Psych chapter 6

Ivan Pavlov

a Russian scientist who performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

higher-order conditioning

also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

unconditioned (unlearned) responses, or reflexes, and conditioned (learned) responses

an organism has two types of responses to its environment

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

positive

means you are adding something

Reinforcement

means you are increasing a behavior

negative

means you are taking something away

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

imitative learning involves what specific type of neuron?

mirror neuron

unconditioned response

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

fixed interval

reinforcement schedule behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Punishment

Means you are decreasing a behavior

Edward Thorndike

Who is the founder of the law of effect law

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

steps in the process of modeling

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

the quickest way to teach someone a behavior?

continuous reinforcement

Albert Bandura

creator of the idea of observational learning

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Classical conditioning

organisms learn to associate events or stimuli that repeatedly happen together

operant conditioning

organisms learn, again, to associate events—a behavior and its consequence

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change