Psych Chap 14

Punishment

any action that discourages the reoccurrence of the response that it follows - parents may forbid their children from watching television when they do poorly in school - may make kids go to sleep early for neglecting their chores

Reinforcement

any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows - parents may use praise to reinforce - parents also may use rewards as reinforcement

Maltreatment Statistics

- 1 in 12 children maltreated - Most common types of Maltreatment: neglect (64%) physical abuse (16%) sexual abuse (9%) Psychological Abuse (7%) -48% is boys, 52% is girls - birth-1yr 24/1000 are victims - 1-7 yrs 14/1000 are victims African american people have most maltreatment - 20/1000

Birth Order Stereotypes: Only Children

Viewed as independent and self-centered

Birth Order Stereotypes: First Borns

Viewed as intelligent, obedient, secure, and responsible

ego-resilience

a factor that protects children is their ego-resilience, which denotes children's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations

*Role of Grandparents-passive gp

caught up in their grandchildren's development but not with the intensity of influential or supportive grandparents; they do not assume parental roles

Authoritative Parenting (6)

combines a fair degree of parental control with warmth and responsivity to children -parents explain the rules, encourage discussion -parents explain why they are setting a rule From class -expects mature behavior, appropriate for child's age -rules are clearly communicated -firm enforcement of rules -considers child's opinions and wishes -confronts disobedience, shows displeasure -warm, involved, responsive

Birth Order Stereotypes: Last Borns

Believed to be most creative, emotional, disobedient, talkative, and least responsible

Authoritarian Parenting (6)

Combines high control with little warmth -what parents say --> goes -parents dont consider child's needs or wishes from class -views child as dominated by uncontrolled, antisocial impulses -rules not clearly communicated -rigid enforcement of rules -doesn't consider child's opinions or wishes -harsh punitive discipline -low in warmth and positive involvement

*Role of Grandparents- authority-oriented gp

provide discipline for their grandchildren but otherwise are not particularly active in their grandkid's lives

Uninvolved Parenting (5)

provides neither warmth nor control -parents provide for children's basic physical and emotional needs, but little else -parents minimize time spent with children from class -another parenting style added on later by Maccoby and Marin (1983) -parents provide for basic physical and emotional needs of child -minimize amount of time spent with children -don't become very emotionally involved with their children -low in warmth and positive involvement

*Role of Grandparents-supportive gp

similar to influential grandparents-close and involved with grandchildren-but do not take on parental roles

General Characteristics of Perpetrators

suffer mental illness, live under stress, prefer physical discipline, unrealistic expectations, little positive emotions, limited problem solving abilities

Direct instruction

telling a child what to do, when, and why

Birth Order Stereotypes: Middle Children

tend to be viewed as ambitious, caring, friendly, and thoughtful

blended family

the resulting unit of divorce, consisting of a biological parent, stepparent, and children - more commonly stepfather than stepmother

*Role of Grandparents- detached gp

uninvolved with their grandchildren

*Role of Grandparents-influential gp

very close to their grandchildren, are very involved in their lives, frequently perform parental roles (discipline)

negative reinforcement trap

when parents unwittingly reinforce a behavior that they want to discourage -commonly occurs in three steps -Example 1. mother wants kid to clean up his room 2. kid incessantly complains and whines 3. mother gives in to the whining and complaining, and says kid doesn't need to clean room --> kid whines every time mom wants kid to clean room

Children of uninvolved parents

- often do poorly in school and are aggressive from class -more likely to have a variety of behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence

*Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents

- there is no indication that homosexual parents are less effective parents than heterosexual parents ->children seem to develop the same as if raised by hetero parents -- gay men may be especially responsive to children's needs, perhaps because their self-concepts include emotional sensitivity that is traditionally associated with the female gender role

causes of maltreatment: children's contributions

- young children are more likely to be abused because they cannot regulate their behavior - ill children are more likely to be abused because their behavior while ill is often aversive - stepchildren are more likely to be abused because stepparents are less invested in their stepchildren

Attributes that increase likelihood of maltreatment

-Children who respond to discipline with defiance or ignore the adult -babies who are unresponsive, irritable, or hyperactive -children who are unattractive -children who appear older than they are -children of single parents -children living in poverty -disabled children are 54% more likely to be maltreated

Parenting Facts

-During childhood the control of behavior gradually shifts from parent to child -middle childhood brings co-regulation -the shift to co-regulation impacts discipline -parents of school-age kids use more inductive discipline techniques -parents begin to let kids know the consequences of their actions -conflict resolution skills get developed

Parenting and Birth Order

-Parents react differently toward first and later borns -They reinforce the stereotypes -parents have more social, affectionate, and more caretaking interactions with first borns -First borns have more exposure to adult models, expectations, and pressures

Definition of child abuse and neglect

-any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, exploitation - any act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm

Children of Authoritative parenting (6)

-authoritative parenting tends to be the best for most children -children tend to be responsible, self-reliant, friendly, and have higher grades from class - self-controlled -friendly -cooperative with adults -copes well with stress -energetic -achievement oriented

Causes of Maltreatment: Culture and community

-cultural views of maltreatment may contribute to a child's maltreatment -- ex. in Sweden and Israel, spanking is illegal and children can report parents to the police Community -children are more at risk of maltreatment when living in poverty -> money causes stress -military families are linked with maltreatment-> it may be rooted from stress stemming from concern over the absent parent and temporary single parenthood -social isolation --abuse is more likely when families are socially isolated from other relatives or neighbors-> isolation deprives children from adults who could protect them

Birth Order: First borns are more likely than later borns to:

-have elaborate birth ceremonies -become a name sake - inherit privileges/rank -have control of family property

Late Adolescents who still live at home are:

-less close to their parents -have more negative interactions with their parents

Children of Permissive parents (6)

-often impulsive and have little self-control From Class -lack self-control -aggressive -non-compliant to adults -quick to anger, but fast to recover cheerful mood -domineering -aimless (not focused in class)

Children of Authoritarian parenting (6)

-often unhappy, have low self-esteem, frequently are overly aggressive From Class -passive-aggressive -conflicted-irritable -moody and unhappy -vulnerable to stress -easily annoyed -aimless

Causes of Maltreatment: Parents

-parents who maltreat their children were often maltreated themselves. (about 1/3) -parents who maltreat their children often use ineffective parenting techniques, have unrealistic expectations for their children, and often believe they are powerless to control their children -in families where abuse occurs, the couple's interactions are often unpredictable, unsupportive, and unsatisfying for both husbands and wives

Siblings relationships

-sibling conflict often increases dramatically after the younger child reaches 18 months -constructive conflict with siblings is helpful to social development -sibling relationships provide a measuring stich for self-efficacy -older siblings initiates more behavior between them and their younger siblings -same sex siblings are closer and play together more peacefully -quality of sibling relationships carries over to peers

Birth Order: First borns make up a higher percentage of:

-students in graduate/professional school -national merit and rhodes scholars -nobel prize winners -U.S. Presidents -Supreme Court Members -Members of congress -astronauts

Children who live in poverty

-tend to become depressed -develop trouble getting along with peers -less stable in school attendance -lack self-confidence -develop behavioral and academic problems

Only Children

-tend to score higher on IQ tests, and surpass kids with siblings in occupational/educational achievement -tend to be more mature, more motivated to achieve -tend to hace higher self-esteem -may not differ in overall adjustment or sociability

Problems with parenting style

-too global -moms and dads may have different parenting styles -it ignores the influences of the child on parents

*Role of Grandparents- general facts

1. GP's can act as surrogate parents - 1 in 10 african american children live with GP, 1 in 25 Euro-american children live with GP 2. GP's tend to pass on intergenerational transmission of parental attitudes and practices

* Impact of divorce on children

1. research reveals that in school achievement, conduct, adjustment, self-concept, and parent child-relations, fared poorly compared to children form intact families 2. effects of divorce on children often remain during adulthood - children more likely to experience conflict in their own marriages 3. children of divorce are often more well off when living with same-sex parent -ex. for boys negative reinforcement trap occurs more when boy lives with mother rather than father 4. Children have often have lost the consistent interaction with one parent as a role model 5. Single parents may have to prioritize children in certain events -ex. a single parent may have to miss one of their child's performances because another child needs help on their test the next day. - children may negatively view parent missing out on their event

Dimensions of parenting

1.Degree of warmth and responsiveness parent shows to child 2. amount of control parent tries to have over child

Adolescent and Parent Conflict

Most conflict is about day-to-day things (chores, schoolwork, money, curfews, etc) -the level of family discord depends on adolescents' personalities and parents treatment of them -conflict declines during adolescents in warm, supportive families -conflict increases during adolescents in hostile, coercive, or critical families

Permissive Parenting (6)

Offers warmth and caring but little parental control. -parents generally accept children's behavior -punish rarely -parents tend to do what the child wants from class -few demands for mature behavior -rules not clearly communicated -rules not enforced -glorifies free expression of impulses and desires -hides anger, displeasure, and annoyance -moderate warmth

counterimitation

learning what should not be done - through observational learning