Psych Chapter 7: Principles of Learning

Each desired action must be reinforced to shape an animal's behavior

In what way is reinforcement used in shaping?

Generalization

A behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one

Observational learning

A form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others

Chaining

Reinforcing the connection between different parts of a sequence

Because of what we learn from all the operations we make over the years

According to B.F. Skinner, why do we perform certain behaviors?

Cognitive maps and strategies

According to the cognitive approach, what two techniques do people use to learn or solve problems?

Conditioned stimulus

After learning has taken place, what automatically and involuntarily produces a conditioned response?

Social learning

All learning which occurs in a social situation

Classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov's method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

Continuous reinforcement

Each time a behavior occurs, reinforcement is given

Operant Conditioning

Conditioning that results from one's actions and the consequences they cause

Reinforcement given after desired act is performed following a fixed amount of time

Describe fixed interval.

Reinforcement given after desired act is performed a fixed number of times

Describe fixed ratio.

Reinforcement given after desired act is performed following a variable amount of time

Describe variable interval.

Reinforcement given after desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times

Describe variable ratio.

Schedules of reinforcement

Different methods of reinforcing

A baby calling all men "dada"

Give an example of generalization.

It strengthens our tendency to respond a certain way

How do reinforcements affect behavior?

Classical and operant conditioning basically ignored the individual while Bandura focused on the individual, saying that we are able to analyze events and make decisions before a response is given

How does Albert Bandura's theory of social learning differ from classical and operant conditioning?

It weakens a response by following it with something unpleasant

How does punishment affect behavior?

The higher the reinforcement value, the more likely a person is to behave a certain way

How does reinforcement value affect our behavior?

Cognitive focuses on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge, we can learn things in other ways than conditioning

How does the cognitive approach differ from classical and operant conditioning?

Continuous is given each time a behavior occurs, partial is not

How is continuous reinforcement different that partial reinforcement?

Generalization is when a behavior spreads from one situation to a similar one, discrimination learning is learning how to tell the difference between one event/object and another

How is generalization different that discrimination learning?

Latent learning is not obvious but goes on under the surface, subconsciously

How is latent learning different from the kinds of active learning that are achieved when we are trying to achieve a goal?

Remove, avoid, or delay reinforcement; find new behavior to receive the reinforcement; narrow/avoid stimuli that precede the bad habit; break the chain; monitor the bad habit

What are five methods for distinguishing bad habits?

Variable ratio, fixed ratio, variable interval, fixed interval

What are the four schedules of reinforcement?

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, and cognitive approach

What are the four types of learning?

Stimulus generalization, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

What are three variations with classical conditioning?

Unconditioned stimulus

What automatically and involuntarily produces an unconditioned response?

He learned that conditioning of emotions to neutral objects is possible and a conditioned emotion can generalize to other objects with similar characteristics.

What conclusions did Watson draw from the experiments with Little Albert?

The inner person

What did Albert Bandura focus on?

Cognitive maps and strategies

What did E.C. Tolman discover?

To be scared when he saw a white rabbit

What did John B. Watson teach Little Albert?

Associating something pleasant with a feared object can reduce or stop phobias

What did Mary Cover Jones discover?

Aggression by imitation (social learning)

What did the Bobo doll experiment study?

The forgotten response from extinction is recovered without anyone doing anything

What happens when spontaneous recovery occurs?

Reinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequence

What is chaining?

Learning by association; associating two things together

What is conditioning?

No free will

What is one criticism of behavioralism?

Salivation

What is the CR of Pavlov's experiment?

Cry

What is the CR of Watson's experiment?

Salivation

What is the CR of the class's experiment?

Bell

What is the CS of Pavlov's experiment?

Rat

What is the CS of Watson's experiment?

Sean

What is the CS of the class's experiment?

Salivation

What is the UCR of Pavlov's experiment?

Cry

What is the UCR of Watson's experiment?

Salivation

What is the UCR of the class's experiment?

Food

What is the UCS of Pavlov's experiment?

Clap

What is the UCS of Watson's experiment?

Fun Dip

What is the UCS of the class's experiment?

Primary is unlearned and necessary for survival, secondary is anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer?

Operant conditioning is voluntary, classical is involuntary

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Positive involves reinforcing by following a response with the addition of something pleasant. Negative involves reinforcing by following a response with the removal of something unpleasant

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Primary reinforcement

Something necessary for psychological/physical survival that is used as a reward

Reinforcement

Something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response

Negative reinforcement

Strengthening a response by following it with the taking away or avoiding of something unpleasant

Positive reinforcement

Strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant

Reinforcement value

The desirability of a specific reward to an individual

Punishment

The process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences

Fixed Ratio schedule

Reinforcement occurs after the desired act is performed a specific number of times

Variable interval schedule

Reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time if a desired act occurs

Expectancies

A person's beliefs about how well he or she will be able to do something

Spontaneous recovery

A previously extinct response begins to reoccur

Conditioned stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural (or unconditioned) stimulus

Response

A reaction to a stimulus

Fixed interval schedule

A reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of time has passed if the desired act occurs

Stimulus generalization

A response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original

Conditioned response

A response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning

Unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that automatically elicits a response

Cognitive apporach

A way of learning based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge

Unconditioned response

An automatic response to a particular natural stimulus

Shaping

The process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it

Secondary reinforcement

Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer, such as money bringing food

Stimulus

Anything that elicits a response

Making unavoidable physical associations

Define classical conditioning.

Relatively permanent change due to experience

Define learning.

Behavior that is learned (or avoided) as a result of its consequence; voluntary

Define operant conditioning.

Successively closer versions of a desired response are reinforced

Define shaping.

A stimulus

In classical conditioning, what causes some kind of reaction or response?

Latent learning

Learning that isn't obvious

Discrimination learning

Learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; the reverse of generalization

Conditioning

Making an association between two events by repeated exposure

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcement is not given each time an act is performed

Variable ratio schedule

Reinforcement occurs after a desired behavior occurs, but a different number of the desired acts is required each time

Extinction

The gradual loss of an association over time

Bell

What is the neutral stimulus of Pavlov's experiment?

Rat

What is the neutral stimulus of Watson's experiment?

Sean

What is the neutral stimulus of the class's experiment?

Classical conditioning of dog salivation

What study did Pavlov conduct?

Operant conditioning on a rat to press a bar for food

What study did Skinner conduct?

Classical condition of fear response

What study did Watson conduct?

Food put directly into the stomach didn't generate enough gastric juices for digestion; Even though no food was placed in the mouth, the dog salivated just at the sight of food; Sight of the experimenter who feed the dog caused it to salivate even if they were empty-handed

What three strange things helped to alter Pavlov's original research intentions?

To understand how the digestive system works

What were Ivan Pavlov's original research intentions?

Variable and fixed ratio

Which schedules of reinforcement are based on action?

Variable and fixed interval

Which schedules of reinforcement are based on time?

E.C. Tolman

Who was the psychologist for cognitive approach?

B.F. Skinner

Who was the psychologist for operant conditioning?

Albert Bandura

Who was the psychologist for social learning?

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Mary Cover Jones

Who were the psychologists for classical conditioning?