Psych chapter 6
Ivan Pavlov
a Russian scientist who performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
higher-order conditioning
also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
unconditioned (unlearned) responses, or reflexes, and conditioned (learned) responses
an organism has two types of responses to its environment
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
law of effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
positive
means you are adding something
Reinforcement
means you are increasing a behavior
negative
means you are taking something away
cognitive map
mental picture of the layout of the environment
imitative learning involves what specific type of neuron?
mirror neuron
unconditioned response
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
continuous reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some of the time
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious reinforcement
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
fixed interval
reinforcement schedule behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
Punishment
Means you are decreasing a behavior
Edward Thorndike
Who is the founder of the law of effect law
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
steps in the process of modeling
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
the quickest way to teach someone a behavior?
continuous reinforcement
Albert Bandura
creator of the idea of observational learning
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
Classical conditioning
organisms learn to associate events or stimuli that repeatedly happen together
operant conditioning
organisms learn, again, to associate events—a behavior and its consequence
acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
model
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change