psych final

form new memories for facts

After having his hippocampus removed, Henry Molaison could no longer ___________.

encoding

Although contemporary college students have undoubtedly seen the Apple logo many, many times, one study found that only 1 in 85 could draw it correctly (Blake et al., 2015). This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of:

Narcolepsy

Amir falls asleep suddenly when he is watching television, texting on his phone, or trying to type a paper. Amir would probably be diagnosed with:

GABA

An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Reliability

An intelligence test has a top score of 150. If a person takes this test three times within a week and receives scores of 100, 75, and 125, the test probably does NOT have:

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

overregularization

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

sensation;perception

Chad was just touched on his arm, which is a _____. For Chad to know if he was kissed or slapped, Chad needs a _____.

formal operational stage

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

postformal stage

Cognitive stage of development in which adults appear to be better at dealing with complex questions they may never fully answer

highest and most consistent rates of response.

Compared with other schedules of reinforcement, ratio schedules of reinforcement typically produce the:

artificial concepts

Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas.

bottom-up processing

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

critical thinking

Instead of blindly accepting arguments, _________ examines assumptions, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

memory misattribution

James was involved in a car accident 3 years ago. He recently saw a man he remembered being in the accident, but when he approached him, the man had no idea what James was talking about. It turned out that the man was working at a coffee shop which James had visited that day and was in no way involved in the car accident. James's confusion was the result of:

explicit

Jenny remembers her 25th birthday party vividly and recalls how her parents surprised her with a beautiful antique necklace. This is an example of a _____ memory.

heuristic

Jin has a basic idea of how to get his old car to start on cold mornings. Sometimes his mental shortcut works, and sometimes it doesn't. This is an example of a_____.

transduction

Joanna hears the local fire department's 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which her ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of:

disorganized

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

fixed-ratio

Kai works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes, he is given an additional 10% increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.

reflexes

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

linear perspective

Kieran perceives that a railroad track converges to a point way off in the distance because of the depth cue of

preconventional

Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking

motor neurons

LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass?

retroactive

Lamar attempts to change an online password. When he creates a new password, the site alerts him that he has used the password before. Lamar cannot recall using it in the past; he can only remember his more recent passwords. Lamar is experiencing _____ interference.

Timbre

Lanny has worked as a radio personality for the local professional baseball team for more than 20 years. Though he has gotten older, fans marvel at the fact that his "silky sweet voice" has remained almost unchanged. This quality to Lanny's "radio voice" is best described as its __________.

No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants.

Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga-ga-ga-ga" and "doh-doh-doh-doh-doh." Should she be worried?

psychologically dependent on drinking alcohol.

Lupe has decided to quit drinking. After 3 weeks, she has finally managed to get over the shakes and the feeling of nausea that came from quitting. Although these have subsided, she still has a desire to have a drink. This suggests that Lupe is:

devleopmental

Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial/organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should MOST strongly consider a course in _____ psychology.

semantic

Relating to the different meanings of words or other symbols

they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

linguistic

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

rods

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

mental set

Rosemary, a college professor, has not been able to give up her overhead projector and transparencies even though her classroom has equipment that will support computer-generated projected images. This might be an example of a

be physically dependent on drinking alcohol.

Samhira does not have her usual after-dinner martini, and she begins to shake and feel nauseous. These symptoms indicate that Samhira may:

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

somatic

When Nick reaches for his fork so that he can take a bite of his pasta, he can consciously do so because he is using his _____ nervous system.

underregularization

When children are too specific with their use of words or language skills. Ex. only calling their stuffed bear a "bear" when there are many bears (polar bears, panda bears etc)

morpheme

When speakers of English add ed to a verb to indicate past tense, they are applying a __________.

Fetal spectrum disorder

Susie's teacher reported that she is performing below the level of some of her peers. Susie was referred to a psychologist, who described Susie as "a youngster who has distinct physical features, including short eye openings, a flat midface, and a thin upper lip." The psychologist MOST likely diagnosed Susie with:

cones

Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Sydney is mainly using her photoreceptors known as:

analytical

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

tolerance

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ____

salience of surface similarities

Tendency to focus on the surface-level properties of a problem and to try to solve problems in the same way we solved others with similar surface characteristics

buildings with lots of corners

The Müller-Lyer illusion exists mostly in cultures in which there are ___________.

Thalamus

The _____ relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

pituitary

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

Cerebellum

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

dependant

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

Experimentation

The act of trying out a new procedure, idea, or activity.

latency

Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver.

avoiding speeding in an area where you received a ticket previously

Which example demonstrates that learning has occurred?

discovering that blue eyes are caused by a recessive gene

Which example does NOT illustrate a correlation?

functional fixedness

Using a wire coat hanger to unclog a stopped toilet or fish a hair plug out of a blocked drain demonstrates that you are not hindered by

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she

genotype;bb

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

inattentional blindness

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

They are all examples of applied psychology.

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

syntax

What is wrong in the following sentence? "Strong with the force he is."

Children begin to use language.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

signal detection theory

Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower a person's absolute threshold for sound as he subsequently tries to fall asleep?

chunking; rehearsal

With respect to short-term storage, _____ serves to increase the amount of information that may be stored, whereas _____ serves to increase how long it may be held

physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

heuristic

a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.

reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

behaviorist

a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment

survey method

a research method that involves gathering information from people through the use of surveys or questionnaires

case studies

a research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations

CT scan (computed tomography)

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

operational definition

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

curiosity

a strong desire to know or learn something

prefix

a syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

delayed reinforcement

a time delay between the desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward

pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

disorganized attachment

a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

humility

absence of vanity; humbleness

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Structuralism (Wundt)

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

conscious

awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings

Jungarian psychology

emphasizes a balance of causality and teleology.

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another

substantia niagra

crucial part of the pathway that regulates responses to reward

dysgraphia

difficulty in handwriting

Sensation Adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

naturalistic observation

involves observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations.

fMRI (functional MRI)

is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

Cognitive Psychology

is the scientific study of human information processing

confirmation bias

is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

retroactive amnesia

newly learned information interfere with the recall of information learned previously

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

nurture

nourish; educate; foster

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

amalgamation

occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

compensatory

offsetting or making up for something

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

grammatical form

proper verb forms, sentence structure, mechanics

Hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

developmental

psychologists study physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the human life span

deductive

reasoning from general to specific

source memory

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

social cognitive

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world

variable ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable interval

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

postconventional

stage of moral development wherein individuals use abstract reasoning to determine right from wrong, often by citing agreed-upon rights (e.g. "the right to live") or personal ethical principles

safety

the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

absolute threshold

the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation

accomodation theory

the more effort one puts forth in trying to communicate with an ethnic group, the more positive the reaction

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

underextension

the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

consolidation

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

accommodation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

storage

the retention of encoded information over time

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

audition

the sense or act of hearing

ganglion cells

the specialized cells which lie behind the bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve which takes the information to the brain

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

anchoring bias

the tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind

overextension

the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate

top-down processing

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

subliminal threshold

when stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Depressant

Henrietta often takes _____ because she is typically a very high-strung person and she likes the calming effect of the drug.

Wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

the cortex making sense of random neural signals

How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?

Introspection

I report back everything that comes to my mind when presented with an apple. I am engaging in

stimulus discimination

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________

were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement.

In Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning, it is true that the rats

aquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called __

Insomina

inability to sleep

negative reinforcement

increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

Instincts

innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior

Skepticism

"Show me the data!" is part of the scientific characteristic of

conventional

(adj.) in line with accepted ideas or standards; trite

hammer

(also called the malleus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil.

tell her grandfather to look at the dragon.

A 4-year-old looks at a picture of a dragon while on the telephone with her grandfather. If Piaget's claims of egocentrism are correct, the child is likely to:

good continuation

A Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they seem to lie on the same contour.

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A _____ is a device that uses electrodes to record electrical activity in the brain.

Theory

A _____ is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon.

confounding

A ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

A brain-imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.

archetype

A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response

taste aversion

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of __________ to accomplish this.

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

authority

A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep, resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story.

stirrup

A tiny U shaped bone that passes vibrations from the anvil to the cochlea.

anvil

A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

occipital lobe

After a head injury, a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ________ lobe.

anterograde

After a severe bout of encephalitis, a patient can no longer develop new memories. The patient suffers from _____ amnesia.

manifest; latent

According to Freud, interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

The interaction of biological psychological , and social factors

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

night terrors

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

extinction

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome but not presenting the meat powder to the dogs. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called __________.

sensory adaptation

Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing:

1-oz. envelope and a 2-oz. envelope.

Based on Weber's law, a person would most easily detect the difference between a:

sensory; short-term

Before information can be transferred to long-term memory, it must first be a part of _____ memory and _____ memory.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by

dyslexia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

wavelength

Brightness is to amplitude as hue is to:

highly on a test of practical intelligence.

Brody is doing quite well as the manager of a large electronics store. He writes clear memos to the staff, delegates tasks effectively, and knows how to read other employees. Considering the ideas of Robert Sternberg, one would predict that Brody would score:

shaping

Darcy invites Rick over to play a football video game and watch the new trick she taught her pet ferret. In the video game, whenever Darcy scores a touchdown, she gives a signal to the ferret. The ferret runs over and "kicks" a miniature football through a small goal post set up in the cage. Darcy probably used _____ to get the ferret to perform this trick.

image

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

hindsight

Deshawn believes he could have foreseen his car getting stolen. This is an example of ________ bias.

suggestibilty

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

postconventional

During the Vietnam War in the 1960s, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He did not want to go to war against his will because he believed it was an imperialistic war that victimized the vast majority of the people in Vietnam. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning.

personality

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Encoding information occurs through ________.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Generalizability

Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.

observable

For something to be considered a behavior, it has to be:

Abstract Operational Stage

Gain capacity for hypothetical-deductive thought.

prototype

Gene thinks of the 1969 Mustang as the best representation of sports cars. In this way, the 1969 Mustang serves as a ___

secondary

Growing breasts is an example of a _____ sex characteristic

Semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

she has formed a cognitive map of the area.

Meka always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, she discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Meka immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

jet lag

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

are not;synapse

Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____.

move the mouth toward

One would place an object on a baby's cheek if one wanted the baby to _____ the object.

Biopyschologist

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a

weaken;weaken

Positive punishers _____ behavior, and negative punishers _____ behavior.

Parasympathetic

Rachel encounters a cougar in the foothills and escapes by running very quickly to her car. After reaching the safety of her car, her heart rate and breathing begin to slow down because of her _____ nervous system.

song

Savannah always hated having her diaper changed, but she loved cake. So, Savannah's mother decided to use classical conditioning to make diaper changes less miserable. Every time she changed Savannah's diaper, her mother would play the same song and give Savannah a small bite of cake. Now, as soon as Savannah hears the song, she is happy to have her diaper changed. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

placebo effect

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

S-O-R Learning

Stimulus-Operant-Response Learning How cognitivists describe conditioning. Takes into account what has this person learned before now. What are their expectations. How do they interpret the situation.

syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Observation

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

concept

The fact that you recognize golden retrievers, poodles, Irish setters, and cocker spaniels as being dogs is an example of a __________

Pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

acquisition

The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

human memories are diffused throughout the brain in many different structures

The logical conclusion from years of searching for the engram is that __________.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known

reticular formation

The small cluster of neurons called the _____ regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.

foresight bias

The tendency to overestimate the number of correct answers on a future test.

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

correlation

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables? It is a number that tells us if one variable can be predicted from another variable.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

it is complex

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

younger average age for marriage

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

random sampling

Which of the following terms describe selecting a sample in such a way that each member of the target population had an equal chance of being selected?

Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.

Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?

defining anxiety as how much heart rate increases when a person is exposed to mild electrical current

Which of these is an example of an operational definition?

Hippocampus

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

gestalt

Which psychological perspective would agree with the statement "The whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

cornea, pupil, lens, retina

Which sequence accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?

dendrites, cell body, axon

Which sequence is correct for information traveling within a single neuron?

saddle

Which structure is NOT one of the bones of the middle ear?

cologne

Zada's always-angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Zada was at the post office when she smelled the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness. In this example the conditioned stimulus is:

consolidation

Zinovy was in a car accident and suffered a head injury. He cannot remember what happened immediately before the accident. Zinovy's injury prevented the _____ of the events

humanism

_ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Dopamine

_ is the neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal.

Positive reinforcement; positive punishment

____ involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs, and _____ involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.

deductive;inductive

_________ reasoning starts with a generalization that is tested against real-world observations; _________ reasoning uses empirical observations to construct broad generalizations.

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

flashbulb

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

sleep apnea

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

blocking

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category

dysthymia

a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression

Hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

sensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

forensic psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

memory attribution

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

frontal lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

avoidant attachment

attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

mean

average

empirical

based on observation or experiment

operants

behaviors that are emitted by the organism rather than elicited by the environment

interpersonal

between people (usually describing social activities)

academic intelligence

intellectual capacity as measured by performance on tasks typically encountered in school or on standard IQ tests

proactive amnesia

characterized by an inability to form new memories, amnesia where information after the accident cannot be retrieved

manifest

clear or obvious to the eye or mind

natural concepts

concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world

reliabilty

consistency of measurement

purity

interpreted as timbre (a richness in the tone of the sound)

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

intrapersonal

existing or occurring within your own mind

bipolar cells

eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells

sympathetic

fight or flight

sleep terrors

frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

ambivalent

having contrary feelings or attitudes, uncertain as to course of action

temporal lobe

hearing

latent

hidden, present but not realized

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

dissociative

in a state which severs or has severed the association of (oneself); a separate state

conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

fixed interval

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

cognitive behavior

learned behavior that involves thinking, reasoning, and information processing

observational

learning by watching how others behave

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

stimulus generalization

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

inter-related reliability

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

interposition

monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

prefrontal cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

linguistic

pertaining to language

longitudinal

research studies the same groups of participants over time.

ventral tegmental area

stimulates amygdala for pleasure and reward center

lifespan psychology

study of human development from conception to death

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Power

the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions

analytical intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving

creative intelligence

the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

practical intelligence

the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful

signal detection

the analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli

industrial-organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Phonemes

the basic units of sound in language

sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

upbringing

the care and training a child gets while growing up

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Aging

the combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older

transfer

to move from one place to another

sensory recognition

turn towards mom-scented clothing

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

cross sectional

type of study that measures a variable across several age groups at the same time

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

occipital lobe

vision