and action here-and-now focus allows members to bring unfinished business to the present members experiment in group setting making rounds is a group technique leaders can use linking to include members in the exploration of a particular individual's problem leaders actively design experiments for the group while focusing on awareness and contact group leaders actively engage with the members to form a sense of mutuality in the group

what is kim's asian american identity development model?

ethical awareness white identification awakening to social political consciousness redirection to asian american consciousness incorporation

what are the diversity limitations of existential therapy?

excessively individualistic & insensitive to social factors that cause problems social injustices may lead the client to feel misunderstood if the therapist too quickly conveys that they have choice in improving their lives clients may prefer more concrete direction

what kind of approach is gestalt therapy?

existential & phenomenological

what is existential anxiety & what is neurotic anxiety?

existential anxiety: normal; life cannot be lived, nor can death be faced, without anxiety neurotic anxiety: unknown; anxiety about concrete things that is out of proportion to the situation

what do practitioners doing existential therapy prefer over traditional therapy?

existential therapy is based on philosophical views about human nature & existence. practitioners prefer description & exploration over diagnosis & treatment

what is the initial goal for clients experiencing gestalt therapy?

expand their awareness of what they are experiencing in the present moment

what is the therapist's role in behavior therapy?

explore alternative courses of action and their possible consequences

t/f: contact is a stage in the racial and cultural development model

false

t/f: counseling is working for minorities in the US

false

t/f: existential therapy is rarely used for group treatment

false

t/f: existentialists claim that the use of specific techniques is the cornerstone of the approach

false

t/f: gestalt therapy is designed for individual counseling, and it typically does not work well in groups

false

t/f: in the existential approach, techniques are primary, while subjective understanding of clients is secondary

false

t/f: less than 70% of adult homosexuals felt somewhat or very different from same-sex peers in childhood

false

t/f: modeling is a form of systematic desensitization

false

t/f: there is no place for role of thinking process and attitudes in contemporary behavior therapy

false

what is unfinished business & what is the result of it?

feelings associated with distinct memories & fantasies are unexpressed. feelings not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere with effective contact result: preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior

what is foreground?

figure; ex. words on printed paper

what are some limitations of behavior therapy?

focuses on behavioral change & disregards emotions the therapist is seen as a teacher and that demphasizes the therapeutic relationship no emphasis on insight focus on symptoms, not the root of maladaptive behaviors chance of client manipulation the directive approach is too imposing

who developed gestalt therapy?

fritz perls; perls wife had a lot of influence with the development of gestalt therapy

what are the strengths from a diversity perspective regarding gestalt therapy?

gestalt experiments can be tailored to fit the unique ways in which clients perceive & interpret their culture gestalt therapy helps people integrate the polarities within themselves, which can assist bicultural clients in reconciling diverse aspects of their cultures creative experiments can emphasize nonverbal behaviors

what is the result of greater awareness?

greater possibilities for freedom

what is background?

ground; ex. paper

what are some characteristics of social skills training?

help clients develop & achieve skills in interpersonal competence involved behavioral procedures (e.g. psychoeducation, modeling, etc) correcting problematic behaviors in practice situations

what are the main goals of existential therapy?

help clients move toward authenticity learn to recognize when deceiving self face anxiety & engage in action toward meaningful existence reclaim & reown life listen to your original self

what does gestalt therapy focus on?

here & now what & how of experiencing authenticity of the therapist active dialogue between client & therapist i/thou of relating

what is identity & relationship in existential therapy?

identity is "the courage to be" trust self to search within and find answers great fear=discover that there is no self being existentially "alone" helps us to discover our authentic self balancing aloneness & relatedness relationships are based on fulfillment deprived relationships can be clingy

what is the central therapeutic goal of existential therapy?

increase awareness to enable individuals to have greater possibilities for freedom

what are the general goals of behavior therapy?

increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning eliminate maladaptive behaviors & learn more effective behavior patterns

what are the limitations of existential therapy?

individualistic focus will not fit collectivistic culture focus on self-determination may not fully account for real-life limitations of those who are oppressed and have limited choices some clients prefer a more directive approach to counseling

what is acceptance & commitment therapy?

involves fully accepting present experience & mindfully letting go of obstacles emphasis on acceptance of cognitions the goal is to allow for increased psychological flexibility

what are the diversity strengths of existential therapy?

it does not dictate a particular way of viewing or relating to reality focus on universality; human experiences that transcend the cultural boundaries considers the degree to which behavior is influences by social and cultural conditioning

what are some contributions of gestalt therapy?

it is a creative & lively approach that uses experiments to move clients from talk to action & experience clients are provided with a wide range of tools for discovering new facets of themselves & changing their lives it is a holistic approach that values each aspect of the individual's experience equally using dreams to increase awareness of life themes attempt to integrate theory, practice & research

what is the ferdman & gallego model of latino identity development?

latino-integrated latino-identified subgroup-identified latino as other undifferentiated/denial white identified

what is a focus on language in gestalt therapy?

listen to clients' metaphors language could uncover a story "it" & "you" talk instead of "i" listen for disclaimers

why would counselors not be very helpful to minority clients?

melting pot myth incongruent expectations about counseling de-emphasizing social forces ethnocentric worldview ignorance cultural differences unreliable assessments institutional racism

what are some common characteristics of minority clients?

misunderstood misdiagnosed patronized impacted by negative forces therapy is less helpful seek mental health services at lower rates

what are the diversity limitations of behavior therapy?

narrowly treating specific behavioral problems do not assess cultural dimensions of the client's problem may not adequately prepare them for the consequences of newly acquired social skills

what are the contributions of existential therapy?

new understanding of death, anxiety, guilt, frustration, loneliness & alienation emphasis on the human quality of the therapeutic relationship is a strength can be integrated in most therapeutic schools

is counseling working for many in the US?

no

is existential therapy technique oriented?

no

what are self-management programs?

people make decisions concerning specific behaviors they want to control or change selecting goals, translating goals into target behaviors, self-monitoring, working out a plan for change and evaluating an action plan successfully applied to many population & problems

what is helm's model of white identity development?

phase 1: abandonment of racism -stage 1: contact -stage 2: disintegration -stage 3: reintegration phase 2: evolution of non-racist identity -stage 4: psuedo-independent -stage 5: immersion-emersion -stage 6: autonomy

what kind of approach is existential therapy?

philosophical; influences a counselor's therapeutic practice nature of the human being; anxiety, despair, grief loneliness; meaning, creativity, love

what is progressive muscle relaxation & how has relaxation techniques been implemented in therapy?

popular method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living relaxation becomes a well-learned response, which can become a habitual pattern if practiced daily relaxation procedures have been applied to a variety of clinical problems ranging from chronic pain to panic disorders

what is figure?

present moment

what is the application to group therapy regarding existential therapy?

provides an ideal environment for taking responsibility clients are responsible for their behavior in group group settings provide mirror of how clients act in the world clients learn empathy builds interpersonal skills reduces avoidance of existential concerns faces existential crises that hinders one's life

what is the RESPECTUL model by d'andrea & daniels?

r=religion/spirituality identity e=economic class background s=sexual identity p:level of psych development -insight e=ethnic/racial identity c=chronological/development challenges t=trauma/threats of well being f=family background & history u=unique physical characteristics -physical handicap l=location of residence & language differences -rural vs. urban

what is the multidimensional model of racial identity?

racial salience racial centrality racial regard (public/private) racial ideology (nationalist, humanist, etc)

what are some diversities in the US?

racial/ethnic gender role identities sexual minorities homeless people individuals with disorders

what is gaining awareness in existential therapy?

realizing that humans are finite-time is limited we have the choice to act or not to act meaning is not automatic-we must seek it we are subject to loneliness, meaningless, emptiness & isolation

what are the applications to group regarding behavior therapy?

relies on empirical support & tends to be brief emphasizes self-management skills & thought reconstructing brief, directive, psychoeducational approach behavioral assessments create collaborative, precise treatment goals make a plan & measure outcomes

what are some characteristics of the ethical code regarding multicultural therapy?

sensitivity to multicultural issues has led to the creation of new standards & filtered into every standard of counseling multicultural competency is necessary for psychologists working in all domains: practice, research, consultation and education

what is troiden's model of homosexual identity development?

sensitization: -usually occurs to puberty -generalized feelings of marginality -perception of being different from same-sex peers identity confusion: -same-sex arousal -reflection of possible homosexual feelings -dissonance from self-image -identity confusion or turmoil -guilt, social isolation -self-labeling; lack of mentors identity assumption: -homosexuality identity is shared with others -self-defining homosexual -tolerance of gay or lesbian identity -sexual experimentation -exploration of homosexual subculture -self-acceptance as homosexual commitment: -homosexuality adopted way of life -integration of sexuality & emotionality -commitment to same-sex love relationships -coming out to non-homosexuals -stigma management -identity is considered valid & satisfying

what are the gaps in multicultural theory?

sociopolitical factors have been ignore (e.g. SES) individualism is emphasized many variable have limited applicability in collective perspectives

what are some contributions of behavior therapy?

specificity helps translate unclear goals into concrete plans of action many techniques have been developed needs more rigorous evaluation than other approaches emphasizes ethical accountability

how can anxiety be viewed & used in a healthy way?

stimulus for growth; awareness & acceptance catalyst for living authentically courage to face ourselves & life

what is a distant human characteristic described in existential therapy?

struggling for a sense of significance & purpose in life

what is ground?

that which is outside of awareness in the client's experience

what is the third wave of behavior therapy?

the newest development which includes dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and acceptance & commitment therapy

what is behavior?

the product of learning

what is existential guilt?

the result of, or the consciousness of, evading the commitment to choosing for ourselves

what are the limitations of gestalt therapy?

the therapist could abuse power by using powerful techniques without training difficult for clients who have difficulty abstracting & imagining emphasis on therapist authenticity & self-disclosure could become overwhelming

what is blocked energy and how do gestalt therapists treat it?

therapists focus on where the energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked. blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior that may result in unfinished business. clients are encouraged to transform blocked energy into more adaptive behaviors

what is the therapeutic relationship like in existential therapy?

therapy is a journey taken by therapist & client person-to-person relationship is key therapists must be in contact with their phenomenological world

what is the goal of extinction?

to decrease or eliminate a behavior by withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response

what is the goal to positive & negative punishment?

to decrease target behavior

what is the goal of positive & negative reinforcement?

to increase target behavior

T/F: over 1/3 of americans are racial/ethnic minorities.

true

t/f: a current trend in gestalt therapy is toward greater emphasis on the client/therapist relationship rather than on techniques

true

t/f: acceptance and commitment therapy is an example of a mindfulness based approach

true

t/f: behavior therapists believe that insight is not a necessary condition for behavior change to occur

true

t/f: behavior therapy has undergone important changes and has expanded considerably

true

t/f: ethnocentrism is the act of judging another culture based on preconceptions that are found in values and standards of one's own culture

true

t/f: existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with the "givens of existence."

true

t/f: gestalt techniques can be considered experiments

true

t/f: the core of the therapeutic relationship is respect

true

t/f: the purpose of social justice work is to broaden culturally competent helping by including a wide range of activities that affect the client's broader system

true

what is freedom & responsibility in existential therapy?

we do not choose the circumstances into which we are born, but we create our own destiny through our choices freedom implies that we are responsible for our lives, actions, and failures to take action freedom & responsibility go hand in hand; assuming responsibility is a basic condition for change

during existential therapy, when is the counseling process at its best?

when the deepest self of therapist meets the deepest part of the client