Psych 456 midterm

Mexican culture exhibits few symbols of death.

false

A "teachable moment" is often most best reserved for the classroom

FALSE

Which was a turning point in the "medicalization" of death and dying?

WWI

speculum mortis

death as a mirror

As part of Día de los Muertos, families go to the panteon to

prepare for the return of the dead

In many traditional societies communication with the dead is facilitated by a

shaman

closed awareness context

the patient does not know they will die, communication is lacking

Saunders

"help me" (minimize my distress), "listen to me" (let me direct things or at least be heard), "don't leave me" (stay with me, give me your presence)

Chronic Phase

- Manage symptoms and side effects - Carry out health regimens - Maximize social support and perserve self-concept - Normal life to exten possible and manage stress - Express feelings and Fears - Find meaning in uncertainty and suffering

meaning-based coping

-Helps maintain a person's sense of positive well-being -finds some benefit in the distressing situation -turns to spiritual beliefs for insight

Terminal Phase

-Manage discomfort, pain, incapacitation, other symtoms -Cope with medical procedures and stress - Prepare for death and saying goodbye -Maintaining appropriate relationships with others. -Express feelings and fears -Find meaning in life and death

Which of the following are common in the practice of the traditional form of recuerdo?

1. Tells the story of a person's life in a heroic manner 2. Is presented as a written narrative or ballad

Ken Doka's Phase Based Task Model

Acute Phase, Chronic Phase, Terminal Phase, Prediagnostic and Recovery phase may occur in some cases

Regarding a mature concept of death, which of the following is true about universality?

All living things must eventually die

A child's mature understanding of death is seen as a single, unidimensional concept.

FALSE

Currently, across the United States, there are fewer than 500 federally recognized Native American nations, few of which share a common set of values, beliefs, and traditions.

FALSE

In the nineteenth century, violence in children's stories was downplayed, virtually non-existent, and rarely graphic or gory.

FALSE

Lullabies containing themes of death and violence are seen predominantly in American culture and first appeared as a twentieth century form of mourning songs.

FALSE

Mourning rituals are intended not to help cope with one's own mortality, but rather to cope with the deaths of others.

FALSE

Nomadic hunting and gathering tribes, such as the Sioux and Apache, generally express more fear of the dead than do sedentary tribes, such as the Pueblo and Navajo.

FALSE

Non-empirical ideas are subject to strict scientific proof and observation.

FALSE

Nonfunctionality means that your everyday functioning (going to school or work, self-care, etc.) has diminished due to a recent loss.

FALSE

Obituaries are used only in American and European societies.

FALSE

The major aspects of a mature concept of death are mastered in an unfixed, irregular sequential order.

FALSE

The ofrenda is the gathering place where friends meet following a Mexican funeral.

FALSE

Veterinary schools can provide information on pet cemeteries, burials and cremation, but may not discuss hospice care for pets.

FALSE

A mature concept of death includes causality, which implies that adults will often blame someone or something for a loved one's death.

False

Which of the following best defines socialization?

Learning and internalizing the norms, rules, and values of the society in which a person lives

In Erickson's model, approximately what age marks the beginning of the child's moral sense?

Preschool and kindergarten years

By what age do most children understand that death is a changed state?

Preschool years

In Celtic traditions, what is the term for the breach in time when supernatural communication with gods as well as the dead could take place?

Samhain

Exercising independence is a hallmark of Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage.

TRUE

For the Japanese, it is quite ordinary to talk to their dead ancestors.

TRUE

Hopi funeral rituals are attended by few people and held privately.

TRUE

Islam calls for the burial of the deceased as soon as possible.

TRUE

Personal mortality is a subcomponent of universality.

TRUE

The Lakota battle cry "It is a good day to die" expresses the belief that one lives with purpose, grateful for life's blessings, with awareness it could all end abruptly.

TRUE

Through socialization, younger members of a society acquire knowledge from older generations.

TRUE

Uilleann pipes are included in funeral processions held for firefighters killed in the line of duty.

TRUE

What concept describes opportunities for learning that arise out of unplanned or unexpected occurrences?

Teachable moments

Which answer best reflects children's understandings of John F. Kennedy's assassination?

Younger children worried about the appearance of the president's body and the effects of the death on his family.

In traditional Hindu households, death is

a communal affair.

In general, Native Americans view death as

a normal part of the life cycle

The text cites the lullaby "Rockabye Baby" to illustrate the point that

a number of lullabies contain messages about human or animal death

burnout

a reaction to stress in which a carer goes beyond exhaustion to the point of not caring, care for the carer is crucial

Death songs of Native Americans are

a summary of a person's life

When did burials begin to take place in cemeteries not associated with churches?

about the time of the Renaissance

A "teachable moment" is one in which

an opportunity for learning arises out of ordinary experiences.

According to historian Philippe Ariès, during the period of "tamed death," death was viewed as

an ordinary human experience.

What term is best used to describe African customs such as prayer, sacrifice or libation, and other acts of respect shown to deceased members of the community?

ancestor worship

Principles of medical ethics

autonomy, beneficence, justice

Humanity received its name from the Latin root word humare, which means to

bury

In Japanese homes, an altar for honoring deceased relatives and ancestors is called a

butsudan.

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's Stage-based model

denial, anger, bargaining, depression (reactive, prepatory), acceptance

beneficience

doing good or conferring benefits that enhance personal or social well-being. non-maleficence, the injunction to do no harm

In Celtic societies, the intermediary between the world of humankind and the domain of the supernatural was a

druid

What is the fallacy of making judgments about others in terms of one's own cultural assumptions and ideas?

ethnocentrism

mutual pretext context

everyone, including the patient, realize that death is the outcome but act as if the patient will recover. may last until death, and moments may arise where this context is broken

Agents of socialization include 1. family and peers. 2. school. 3. employers. 4. religion.

family and peers, school, religion

According to Kellehear's description and social history of dying, the meaning of death

has changed over time

In traditional societies, whether grief is expressed by loud wails or quiet tears, there is a common tendency to

have a deep respect for the soul of the dead.

Children who have had first-hand encounters with death tend to

have a developmentally more mature understanding of death.

In discussing how people understand death, the term "noncorporeal continuity" refers to the idea that

human beings survive in some form after the death of the physical body

he rural cemetery movement began in the United States

in the 1830s

In Japanese ancestral rites, where are the ashes of family members interred?

in the hakka

respond to patient's "total pain"

including physical, mental, spiritual, pain

middle knowledge

individuals seek a balance between sustaining hope and acknowledging the reality

In Erikson's model, the years from about 6 to the beginning of puberty is sometimes known as the

industrial age

In Erikson's model, the years from about six to the beginning of puberty correspond to what stage?

industry versus inferiority

According to Erik Erikson's theory, during which developmental stage do children increasingly seek their own direction and purpose?

initiative versus guilt

In Erikson's model of psychosocial development, in what period is bodily mutilation and disfigurement one of the death related fears?

initiative versus guilt

ethics

involves challenging questions, what is good or bad

morals

involves conforming to established codes or accepted notions of right or wrong

One aspect of an "invisible death" is that death is

less part of a common experience

compassion fatigue

moral distress occurs when the health care system or other people or phenomena interfere with a caretaker's ability to provide relief to a person suffering

What subcomponent of universality makes explicit the understanding not only that all living things die but also that each living thing will die?

personal mortality

The danse macabre was originally a reaction to fear of death caused by an epidemic of

plague

The traditional African attitude towards death is essentially

positive because it is part of the totality of life.

Human concern for the dead

predates written history.

autonomy

refers to an individual's right to be self-governing, freedom, self-direction, moral independence

Prepatory Depression

related to the awareness that one must prepare for death

reactive depression

response to disruptions caused by disease

All of the following tends to be an important influence on the development of children's attitudes toward death EXCEPT

rising funeral costs

The acquisition of a mature understanding of death is part of the developmental process known as

socialization

While more young people than ever claim no religion, there seems to be a growing interest in

spirituality

The model of human development devised by Erikson focuses on

stages of psychological development

suspected awareness context

the dying person suspects his or her prognosis, tries to confirm, those who know do not confirm

ethnocentrism

the fallacy of making judgements about others in terms of one's own cultural assumptions and biases

Acute Phase

understand disease and maximize health and lifestyle, optimize coping strengths and develop strategies to deal with issues created by the disease

A mature concept of death involves

universality irreversibility causality

emotion-focused coping

-allows relief from impact of stress -helps regulate level of distress from distancing or reframing - puts stressful situation in more positive light, thereby reducing the sense of threat

Treating pain

-believing pain is real is the first step -distinguish between pain and suffering -medications go from basic, opioid derivatives (ex codeine), to strong opioids (morphine)

Being with someone who is dying

-leave your own agenda at the door -be present -sit still and listen -stay close and do nothing

problem-focused coping

-manages the problem causing distress -pursues meaningful goals -seeks info about diagnosis and determines options -establishes a sense of control

In a study of nursery rhymes, approximately what percentage describe ways in which humans or animals die or are mistreated?

50%

According to the text, in 2014, approximately what percentage of Americans are affiliated with a religious tradition?

71%

Studies conducted in the early 1940s by Sylvia Anthony showed that children can give general explanations for death by what age?

9 yrS OLD

open awareness context

Death Is acknowleged and discussed allowing for the possibility of shared support.

hich theorist is associated with the developmental model that emphasizes changes in attitudes toward death during different psychosocial stages?

Erik Erickson

According to Erikson psychosocial development depends significantly on developing a sense of identity and is linked to the individual's

connectedness and independence