Psych 460 final

The purpose of institutional review boards is to: a) ensure that research does not violate ethics guidelines. b) review research findings with participants. c) take responsibility for research in place of individual researchers. d) review research findings.

a) ensure that research does not violate ethics guidelines.

Sam gets many positive nominations and few negative nominations on a sociometric status measure. He is MOST likely a _____ child. a) neglected b) popular c) rejected d) controversial

b) popular

Psychologists who consider learning from experience to be the primary factor in social and personality development are intellectual descendants of what philosopher? a) John Paul Sartre b) William James c) John Locke d) Thomas Aquinas

c) John Locke

Which statement is TRUE of children's IQ scores? a) Boys typically score higher than do girls. b) Boys' and girls' scores have the same distribution. c) More boys than girls are diagnosed with intellectual disabilities. d) More girls than boys are classified as intellectually gifted.

c) More boys than girls are diagnosed with intellectual disabilities.

Synaptogenesis is important because it enables which process? a) cells travelling to their long-term location b) brain cells being produced c) neurotransmitters transmitting signals from neuron to neuron d) the growth of the myelin sheath

c) neurotransmitters transmitting signals from neuron to neuron

In the distance, Jane sees a dog. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in processing the visual information of the dog? a) temporal b) frontal c) occipital d) parietal

c) occipital

On average, _____ of 15-year-olds have dated a peer at one point or another. a) around two-thirds b) slightly under three-quarters c) over half d) about one-quarter

c) over half

The correlational nature of much of the research on the long-term benefits of having friends is problematic because: a) it has small sample sizes. b) it is all self-report. c) it is not longitudinal. d) child characteristics may not cause the benefits.

d) child characteristics may not cause the benefits.

Research has shown that _____ play(s) a causal role in learning, which demonstrates the variability of thought and action. a) metacognitive skills b) mental models c) memory d) gestures

d) gestures

Which example illustrates nature revealing itself all at once? a) nearsightedness b) schizophrenia c) puberty d) number of toes and fingers

d) number of toes and fingers

Accepting its basic elements, Erikson incorporated _____ into Freud's theory. a) behaviorism b) operant conditioning c) literary constructs d) social factors

d) social factors

If you are researching the work of Dodge, you would be examining studies that involved the use of _____ as a problem-solving strategy. a) aggression b) abreaction c) adaptation d) avoidance

a) aggression

The experience that children in an experimental group receive that children in a control group do not is referred to as the: a) random assignment. b) independent variable. c) dependent variable. d) correlational design.

b) independent variable.

Children do NOT create their own environments by: a) actively selecting experiences that match their interests and personality characteristics. b) learning the language their parents speak. c) influencing their parents' behavior toward them through their own actions. d) choosing friends with similar interests to their own.

b) learning the language their parents speak.

If you were to parent your kids according to the "style" of John B. Watson, which term(s) would BEST describe the interactions you would have with your children? a) overprotective b) rigid and strict c) permissive d) child-centered

b) rigid and strict

Which factor is critical in affecting whether maternal employment is associated with cognitive, language, or social problems in young children? a) the ethnicity of the child-care providers b) the overall quality of childcare provided c) the age of the child-care providers d) the type of childcare provided (center-based; in-home, etc.)

b) the overall quality of childcare provided

Which strategy is NOT helpful for helping rejected children make friends? a) teaching them to try a new strategy each and every time b) teaching them to enter a group unobtrusively c) teaching them to monitor their own success d) teaching them to avoid aggression

a) teaching them to try a new strategy each and every time

A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts is referred to as: a) the personal fable. b) self-esteem. c) psychosocial moratorium. d) negative identity.

a) the personal fable.

Psychologists who have studied the basis of moral development have focused on changes in _____ as the basis of moral development. a) executive function b) reasoning c) brain size d) language

b) reasoning

By _____ of age, infants can distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger. a) 1 week b) 1 month c) 3 months d) 2 months

c) 3 months

Which adaptive feature is one of the most important with regard to the human species? a) the large size of the human body b) the ability to walk c) the ability to talk d) the large size of the human brain

d) the large size of the human brain

Roger, a student in elementary school, is very good at questions that use inferences and understanding relationships between concepts that have not been previously encountered. He is showing a high level of _____ intelligence. a) analytical b) crystallized c) fluid d) emotional

c) fluid

Which factor is NOT associated with growing up in an affluent family? a) higher levels of depression b) higher levels of delinquency c) higher levels of schizophrenia d) higher levels of anxiety

c) higher levels of schizophrenia

What percentage of American children and teens were currently considered obese in 2014? a) 17% b) 25% c) 33% d) 50%

a) 17%

Which example is NOT a symbol? a) a spoken word b) a picture c) a reflex d) a map

c) a reflex

Especially for females, there is a considerable _____ in adolescents' and young adults' reports of same-sex attraction or sexual behavior. a) positivity b) negativity c) stability d) instability

d) instability

Which type of design is BEST used when a pattern of change has been established and the goal of the study is to determine how the change occurs? a) structured observation b) cross-sectional c) longitudinal d) microgenetic

d) microgenetic

Gibson and Walk's "visual cliff" was first used to examine infants': a) scale errors. b) depth perception. c) stepping reflex. d) visual acuity.

b) depth perception.

Which fator is NOT a behavioral change mechanism? a) conditioning b) differentiation c) habituation d) statistical learning

b) differentiation

The process through which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role for their particular culture is: a) indoctrination. b) emotion socialization. c) goodness of fit. d) rumination.

b) emotion socialization.

What percentage of women in the United States have a surgical delivery by cesarean? a) 32% b) 10% c) 67% d) 50%

a) 32%

Dylan is being teased for crossing gender-role boundaries while playing at school. Dylan is MOST likely a: a) 6-year-old boy. b) 3-year-old boy. c) 5-year-old girl. d) 3-year-old girl.

a) 6-year-old boy.

Which research finding that demonstrates the bidirectional influences between adolescents and their parents is TRUE? a) Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later. b) Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems, predicted an increase in uninvolved parenting styles 2 years later. c) Parenting styles did not change over a 2-year time period, despite changes in adolescents' reports of internalizing and externalizing problems. d) The majority of parents tend to become more permissive as their children go from early to mid-adolescence.

a) Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later.

Which list places historical researchers in the CORRECT chronological order? a) Aristotle, Locke, Darwin, Freud b) Locke, Plato, the Earl of Shaftesbury, Rousseau c) Rousseau, Darwin, Freud, the Earl of Shaftesbury d) Plato, Locke, Watson, Darwin

a) Aristotle, Locke, Darwin, Freud

Who disagreed with Freud's concept of a "needy, dependent infant motivated by drive reduction" and promoted a "competence-motivated infant" who uses his or her primary caregiver as a secure base? a) Bowlby b) Ainsworth c) Watson d) Erikson

a) Bowlby

Brad is a 5-year-old who is asked why his preschool classmate is expressing sadness. Which statement is likely to be TRUE regarding his response? a) Brad will be able to give an accurate explanation for the cause of his classmate's sadness. b) Brad would be able to answer if his friend were angry, but he can't yet identify the cause of sadness. c) Brad won't know because he can only identify the causes of happiness at this age. d) Brad won't know because he can't identify the causes of emotions at this age.

a) Brad will be able to give an accurate explanation for the cause of his classmate's sadness.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the production of representational symbols? a) Children from homes filled with pictorial images produce such images earlier than do children from homes with few pictorial images. b) Children whose parents are artists produce pictorial images earlier than do children whose parents are doctors. c) The home environment does not affect the age at which children start producing representational systems. d) Children produce representational symbols before they achieve an understanding of dual-representation.

a) Children from homes filled with pictorial images produce such images earlier than do children from homes with few pictorial images.

James is a young toddler. Which statement is NOT typical of his language? a) He is able to rapidly internalize new grammar rules and apply them across different situations. b) He practices talking, even when alone. c) He invents gestures and words to represent objects. d) He enjoys labeling objects.

a) He is able to rapidly internalize new grammar rules and apply them across different situations.

Which statement is NOT a proposed reason for the association between a warm and involved family and sociable and cooperative children? a) Involved families generally send their children to better schools. b) Both harsh parenting and the child's negative behaviors are due to heredity. c) Such parenting fosters children's self-regulation. d) Children who are disruptive may elicit negative responses from both parents and peers.

a) Involved families generally send their children to better schools.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the stepping reflex? a) It disappears in part because changing ratio of leg strength to total body weight. b) Because it is a reflex, it is impossible to modify through environmental effects. c) It is one of the newborn reflexes that persist throughout life. d) A strong stepping reflex in infancy is related to later athletic ability.

a) It disappears in part because changing ratio of leg strength to total body weight.

Which statement is NOT true of aggression in elementary school? a) It tends to be only physical. b) It often arises from the desire to hurt another person. c) It often arises from a perceived threat to self-esteem. d) It tends to be hostile.

a) It tends to be only physical.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the so-called mirror neuron system? a) It was first identified in the ventral premotor cortex in nonhuman primates. b) It is only activated when humans engage in an action themselves. c) It is only activated when nonhuman primates engage in an action themselves. d) It was first identified in the ventral premotor cortex in human infants.

a) It was first identified in the ventral premotor cortex in nonhuman primates.

Soft assembly is a term that is used to refer to the: a) organizational process of arranging components that are continually changing. b) support given to a child's self-organization by social interactions. c) developmental progression of adding new components one by one. d) organization of abstract concepts, rather than physical items.

a) organizational process of arranging components that are continually changing.

Which statement regarding children's belief in fantasy is TRUE? a) Most 4- to 6-year-olds believe that they can influence other people by wishing them into doing something. b) By age 6, children have typically stopped believing in magic and fantastical characters such as Santa Claus. c) By adulthood, only 5% of people believe in ghosts. d) College-age students do not believe in magic and were willing to allow someone who was said to be a witch to cast an evil spell on their lives.

a) Most 4- to 6-year-olds believe that they can influence other people by wishing them into doing something.

Freud believed the path to superego development for boys was through the resolution of the _____, a psychosexual conflict in which a boy experiences a form of sexual desire for his mother. a) Oedipus complex b) phallic stage c) mother stage d) Electra complex

a) Oedipus complex

Which statement does NOT demonstrate one of the five counting principles preschoolers can understand? a) One can keep counting to infinity. b) Each object must be labeled by a single number word. c) Any set of discrete objects can be counted. d) The numbers should always be recited in the same order.

a) One can keep counting to infinity.

Which statement is NOT true about effortful attention? a) Quality of parenting is generally unrelated to the development of effortful attention. b) Genetics influence the production of neurotransmitters, which are crucial to developing effortful attention. c) Difficulty with effortful attention is associated with behavioral problems and mental illness. d) Effortful attention involves voluntary control of one's emotions and thoughts.

a) Quality of parenting is generally unrelated to the development of effortful attention.

_____ involves the mastery of the symbolic creations of others and the creation of new symbolic representations. a) Symbolic proficiency b) Connectionism c) Dual-representation d) Modularity hypothesis

a) Symbolic proficiency

Which statement is TRUE of the biological correlates of aggression? a) They are neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of aggression. Biological correlates only act as risk factors, which act in concert with other influences. b) They are necessary for the development of aggression, but environmental factors play an added role. c) They are necessary and sufficient for the development of aggression. With the right biological factors, environmental influence on aggression is trivial. d) They only exist because of the similar environmental influences that aggressive individuals tend to surround themselves with.

a) They are neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of aggression. Biological correlates only act as risk factors, which act in concert with other influences.

Which research is used to support the rich-get-richer hypothesis? a) Youths who were better adjusted at age 13-14 were found to use social networking more at ages 20-22. b) Online communication is related to less depression for youths with low-quality best-friend relationships. c) Youths with high levels of depressive symptoms use online communication to express their feelings. d) Lonely and socially anxious youths seem to prefer online communication.

a) Youths who were better adjusted at age 13-14 were found to use social networking more at ages 20-22.

According to the concept of the norm of reaction: a) a range of outcomes is possible for a given genotype, depending on its environment. b) a given genotype will develop according to its genetic material, irrespective of its environment. c) the interaction between a given genotype and its environment is predetermined. d) a range of outcomes is possible for a given genotype, depending on whether it interacts with its environment.

a) a range of outcomes is possible for a given genotype, depending on its environment.

Most children cannot label complex emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt until: a) age 7. b) adolescence. c) age 5. d) age 3.

a) age 7.

Tommy was subjected to very harsh treatment during toilet training. Freud would suggest that Tommy is likely to be fixated on issues related to: a) cleanliness. b) exercise. c) sexual needs. d) oral activities.

a) cleanliness.

Which dimension of individual differences is NOT crucial? a) country of birth b) self-esteem c) attachment d) gender

a) country of birth

Which factor has NOT been shown to improve the quality of children's writing? a) getting children to practice typing for 1 hour a day b) getting children familiarized with the content on which they are writing c) getting children to ask themselves questions such as "Who is the main character in my story? What happens in the end of my story?" d) getting children to reflect on the relative qualities of essays written by other children

a) getting children to practice typing for 1 hour a day

Empathy for others is associated with _____, but not _____. a) guilt; shame b) guilt; embarrassment c) shame; guilt d) shame; embarrassment

a) guilt; shame

Which factor is associated with the amount of spanking parents give kindergartners? a) inappropriate behavior, arguing, and fighting in grade 3 b) submissive behavior in grade 3 c) the kindergartners' intelligence d) the number of siblings the child has

a) inappropriate behavior, arguing, and fighting in grade 3

Compared with poor children who are not homeless, homeless children experience more: a) internalizing problems such as depression. b) risky sexual behaviors. c) permissive parenting styles. d) drug abuse.

a) internalizing problems such as depression.

Infants cry MOST during: a) late afternoon and evening. b) early morning. c) mid-day. d) the middle of the night.

a) late afternoon and evening.

On average, at what age do children begin laughing at unexpected events? a) late in the first year b) early in their first year c) halfway through the first year d) part of the way through their second year

a) late in the first year

The fact that you can't predict how fast a runner a newborn infant will be is best summarized by the idea that: a) nature doesn't reveal itself all at once. b) nature elicits nurture. c) timing matters. d) everything influences everything.

a) nature doesn't reveal itself all at once.

A nativist's view about language development would be that: a) people are born with knowledge of universal grammar and there are cognitive skills that are specific to learning language. b) language is developed to communicate and interact with others. c) language development does not require innate knowledge; it requires only general-purpose cognitive mechanisms. d) language development is completely dependent on the experience of the particular child.

a) people are born with knowledge of universal grammar and there are cognitive skills that are specific to learning language.

In Chinese culture, younger children are MOST negatively impacted by discipline that involves: a) physical punishment. b) scolding. c) shaming. d) instilling guilt.

a) physical punishment.

The capacity of the brain to be molded or changed by experience is referred to as: a) plasticity. b) gene encoding. c) cognitive performance. d) brain reorganization.

a) plasticity.

The four phases of attachment proposed by Bowlby do NOT include: a) psychosocial moratorium. b) attachment-in-the-making. c) reciprocal relationships. d) preattachment.

a) psychosocial moratorium.

5. Both Steven, age 5, and his sister Susan, age 9, have been presented with a task in which they are shown pictures of both plants and animals. They are asked to remember which pictures are of plants. Steven is unable to distinguish the pictures, while Susan does so successfully. Which strategy has Susan used? a) selective attention b) rehearsal c) speed of processing d) encoding

a) selective attention

Conflict between children and _____ tends to be greater than that between children and _____. a) stepfathers; biological fathers b) stepsiblings; stepfathers c) biological fathers; stepfathers d) stepsiblings; stepmothers

a) stepfathers; biological fathers

In adolescence, choosing a peer group is an important self-initiated activity because children: a) tend to increasingly act like their friends. b) no longer need adults to choose their friends. c) no longer shape their own environment. d) are teased if they do not have friends of their gender.

a) tend to increasingly act like their friends.

In many countries, average IQ scores have consistently risen over the past 80 years, a phenomenon that has been labeled: a) the Flynn effect. b) crystallized intelligence. c) a normal distribution. d) fluid intelligence.

a) the Flynn effect.

The impact of economic inequality on children's academic achievement is highest in which country? a) the United States b) Japan c) Sweden d) Indonesia

a) the United States

According to Robert Sternberg, success in life is: a) the ability to build on one's strengths, compensate for one's weaknesses, and find environments in which one can succeed. b) the ability to find a spouse, have children, and maintain a career. c) the ability for one to achieve financial security by finding a career that one loves. d) maintaining a high IQ score throughout adulthood.

a) the ability to build on one's strengths, compensate for one's weaknesses, and find environments in which one can succeed.

When children first start making marks on paper, their focus is almost exclusively on: a) the activity itself, not an attempt to produce something. b) drawing a picture of something. c) writing letters and numbers. d) whether they are using crayons or markers.

a) the activity itself, not an attempt to produce something.

By late elementary school, minority children in the United States often have a(n) _____ of their ethnic group. a) very positive b) different opinion than their parents c) unformed opinion d) very negative

a) very positive

Although Piaget claimed young infants could not mentally represent or think about anything that is not perceptually present, subsequent research has shown that young infants can represent invisible objects. Researchers have shown that infants as young as 3.5 to 4.5 months old look longer at impossible events than at possible events. This research procedure is known as: a) violation-of-expectation. b) means-end problem solving. c) object-permanence testing. d) conditioned response.

a) violation-of-expectation.

Understanding that people's desires guide their actions develops at approximately _____ months of age. a) 6 b) 12 c) 18 d) 3

b) 12

Adolescents who hold a(n) _____ about personality traits are more likely to demonstrate a hostile attributional bias than are adolescents who endorse a(n) _____. a) negative attitude; positive attitude b) entity theory; incremental theory c) incremental theory; entity theory d) positive attitude; negative attitude

b) entity theory; incremental theory

In a visual-attention version of the false belief task, Onishi and Baillargeon demonstrated that: a) 3-month-old infants can make inferences about a person's behavior based on that person's knowledge state. b) 15-month-old infants can make inferences about a person's behavior based on that person's knowledge state. c) before the age of 24 months, infants cannot make inferences about a person's behavior based on that person's knowledge state. d) false-belief tasks using visual-attention are invalid.

b) 15-month-old infants can make inferences about a person's behavior based on that person's knowledge state.

Studies have found that the heritability of intelligence quotient is approximately _____%. a) 25 b) 50 c) 95 d) 75

b) 50

The famous Little _____ experiment is an example of the behavioral change mechanism called conditioning. a) Sue b) Albert c) Joe d) Mo

b) Albert

Which purpose does amniotic fluid NOT serve for the developing fetus? a) providing it with a relatively even temperature b) All of the purposes listed are correct. c) cushioning it against jolting d) enabling it to exercise its tiny muscles

b) All of the purposes listed are correct.

Which two philosophers both believed that children were born as blank slates, with knowledge acquired through experiences? a) Aristotle and Rousseau b) Aristotle and Locke c) Plato and Aristotle d) Locke and Rousseau

b) Aristotle and Locke

Which statement is MOST true of children's gender-typed behaviors? a) Both genders avoid behaviors stereotyped for the other gender equally. b) Boys are more likely to dislike cross-gender-typed toys than are girls. c) Rigid preferences for gender-typed activities increase during the school years. d) Girls avoid behaviors stereotyped for boys more than boys avoid feminine behaviors.

b) Boys are more likely to dislike cross-gender-typed toys than are girls.

Which characteristic is NOT typical of children who have imaginary friends? a) Children with imaginary friends have an advanced theory of mind. b) Children with imaginary friends are depressed. c) Children with imaginary friends are typically firstborn children. d) Children with imaginary friends watch relatively little TV.

b) Children with imaginary friends are depressed.

Which statement about nature is TRUE? a) The effects of environment on the genome cannot be passed to the next generation. b) Experience can enhance or silence gene expression. c) The effect of early stressful environments is immeasurable by adulthood. d) The genotype is fixed at birth.

b) Experience can enhance or silence gene expression.

Which parent is likely to benefit the MOST from feeding their infant breast milk over infant formula? a) Jane, a new mother in northern Canada, where it is very cold b) Hanna, a new mother in Ethiopia, where the water supply is polluted c) Monique, a new mother in France, who lives near to the ocean d) Kelly, a new mother in central Australia, where it is very sunny and hot

b) Hanna, a new mother in Ethiopia, where the water supply is polluted

Peter is a 6-year-old boy. Which statement BEST describes his likely relationship with his peers? a) He sees them as a source of intimate interpersonal relationships. b) He sees them as a source of assistance with problems and tasks. c) He believes he can do everything on his own and does not need friends. d) He sees them as a source of emotional support.

b) He sees them as a source of assistance with problems and tasks.

In the United States, a person's IQ score in 6th grade correlates about 0.60 with the years of education the person eventually completes. This correlation demonstrates that: a) IQ is a weak predictor of academic success. b) IQ is a strong predictor of academic success. c) a person's IQ in 6th grade determines their occupational success. d) a person's IQ in 6th grade determines their college acceptance rate.

b) IQ is a strong predictor of academic success.

One study found that IQ scores of 4- and 5-year-olds correlated .80, those of 6- and 7-year-olds correlated 0.87, and those of 8-and 9-year-olds correlated 0.90. These results demonstrate that: a) IQ scores are more variable at older ages. b) IQ scores are more stable at older ages. c) IQ scores are more stable during preschool than during middle school. d) younger children score better on IQ tests than do older children.

b) IQ scores are more stable at older ages.

Jan takes an IQ test at ages 7 and 9. Mike takes an IQ test at ages 5 and 9. Mark takes an IQ test at ages 7 and 10. Jane takes an IQ test at ages 5 and 8. Which child's IQ scores are MOST likely to be more positively correlated? a) Mike b) Jan c) Jane d) Mark

b) Jan

Which statement is TRUE when it comes to measuring temperament? a) Researchers agree that EEG is the best measure of temperament. b) No measurement of temperament is perfect, and it is prudent to assess temperament with a variety of different methods. c) Researchers agree that parents' report is the most accurate measure of temperament. d) Most researchers disregard parents' report of temperament because it is too biased.

b) No measurement of temperament is perfect, and it is prudent to assess temperament with a variety of different methods.

Reagan is a young girl with a genetic developmental disorder. Her language development has been severely affected by this condition, and as such she has been diagnosed with a specific language impairment. Which condition is NOT likely to have contributed to this delay? a) fragile-X syndrome b) PKU c) autism spectrum disorder d) Down syndrome

b) PKU

Rachel, a 4-year-old, is being asked to testify in a court case. Which statement is NOT likely to be true of her testimony? a) Her testimony will be inaccurate if she has been repeatedly asked leading questions. b) Realistic props, like anatomically correct dolls, will help her accuracy. c) She is more susceptible to the influence of leading questions than older children. d) Her testimony will be fairly accurate if she is not asked leading questions.

b) Realistic props, like anatomically correct dolls, will help her accuracy.

Faced with having to undergo major surgery, older children are more likely to _____; younger children are more likely to _____. a) think about the chances of surgery going wrong; focus on the benefits of the surgery b) focus on the benefits of surgery; insist that they don't need surgery c) insist they don't need surgery; ruminate about the procedure d) ruminate about the procedure; distract themselves

b) focus on the benefits of surgery; insist that they don't need surgery

Which statement is NOT true regarding infants' language learning from technology? a) Infants have been shown to learn words better from parent teaching than from watching a video, even one in which their parent interacts with them while watching. b) Researchers have not found any correlation between "educational" DVD viewing in the first year of life and vocabulary scores. c) In one study of 8- to 16-month-olds, the more infants watched "educational" DVDs, the lower their (parent-reported) vocabulary scores. d) Educational claims of technological aids (e.g., Baby Einstein videos) often lacked evidence, and companies were forced to stop promoting their "educational" value.

b) Researchers have not found any correlation between "educational" DVD viewing in the first year of life and vocabulary scores.

Which statement is the STRONGEST evidence that prosocial behavior must be influenced by environmental factors? a) Mothers who talk about prosocial reasoning with their children tend to have children who have higher levels of prosocial behavior. b) School interventions are effective at promoting prosocial behavior in children. c) Parents and their children tend to be similar in their levels of prosocial behavior. d) Parents who use a warm tone tend to have children who have higher levels of prosocial behavior.

b) School interventions are effective at promoting prosocial behavior in children.

Annie was born to a teenage mother, but her mother was very aware of child development and sensitive parenting techniques and the two had a very positive mother-child relationship. What does the research suggest is likely for Annie? a) She is likely to drop out of school. b) She is likely to obtain employment in early adulthood. c) She is likely to do very well on the SAT and other achievement tests. d) She is likely to get poor grades in school.

b) She is likely to obtain employment in early adulthood.

Which statement is generally TRUE of the degree of genetic influence on individual differences? a) The degree of genetic influence is consistently very low over the course of development. b) The degree of genetic influence tends to increase over the course of development. c) The degree of genetic influence tends to decrease over the course of development. d) The degree of genetic influence is consistently very high over the course of development.

b) The degree of genetic influence tends to increase over the course of development.

Which description is NOT typical of births in the United States? a) Births occur in the hospital with many medical personnel. b) The mother is more likely to have a cesarean section than to have a vaginal birth. c) Only a small group of family and/or close friends are present during the birth. d) The mother has likely never witnessed a birth previously.

b) The mother is more likely to have a cesarean section than to have a vaginal birth.

Children who scored in the top 1 in 10,000 in verbal or math ability on the SAT at age 13 were followed by researchers into their 30s. Which statement is TRUE regarding these gifted children's outcomes? a) They were academically successful but reported having a hard time finding careers. b) Their rate of PhDs was more than 50 times higher than that of the general population. c) Their rate of patents was the same as the general population. d) They were financially successful but reported being unsatisfied with their lives.

b) Their rate of PhDs was more than 50 times higher than that of the general population.

Which statement is TRUE of adolescents who were securely attached to their parents as infants? a) They have more secure friendships at age 12. b) They often are more socially competent in elementary school. c) They have fewer positive emotional experiences in romantic relationships in early adulthood. d) They have more romantic relationships during adolescence.

b) They often are more socially competent in elementary school.

Which statement does NOT describe one of the key assumptions that stage theories share? a) Development progresses through a series of qualitatively distinct stages. b) When in a given stage, only a narrow range of behaviors exhibit the features of the stage. c) The stages occur in the same order for all children. d) Transitions between stages occur quickly.

b) When in a given stage, only a narrow range of behaviors exhibit the features of the stage.

Which statement BEST describes the stability of temperament over time? a) There are significant gender differences in stability of temperament over time. b) With some exceptions, temperament remains stable over time. c) Changes in temperament over time fluctuate and are unpredictable. d) Researchers have found that temperament changes in adolescence.

b) With some exceptions, temperament remains stable over time.

Conscience is: a) fixed and static once adolescence is reached. b) an internal regulatory mechanism. c) caused by a particular gene. d) located in the brain stem.

b) an internal regulatory mechanism.

Sharon has learned how to press the buttons on the television remote control. She finds the touch-tone phone sitting on the coffee table. She begins pressing the buttons much like she would the remote control buttons. According to Piagetian theory, this is an example of: a) accommodation. b) assimilation. c) egocentrism. d) centration.

b) assimilation.

Which major developmental process is defined as cells specializing? a) cell migration b) cell differentiation c) cell division d) apoptosis

b) cell differentiation

Recent research regarding peer victimization and depression suggests that: a) problems with peers predict children's depression. b) children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization. c) peer victimization predicts anxiety but not depression. d) peer victimization and depression are unrelated in 4th to 6th graders.

b) children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization.

Which factor is NOT one of Thurstone's primary mental abilities? a) word fluency b) comprehension c) numbering d) spatial visualization

b) comprehension

Vygotsky believed that development in thinking was: a) discrete and qualitative. b) continuous and gradual. c) discontinuous but easily measurable. d) immeasurable by traditional means.

b) continuous and gradual.

The "turtle technique," in which children retreat into their "turtle shell" to think, is a method taught to children to help them: a) increase their flexibility. b) cope with their anger. c) avoid being bullied. d) calm down for nap time.

b) cope with their anger.

Heritability is a statistical estimate of how much of the variance on a trait among individuals is attributable to: a) cultural heritage that is common to those people. b) genetic differences among those individuals. c) genes for specific behaviors among those people. d) environmental factors that uniquely affect those individuals.

b) genetic differences among those individuals.

When their children experience shame, Western mothers typically _____, while Chinese mothers typically _____. a) get angry at their children; offer support and warmth b) help their children feel better about themselves; use it as a situation to teach proper conduct c) ignore their children; focus solely on their children d) use it as a situation to teach proper conduct; get angry at their children

b) help their children feel better about themselves; use it as a situation to teach proper conduct

The concept of the "active child" refers to: a) whether an infant sleeps through the night. b) how children contribute to and influence their own development. c) the importance of physical activity to child development. d) observations of children at play.

b) how children contribute to and influence their own development.

Project Head Start and other experimental preschool programs are based on the: a) knowledge that biological factors play a role in development. b) importance of addressing problems with cognitive development at an early age. c) discontinuous nature of cognitive development. d) need for parents to be involved in children's schooling.

b) importance of addressing problems with cognitive development at an early age.

Becca is just beginning to learn to walk. She practices often despite the fact that crawling would get her where she wants to go more quickly. This example supports dynamic-systems theorists' emphasis on children's: a) disconnect between thought and action. b) motivation to learn. c) lack of planning and mindfulness. d) inefficient and disorganized systems.

b) motivation to learn.

The impact of harmful agents, known as teratogens, during prenatal development can vary in their effect, depending on all of the following EXCEPT: a) dose-response relationship. b) sleep/wake cycles. c) length of exposure. d) timing.

b) sleep/wake cycles.

Mario's mother is helping him to understand a story by asking him questions that help him fill in unstated aspects of the story. She is providing _____ to support his learning. a) intersubjectivity b) social scaffolding c) accommodation d) working memory

b) social scaffolding

In Woodward and colleagues' "teddy bear and ball" studies, 11-month-olds, after being habituated to a human arm reaching for an object: a) subsequently looked at the goal object in the test display before the mechanical claw actually moved to the goal object. b) subsequently looked at the goal object in the test display before the human hand actually moved to the goal object. c) interpreted subsequent actions of the human hand and a mechanical claw the same way. d) did not interpret the human hand or mechanical claw's subsequent behavior as goal-directed.

b) subsequently looked at the goal object in the test display before the human hand actually moved to the goal object.

A young child is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. This example illustrates: a) contrast sensitivity. b) the rooting reflex. c) the tonic neck reflex. d) intermodal perception.

b) the rooting reflex.

IQ is a strong predictor of academic, economic, and occupational success; however, other characteristics also exert important influences. Which factor has NOT been suggested to exert influence on important outcomes? a) creativity b) type of school attended c) social skills d) motivation to succeed

b) type of school attended

When told that some material is crucial and other material is not, 14-year-olds will skim the nonessential parts and spend more time on the important ones, whereas 10-year-olds will read all the material at the same speed. This phenomenon demonstrates that: a) 14-year-olds are overall faster readers than are 10-year-olds. b) 14-year-olds enjoy reading more than do 10-year-olds. c) 14-year-olds have acquired more advanced reading comprehension skills than have 10-year-olds. d) 10-year-olds rely on phonological recoding more than do 14-year-olds.

c) 14-year-olds have acquired more advanced reading comprehension skills than have 10-year-olds.

At approximately what age do children begin to stereotype characteristics according to gender? a) 3 years b) 9 years c) 5 years d) 7 years

c) 5 years

Research shows that, on average, infants begin perceiving casual connections among some physical events by _____ months. a) 12 b) 18 c) 6 d) 15

c) 6

Alex is the child of two lesbian mothers, Sarah and Jane. What might we predict about Alex's outcome? a) Alex's relationship with peers will be worse than will that of children of heterosexual parents. b) Alex is more likely to be homosexual than are children of heterosexual parents. c) Alex's romantic involvements and sexual behavior will be the same as those of children of heterosexual parents. d) Alex's behavior will be more gender-typed as "girly" than will that of children of heterosexual parents.

c) Alex's romantic involvements and sexual behavior will be the same as those of children of heterosexual parents.

Which factor is NOT a biological explanation for why Jonah is more prosocial than is Jack? a) their genes b) their temperament and social cognitions c) evolutionary adaptation d) their levels of oxytocin

c) evolutionary adaptation

Which statement BEST describes poverty's effect on intelligence and achievement? a) Poverty has been shown to have a negligible effect on intelligence and achievement. b) Children raised in poverty face insurmountable barriers to achievement and growth in intelligence. c) Children from wealthier homes tend to score higher on IQ and achievement tests than do children from poorer homes. d) Poverty plays a role in intelligence and achievement, but not in the developed world.

c) Children from wealthier homes tend to score higher on IQ and achievement tests than do children from poorer homes.

_____ intelligence increases steadily from early in life to old age; whereas _____ intelligence peaks around age 20 and slowly declines thereafter. a) Fluid; crystallized b) General; fluid c) Crystallized; fluid d) Crystallized; general

c) Crystallized; fluid

Which statement is TRUE regarding children's exposure to pornography on television and the Internet? a) On average, American children first encounter pornography on the Web at age 7. b) Exposure to pornography in childhood significantly increases one's chances of becoming a pedophile as an adult. c) Exposure to pornography can make children and teens more accepting of premarital and extramarital sex. d) On average, American children first encounter pornography on the Web at age 18.

c) Exposure to pornography can make children and teens more accepting of premarital and extramarital sex.

Which statement is NOT true regarding infants' observational learning? a) Six- to 9-month-olds will imitate novel actions up to 24 hours after first seeing them demonstrated. b) Fourteen-month-olds will imitate novel actions up to 1 week after first seeing them demonstrated. c) Infants are never flexible when it comes to imitation; they always imitate the exact (even unusual) actions of human actors. d) Infants will typically imitate the intended behaviors of humans but not those of inanimate objects.

c) Infants are never flexible when it comes to imitation; they always imitate the exact (even unusual) actions of human actors.

Which statement does NOT describe a characteristic of infant-directed speech? a) It is accompanied by exaggerated facial expressions. b) It has a "sweet," high-pitched musical quality. c) It is found in all human cultures in the world. d) It involves extreme changes in intonation.

c) It is found in all human cultures in the world.

Who is demonstrating a social convention? a) Luca, who puts human rights above everything else b) Nick, who knows killing is wrong c) James, who says, "Thank you" after someone gives him a gift d) Luna, who knows stealing is wrong

c) James, who says, "Thank you" after someone gives him a gift

Michael believes that children should learn through exploration, and not receive explicit instruction until about age 12 when they can make their own judgments about what they are told. His views are MOST similar to: a) Aristotle. b) John Locke. c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau. d) Plato.

c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

In what country did a program designed to assist deaf students lead to the creation of a totally new form of sign language that became a formalized communication system? a) Guatemala b) Bolivia c) Nicaragua d) Columbia

c) Nicaragua

Sonya is beginning to babble. Based on this simple piece of information, which statement is NOT true? a) Sonya is babbling in a limited range of sounds found in her language and other languages. b) Sonya's babbles are made up of a repeated sequence consisting of a consonant followed by a vowel. c) Sonya is using the babbles as rudimentary holophrases. d) Sonya is around 7 months of age.

c) Sonya is using the babbles as rudimentary holophrases.

Which lesson CANNOT be drawn from the Abecedarian Project? a) There is a benefit to starting interventions early and continuing them for long periods of time. b) There is a need for caregivers to interact with infants in positive, responsive ways. c) There is a benefit of early intervention for boys but not for girls. d) Gains produced by successful early-intervention programs are likely due to improvements in children's self-control and perseverance (in addition to any changes in IQ).

c) There is a benefit of early intervention for boys but not for girls.

3. When Jesse, a small child, sees a black and white spotted animal toy, he calls it a "cow" despite its floppy ears and upturned tail. His mother tells him it is a "dog." He now realizes that ears and tails are more important than color when distinguishing between animals. His new realization is an example of: a) assimilation and accommodation. b) equilibration. c) accommodation. d) assimilation.

c) accommodation.

Which example illustrates a category hierarchy that moves from the superordinate to the basic to the subordinate level? a) author, books, Stephen King b) flower, red, rose c) animal, dog, husky d) Britney Spears, famous people, singers

c) animal, dog, husky

Which method is NOT used to calculate peer acceptance? a) asking children to nominate whom they like the most and least b) asking children to nominate with whom they like to play c) asking children to write down their best friend's name d) asking children to rate how much they like or dislike their classmates

c) asking children to write down their best friend's name

Which type of aggression INCREASES in popular youth across adolescence? a) physical aggression b) relational aggression c) both relational and physical aggression d) Neither type of aggression increases.

c) both relational and physical aggression

Working memory is limited in: a) recall b) duration. c) capacity and duration. d) capacity.

c) capacity and duration.

Which of the theories of cognitive development does NOT address, as a major focus, how change occurs? a) information-processing theories b) sociocultural theories c) dynamic-systems theories d) core-knowledge theories

c) dynamic-systems theories

Which perspective on development focuses on how basic actions, such as crawling, walking, reaching, and grasping, can yield insights? a) Piagetian theory b) information-processing theories c) dynamic-systems theories d) core-knowledge theories

c) dynamic-systems theories

In contrast with Baillargeon's findings on infants' understanding of object permanence, Piaget thought that infants': a) would only be able to mentally represent humans and animals but not inanimate objects. b) would only be able to mentally represent familiar objects such as a favorite toy. c) failure to search for a hidden object indicated that infants did not have object permanence. d) failure to search for a hidden object indicated that infants did not have highly developed motor skills.

c) failure to search for a hidden object indicated that infants did not have object permanence.

Which sequence lists the CORRECT order of appearance from the earliest to the latest? a) gender identity, gender constancy, gender stability b) gender stability, gender identity, gender constancy c) gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy d) gender constancy, gender identity, gender stability

c) gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

Kim, a child who is exposed to harsh physical punishments, is likely to: a) expect that aggressive behavior will result in negative outcomes. b) share her mistrust of her parents with siblings or friends. c) imitate the aggressions of her parents. d) assume others have innocent intentions.

c) imitate the aggressions of her parents.

Xavier, a core-knowledge theorist, believes that children enter the world with specialized learning mechanisms, or _____, that allow them to quickly and effortlessly acquire information of evolutionary importance. a) scaffolds b) equilibrated concepts c) mental structures d) encodings

c) mental structures

In Mexican American families, older siblings who embraced the value of "familism," which emphasizes interdependence, mutual support, and loyalty among family members, were: a) at increased risk for depressive symptoms, regardless of whether their parents showed preferential treatment of younger siblings. b) less likely than other teenagers to justify their parents' preferential treatment of younger siblings. c) not at risk of higher levels of depressive symptoms based on their parents' preferential treatment of younger siblings. d) not at risk of higher levels of depressive symptoms if their parents treated all children in the family equally.

c) not at risk of higher levels of depressive symptoms based on their parents' preferential treatment of younger siblings.

Maria, an adolescent girl whose family has strong Mexican American traditional values, is likely to have parents who: a) value athletic ability more than academics. b) allow her to make more social choices than her brother. c) place many restrictions on her contact with peers. d) do not value her role in the family.

c) place many restrictions on her contact with peers.

Which maternal factor is NOT one that can affect the fetus during prenatal development? a) stress b) age c) sleep/wake cycles d) nutritional status

c) sleep/wake cycles

When Jon is aggressive toward another child at school, his mother believes it is because of the situation, not because it is Jon's nature. Jon is MOST likely: a) the youngest in a large family. b) living with his father. c) socially competent. d) rejected by his peers.

c) socially competent.

Which type of study is a mainstay of behavior-genetics research? a) the case study b) the longitudinal study c) the family study d) the canonical correlation

c) the family study

Which brain area takes a particularly long time to mature? a) the temporal lobe b) the cerebellum c) the prefrontal cortex d) the parietal lobe

c) the prefrontal cortex

Babies who grow up in African tribes that strongly encourage infants' motor development tend to walk and reach other motor milestones earlier than do infants in the United States. This example illustrates the effect of _____ on development. a) historical change b) discontinuity c) the sociocultural context d) change mechanisms

c) the sociocultural context

Which factor is NOT an age-related pattern of change in the development of emotion regulation? a) the transition from infants relying almost totally on other people to being increasingly able to self-regulate during early childhood b) the increasing use of cognitive strategies and problem solving to control negative emotions c) the transition from toddlers' expression of negative emotions to adolescent depression d) the increasing use and selection of appropriate, effective regulating strategies

c) the transition from toddlers' expression of negative emotions to adolescent depression

Crossing over occurs when: a) a mutation in a germ cell is passed on to offspring. b) the 23 pairs of chromosomes are shuffled randomly. c) two members of a pair of chromosomes swap sections of DNA. d) a male embryo develops female characteristics.

c) two members of a pair of chromosomes swap sections of DNA.

Sam's classmate walks by and accidentally bumps into his table, scattering the puzzle pieces he is working on. Sam quickly assumes that his classmate did it on purpose, suggesting that Sam has a(n): a) inability to take another's perspective. b) mastery orientation. c) helpless orientation. d) hostile attributional bias.

d) hostile attributional bias.

Mia and Robin are good friends. Their friendship is based on sharing feelings and experiences and giving honest feedback to each other. How old are these two girls? a) 7 years old b) 9 years old c) 4 years old d) 15 years old

d) 15 years old

Which statement regarding vision is FALSE? a) Research has focused more on vision than on the other senses. b) Research has focused on vision because of its fundamental importance to humans. c) Approximately 90% of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing. d) Approximately 50% of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing.

d) Approximately 50% of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing.

Which statement BEST characterizes Piaget's view of children's learning? a) Children learn because natural selection has programmed them to do so. b) Children learn to compete with their siblings for attention from their mother. c) Children learn because their parents teach them to value school. d) Children are intrinsically motivated to learn.

d) Children are intrinsically motivated to learn.

What is the main finding of Hart and Risley's (1995) study on the effect of socioeconomic status on children's linguistic experiences? a) There is no effect of socioeconomic status on the number of words children hear per hour. b) Children from professional families and working-class families hear the same number of words per hour, whereas children whose parents are on welfare hear significantly fewer words. c) An average child hears about 45 million words annually, regardless of socioeconomic status. d) Children from professional families hear approximately three times as many words as do children whose parents are on welfare and two times as many as do children whose parents are working class.

d) Children from professional families hear approximately three times as many words as do children whose parents are on welfare and two times as many as do children whose parents are working class.

Which critique is common of group-care settings? a) Children in childcare may learn to talk later than do children who are cared for at home. b) Children may have physically abusive educators. c) Children in childcare may have lower stress levels than do children who are cared for at home. d) Children may learn negative behaviors such as aggression from their peers.

d) Children may learn negative behaviors such as aggression from their peers.

The fact that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart demonstrated musical genius as a child but was unexceptional in many other ways supports: a) Stanford-Binet test methods. b) the Flynn Effect. c) Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence. d) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

d) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

Which statement is NOT accurate concerning the treatment of the sexes in the media? a) Male characters on television tend to be older and in more powerful roles. b) Gender stereotyping is present in children's books. c) The most popular video games predominantly feature male main characters. d) Gender stereotyping on television has decreased over the past three decades.

d) Gender stereotyping on television has decreased over the past three decades.

Which statement is MOST true of Marshall's, a young child, development of conscience? a) He will internalize his parents' values as long as he is their genetic offspring. b) He will internalize his parents' values based purely on experience, not on genetics. c) His internalization of his parents' values will be the same as that of his siblings. d) His internalization of his parents' values will be based both on his experience and his temperament.

d) His internalization of his parents' values will be based both on his experience and his temperament.

Which statement is TRUE about gender identification? a) Parents can easily influence children's gender identification through socialization. b) Psychologists agree that children with discrepant gender identities should be classified as having a psychiatric disorder called gender dysphoria disorder. c) Gender identity frequently fluctuates in very young children. d) Identifying with a gender other than one's genetic sex usually develops very early in development.

d) Identifying with a gender other than one's genetic sex usually develops very early in development.

Which statement is TRUE about infants' sleep? a) Infants sleep five times as much as young adults do. b) REM sleep constitutes a full 50% of a newborn's sleep. c) Infants spend more time in REM sleep when they have had extra visual stimulation. d) Infants can learn speech sounds while sleeping.

d) Infants can learn speech sounds while sleeping.

Kate and Ryan both went to a 4-year college, but Kate's IQ was in the top 20%, whereas Ryan's IQ was in the bottom 20%. What would be expected, based on previous research, regarding their weekly salary wages? a) Ryan will have higher wages than will Kate due to gender differences. b) Kate's wages will be higher than will Ryan's because she went to an Ivy League college. c) Kate and Ryan will have the same wages due to similar education levels. d) Kate's wages will be higher than will Ryan's.

d) Kate's wages will be higher than will Ryan's.

Concerning parental influence on children's achievement, which statement is FALSE? a) Teachers, and not parents, have a profound influence on children's academic accomplishments. b) Many parents accept stereotypes about boys' and girls' interest in and aptitude for various academic subjects. c) Mothers tend to have higher rates of verbal interaction with daughters than with sons. d) Parents' beliefs about their children's academic potential are based primarily on their children's achievement.

d) Parents' beliefs about their children's academic potential are based primarily on their children's achievement.

Which statement BEST describes Vygotsky and Piaget's relationship? a) Piaget and Vygotsky were contemporaries who often disagreed with one another. b) Piaget based his theories on Vygotsky's. c) Piaget and Vygotsky worked together often. d) Piaget and Vygotsky were contemporaries but did not collaborate.

d) Piaget and Vygotsky were contemporaries but did not collaborate.

Which statement does NOT accurately portray a cultural influence in school-aged children? a) Rural Mexican children are more likely to share than are urban Mexican children. b) Rural Mexican children are more likely to share than are U.S. children. c) Japanese preschoolers express less anger than do U.S. preschoolers. d) Scolding is associated with negative outcomes in the general U.S. population but not in Chinese American children.

d) Scolding is associated with negative outcomes in the general U.S. population but not in Chinese American children.

Which statement CORRECTLY matches theorists with their beliefs about the continuity of development? a) Both social learning theorists and stage theorists believe that development is discontinuous. b) Both social learning theorists and stage theorists believe that development is continuous. c) Social learning theorists believe that development is discontinuous, while stage theorists believe that it is continuous. d) Social learning theorists believe that development is continuous, while stage theorists believe that it is discontinuous.

d) Social learning theorists believe that development is continuous, while stage theorists believe that it is discontinuous.

Which treatment is MOST effective for ADHD? a) Ritalin and other stimulant drugs b) behavioral therapy c) increased parental supervision d) a combination of drugs and therapy

d) a combination of drugs and therapy

Core-knowledge theories depict children as _____ learners. a) scaffolded b) delayed c) passive d) active

d) active

Juan is able to adjust his behavior in recognition of the needs and desires of others. Which temperament dimension is Juan MOST likely displaying? a) persistence b) inhibition c) activity level d) adaptability

d) adaptability

Which of the abilities described in Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence is related to traditional assessments of intelligence? a) practical ability b) creative ability c) fluid ability d) analytic ability

d) analytic ability

Tyler, age 6, has played an active role in his development since: a) elementary school. b) birth. c) adolescence. d) before birth.

d) before birth.

A key factor in developing empathy and sympathy is: a) having a hedonistic orientation. b) having an instrumental orientation. c) having a punishment-avoidance orientation. d) being able to see another's perspective.

d) being able to see another's perspective.

Spermarche refers to the: a) growth of the testes. b) onset of menstruation. c) onset of puberty. d) capacity for ejaculation.

d) capacity for ejaculation.

The parietal and temporal lobes are part of the: a) brain stem. b) prefrontal cortex. c) frontal lobe. d) cerebral cortex.

d) cerebral cortex.

When Tommy is teased by his peers, he takes a moment to rethink the situation and downplay the teasing by telling himself those peers aren't worth getting upset over. What does this example illustrate? a) physiological intervention to control negative emotion b) pharmacological assistance to control negative emotion c) behavioral strategies to control negative emotion d) cognitive strategies to control negative emotion

d) cognitive strategies to control negative emotion

In contrast to Piaget or Erikson, learning theorists believe in _____, suggesting that there are no qualitatively different stages in development. a) individual differences b) resilience c) repression d) continuity

d) continuity

Which factor is NOT one identified by Scarr (1992) as leading children from a single family to develop differently? a) differences in reactions to similar experiences b) different choices of environments c) differences in treatment by parents and others d) differences in IQ

d) differences in IQ

Fetal breathing begins as early as 10 weeks after conception. This action: a) exercises the lungs to promote respiratory readiness. b) is initially infrequent and irregular. c) causes amniotic fluid to be drawn into the lungs. d) encompasses all of the actions listed.

d) encompasses all of the actions listed.

Some people develop a major depressive episode as a result of genetics. Others can end up with the same psychological struggles as a result of a major life issue, while still others may be affected by teratogens before they are born. The fact that there are many paths to this same destination demonstrates the concept of: a) diathesis-stress. b) etiology. c) multifinality. d) equifinality.

d) equifinality.

Which factor that is known to have an adverse effect on prenatal development is NOT associated with poverty? a) cigarette smoking b) exposure to environmental and occupational hazards c) poor nutrition d) greater likelihood of seeing psychotherapy services

d) greater likelihood of seeing psychotherapy services

Which factor is NOT responsible for the increasing rate of cesarean sections in the United States? a) scheduling convenience for the physician and/or parents b) increased rate of multiple births c) attempts to decrease malpractice lawsuits that arise from complicated vaginal births d) mothers being afraid of the pain of a vaginal birth.

d) mothers being afraid of the pain of a vaginal birth.

When they were young, Byron and Zachariah were both raised by a father who had serious struggles with alcoholism. Twenty years later, Byron has a serious alcohol problem, while Zachariah never touches a drop. The fact that similar paths can lead to different destinations demonstrates the concept of: a) equifinality. b) diathesis-stress. c) etiology. d) multifinality.

d) multifinality.

Which factor is NOT important to the achievement of depth perception? a) optical expansion b) stereopsis c) binocular disparity d) object segregation

d) object segregation

Elementary units of meaningful sounds that are used to produce languages are called: a) morphemes. b) semantics. c) syntax. d) phonemes.

d) phonemes.

Simone, a 14-year-old girl, probably has: a) reached her full adult height and weight. b) proportionally less muscle and more fat than she had when she was a baby. c) already started menstruating as a result of increased body fat proportion. d) proportionally less muscle and less fat than 14-year-old boys in her class.

d) proportionally less muscle and less fat than 14-year-old boys in her class.

Children who are _____ tend to show more positive emotions and less social anxiety and anger than do children who are _____. a) insecurely attached; securely attached b) slow-to-warm-up; easy c) difficult; slow-to-warm-up d) securely attached; insecurely attached

d) securely attached; insecurely attached

Around 4 months of age, infants develop _____, the process by which the visual cortex combines differing neural signals, resulting in depth perception. On average, infants 7 months of age become sensitive to _____ depth cues, which can be perceived by one eye alone. a) monocular; stereopsis b) object segregation; pictorial c) stereopsis; object segregation d) stereopsis; monocular

d) stereopsis; monocular

The MOST sensitive or critical period of prenatal development is: a) the fetal period. b) the zygotic period. c) conception. d) the embryonic period.

d) the embryonic period.

In Bowlby's attachment theory, the secure base refers to: a) the evolutionary roots of how children become attached to caregivers. b) a special setting developed for needy, dependent infants. c) a comfortable and safe home setting. d) the haven of safety a caretaker provides that allows a child to explore the environment.

d) the haven of safety a caretaker provides that allows a child to explore the environment.

In one study, when prevented from seeing their mother's face, 12-month-olds relied on _____ to determine whether or not to approach or avoid a novel toy. a) musical cues provided by the experimenter b) signals their mother provided with her hands c) their mother's joyful or fearful body movements d) the tone of their mother's voice expressing fearful or neutral sounds

d) the tone of their mother's voice expressing fearful or neutral sounds

Jameson takes a number of IQ tests throughout his development. Which pair of IQ tests will likely be the MOST similar? a) those taken at ages 10 and 14 b) those taken at ages 5 and 15 c) those taken at ages 3 and 13 d) those taken at ages 8 and 18

d) those taken at ages 8 and 18