PSYCH EXAM TWO

Average life expectancy is calculated by taking the mean number of years that ____ percent of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive. \

50

Why might self-efficacy improve self-regulation?

A person with strong self-efficacy might become less distressed in the face of failure than someone with weak self-efficacy.

What group has one of the highest rates of specific phobias?

Adolescents

According to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style is marked by high expectations and control combined with high warmth and responsiveness.

Authoritative

How do attachment figures tend to differ from children to adults?

Children's primary attachment figures are usually parents; adults' primary attachment figures are usually a romantic partner.

When one has the sense that a desired goal is both valuable and attainable, ________ may be the result

Comittment

A person's willingness to stay in a relationship no matter what - to "stick it out" even in hard times" - is related to which component of love, according to Robert Sternberg?

Commitment

By the end of preschool, children develop a "moral self" where they think of themselves as people who want to do the right thing and feel bad after they, or another, misbehaves. What developmental feature is critical to this "moral self" that encourages children to act consistently with their internal standards of conduct?

Conscience

In the model of Robert Sternberg, what kind of love is marked by passion, commitment, and intimacy all at the same time?

Consummate love

In the study that Harry Harlow conducted examining the attachment patterns of macaque monkeys, which factor predicted the highest amount of attachment between a monkey and a surrogate "mother?"

Contact Comfort

This morning you awoke to the wonderful smell of cinnamon rolls cooking. Your roommate offers you one of these fresh baked delicacies, but you choose the healthier option of oatmeal and fruit. When you get to class, you see that one of your classmates brought in doughnuts to celebrate their birthday. Due to _________, you will have a harder time demonstrating restraint.

Ego-depletion

Howie hates his job at Fikshunal Co. He works long hours, is underappreciated, and has a rude boss. The only reason he continues to work at Fikshunal is because he needs the money and benefits he receives. This is an example of ________.

Extrinsic motivation

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages?

Formal Operational

Personality is shaped by ______________, which is the interaction of a child's temperament and the child's environment.

Goodness of fit

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

Growth

Andy's older brother had always hung out with members of the marching band when he was in high school. Therefore, Andy decided to insert himself in this group when he arrived at high school even though he had never tried out any other identities. Andy is experiencing

Identity Foreclosure

After early adulthood, the gap between subjective age and actual age generally _________.

Increases

_______ motivation stems from the inherent pleasure associated with pursuing a goal, such as having a fulfilling experience.

Intrinsic

James and Jimmy both desire to write professional, and both are quite competent writers. However, James often feels like he lacks the necessary skills to write well whereas Jimmy feels that when he wants to write, he can do so and do it well. What might you predict about James and Jimmy, based on the information provided?

Jimmy is more likely to achieve the goal of writing professionally.

Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. This security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons?

Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept.

The _______ effect refers to the idea that people like people, places, or things only because they are familiar with them and have regular contact with them.

Mere-exposure

Marco has always struggled in math. Now that he is an adolescent, he is able to determine when he needs extra help understanding a new concept. This thinking about his thinking is known as

Metacognition

In order to achieve a goal, a certain level of psychological driving force is need to enable action. What is this psychological driving force called?

Motivation

___ refers to one's biological endowment, including the genes that we receive from our parents.

Nature

When researchers invited business executives to a social mixer and tracked their interactions, what did they find?

People spent the most time with others who they already knew

An individual's sense that others are available, willing to help, and ready to take action when assistance is needed is called ________ support.

Percieved

What is the term for parents' manipulation of adolescents' emotional and cognitive world?

Psychological Control

Researchers have found that children who are classified as ________ in the strange situation task are more likely to have functioning relationships with peers and to be assessed favorably by teachers.

Secure

____ emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture, influence children's development.

Sociocultural theory

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:

They have a theory of mind.

Of the following research questions, which would probably be of the greatest interest to an industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologist? a. How does the behavior of dominant baboons serve as a leadership model for human behaviors at work? b. Under what circumstances will research participants conform to social norm created by research conferates? c. Does the "strange situation" experiment produce similar attachment styles in only-born children and children with older siblings? d. What employee compensation packages will reduce turnover in companies with fewer than 1000 workers?

What employee compensation packages will reduce turnover in companies with fewer than 1000 workers?

Recall tasks are easier for young adults compared to older adults. One explanation points to the fact that our ability to simultaneously store and use information becomes less efficient as we age. This is also known as our _________________.

Working memory

Self-efficacy is

a person's beliefs that s/he can do the task at hand.

Increased domain-specific self-efficacy has been linked to successful self-regulation. increased fitness. academic success. all of the above

all of the above

Intelligence is

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Intelligence is:

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Successful attachment in infancy is related to

better friendships. better emotional health. the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood (ALL)

The developmental dilemma

describes the problem that science can't speak to the purpose/goal of development

The spread of problem behaviors within groups of adolescents is known as ________.

deviant peer contagion

There is a normal decline in older adults that occurs in their performance on tasks which require them to use:

fluid intelligence

Suzie believes that her hard work is a sign of her intelligence and is directly related to her success. Mark believes that hard work is a sign that you aren't very smart (if you were smart, you'd be successful without effort). Suzy can be described as ________ whereas Mark can be described as _________.

having a growth mindset; having a fixed mindset.

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by:

how children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage

Erikson believed that individuals should strive to reach identity formation by the end of the adolescent period. This successful identity formation is most similar to what stage in Marcia's identity theory?

identity achievement

Verbal Persuasion

is most effective when it comes from a person with perceived authority.

In what important way is the development of social media, such as Facebook, important in its relationship to attachment relationships?

it allows people to stay connected despite physical distance between them

The _______ effect refers to the idea that people like people, places, or things only because they are familiar with them and have regular contact with them.

mere-exposure

Children's ____________ ___ in pre-K and Kindergarten is the strongest predictor of reading ability in third and fourth grade.

phonemic awareness

Bowlby's concept of an internal working model

suggests that we carry patterns from early relationships with caregivers into other relationships. implies that we have the capacity to change our style of attachment in relationship. is mostly unconscious to us (ALL)

Psychological science can tell us all of the following EXCEPT: how empathetic infants are. the extent to which culturally-endorsed outcomes have been achieved by an individual. whether we are born inherently good, bad, or neutral. how environmental conditions influence the likelihood of specific behavior

whether we are born inherently good, bad, or neutral.