psych final
form new memories for facts
After having his hippocampus removed, Henry Molaison could no longer ___________.
encoding
Although contemporary college students have undoubtedly seen the Apple logo many, many times, one study found that only 1 in 85 could draw it correctly (Blake et al., 2015). This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of:
Narcolepsy
Amir falls asleep suddenly when he is watching television, texting on his phone, or trying to type a paper. Amir would probably be diagnosed with:
GABA
An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Reliability
An intelligence test has a top score of 150. If a person takes this test three times within a week and receives scores of 100, 75, and 125, the test probably does NOT have:
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
overregularization
Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
confirmation
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.
sensation;perception
Chad was just touched on his arm, which is a _____. For Chad to know if he was kissed or slapped, Chad needs a _____.
formal operational stage
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
postformal stage
Cognitive stage of development in which adults appear to be better at dealing with complex questions they may never fully answer
highest and most consistent rates of response.
Compared with other schedules of reinforcement, ratio schedules of reinforcement typically produce the:
artificial concepts
Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas.
bottom-up processing
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
critical thinking
Instead of blindly accepting arguments, _________ examines assumptions, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
memory misattribution
James was involved in a car accident 3 years ago. He recently saw a man he remembered being in the accident, but when he approached him, the man had no idea what James was talking about. It turned out that the man was working at a coffee shop which James had visited that day and was in no way involved in the car accident. James's confusion was the result of:
explicit
Jenny remembers her 25th birthday party vividly and recalls how her parents surprised her with a beautiful antique necklace. This is an example of a _____ memory.
heuristic
Jin has a basic idea of how to get his old car to start on cold mornings. Sometimes his mental shortcut works, and sometimes it doesn't. This is an example of a_____.
transduction
Joanna hears the local fire department's 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which her ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of:
disorganized
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
fixed-ratio
Kai works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes, he is given an additional 10% increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.
reflexes
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
linear perspective
Kieran perceives that a railroad track converges to a point way off in the distance because of the depth cue of
preconventional
Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking
motor neurons
LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass?
retroactive
Lamar attempts to change an online password. When he creates a new password, the site alerts him that he has used the password before. Lamar cannot recall using it in the past; he can only remember his more recent passwords. Lamar is experiencing _____ interference.
Timbre
Lanny has worked as a radio personality for the local professional baseball team for more than 20 years. Though he has gotten older, fans marvel at the fact that his "silky sweet voice" has remained almost unchanged. This quality to Lanny's "radio voice" is best described as its __________.
No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants.
Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga-ga-ga-ga" and "doh-doh-doh-doh-doh." Should she be worried?
psychologically dependent on drinking alcohol.
Lupe has decided to quit drinking. After 3 weeks, she has finally managed to get over the shakes and the feeling of nausea that came from quitting. Although these have subsided, she still has a desire to have a drink. This suggests that Lupe is:
devleopmental
Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial/organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should MOST strongly consider a course in _____ psychology.
semantic
Relating to the different meanings of words or other symbols
they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory
Research on flashbulb memories indicates that
double-blind
Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.
linguistic
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
mental set
Rosemary, a college professor, has not been able to give up her overhead projector and transparencies even though her classroom has equipment that will support computer-generated projected images. This might be an example of a
be physically dependent on drinking alcohol.
Samhira does not have her usual after-dinner martini, and she begins to shake and feel nauseous. These symptoms indicate that Samhira may:
The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
somatic
When Nick reaches for his fork so that he can take a bite of his pasta, he can consciously do so because he is using his _____ nervous system.
underregularization
When children are too specific with their use of words or language skills. Ex. only calling their stuffed bear a "bear" when there are many bears (polar bears, panda bears etc)
morpheme
When speakers of English add ed to a verb to indicate past tense, they are applying a __________.
Fetal spectrum disorder
Susie's teacher reported that she is performing below the level of some of her peers. Susie was referred to a psychologist, who described Susie as "a youngster who has distinct physical features, including short eye openings, a flat midface, and a thin upper lip." The psychologist MOST likely diagnosed Susie with:
cones
Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Sydney is mainly using her photoreceptors known as:
analytical
Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
tolerance
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ____
salience of surface similarities
Tendency to focus on the surface-level properties of a problem and to try to solve problems in the same way we solved others with similar surface characteristics
buildings with lots of corners
The Müller-Lyer illusion exists mostly in cultures in which there are ___________.
Thalamus
The _____ relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex
pituitary
The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
Cerebellum
The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
dependant
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
Experimentation
The act of trying out a new procedure, idea, or activity.
latency
Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver.
avoiding speeding in an area where you received a ticket previously
Which example demonstrates that learning has occurred?
discovering that blue eyes are caused by a recessive gene
Which example does NOT illustrate a correlation?
functional fixedness
Using a wire coat hanger to unclog a stopped toilet or fish a hair plug out of a blocked drain demonstrates that you are not hindered by
suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she
genotype;bb
Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.
inattentional blindness
What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.
They are all examples of applied psychology.
What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
syntax
What is wrong in the following sentence? "Strong with the force he is."
Children begin to use language.
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
signal detection theory
Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower a person's absolute threshold for sound as he subsequently tries to fall asleep?
chunking; rehearsal
With respect to short-term storage, _____ serves to increase the amount of information that may be stored, whereas _____ serves to increase how long it may be held
physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
heuristic
a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
behaviorist
a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment
survey method
a research method that involves gathering information from people through the use of surveys or questionnaires
case studies
a research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations
CT scan (computed tomography)
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
operational definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
curiosity
a strong desire to know or learn something
prefix
a syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
delayed reinforcement
a time delay between the desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward
pitch
a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
humility
absence of vanity; humbleness
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Structuralism (Wundt)
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
conscious
awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings
Jungarian psychology
emphasizes a balance of causality and teleology.
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another
substantia niagra
crucial part of the pathway that regulates responses to reward
dysgraphia
difficulty in handwriting
Sensation Adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
naturalistic observation
involves observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations.
fMRI (functional MRI)
is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
Cognitive Psychology
is the scientific study of human information processing
confirmation bias
is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
retroactive amnesia
newly learned information interfere with the recall of information learned previously
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
nurture
nourish; educate; foster
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
amalgamation
occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group
compensatory
offsetting or making up for something
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
grammatical form
proper verb forms, sentence structure, mechanics
Hallucinogens
psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
developmental
psychologists study physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the human life span
deductive
reasoning from general to specific
source memory
recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
social cognitive
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
variable ratio
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable interval
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
postconventional
stage of moral development wherein individuals use abstract reasoning to determine right from wrong, often by citing agreed-upon rights (e.g. "the right to live") or personal ethical principles
safety
the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
absolute threshold
the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation
accomodation theory
the more effort one puts forth in trying to communicate with an ethnic group, the more positive the reaction
Frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
underextension
the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
audition
the sense or act of hearing
ganglion cells
the specialized cells which lie behind the bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve which takes the information to the brain
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
anchoring bias
the tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind
overextension
the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
subliminal threshold
when stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Depressant
Henrietta often takes _____ because she is typically a very high-strung person and she likes the calming effect of the drug.
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
the cortex making sense of random neural signals
How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?
Introspection
I report back everything that comes to my mind when presented with an apple. I am engaging in
stimulus discimination
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________
were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement.
In Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning, it is true that the rats
aquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
rehearsal
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called __
Insomina
inability to sleep
negative reinforcement
increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
Instincts
innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior
Skepticism
"Show me the data!" is part of the scientific characteristic of
conventional
(adj.) in line with accepted ideas or standards; trite
hammer
(also called the malleus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil.
tell her grandfather to look at the dragon.
A 4-year-old looks at a picture of a dragon while on the telephone with her grandfather. If Piaget's claims of egocentrism are correct, the child is likely to:
good continuation
A Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they seem to lie on the same contour.
EEG (electroencephalogram)
A _____ is a device that uses electrodes to record electrical activity in the brain.
Theory
A _____ is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon.
confounding
A ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
PET scan (positron emission tomography)
A brain-imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.
archetype
A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response
taste aversion
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of __________ to accomplish this.
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
cohort
A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
authority
A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.
Functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
A sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep, resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story.
stirrup
A tiny U shaped bone that passes vibrations from the anvil to the cochlea.
anvil
A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup
sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
occipital lobe
After a head injury, a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ________ lobe.
anterograde
After a severe bout of encephalitis, a patient can no longer develop new memories. The patient suffers from _____ amnesia.
manifest; latent
According to Freud, interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.
The interaction of biological psychological , and social factors
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
night terrors
After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?
extinction
After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome but not presenting the meat powder to the dogs. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called __________.
sensory adaptation
Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing:
1-oz. envelope and a 2-oz. envelope.
Based on Weber's law, a person would most easily detect the difference between a:
sensory; short-term
Before information can be transferred to long-term memory, it must first be a part of _____ memory and _____ memory.
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by
dyslexia
Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
wavelength
Brightness is to amplitude as hue is to:
highly on a test of practical intelligence.
Brody is doing quite well as the manager of a large electronics store. He writes clear memos to the staff, delegates tasks effectively, and knows how to read other employees. Considering the ideas of Robert Sternberg, one would predict that Brody would score:
shaping
Darcy invites Rick over to play a football video game and watch the new trick she taught her pet ferret. In the video game, whenever Darcy scores a touchdown, she gives a signal to the ferret. The ferret runs over and "kicks" a miniature football through a small goal post set up in the cage. Darcy probably used _____ to get the ferret to perform this trick.
image
Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)
hindsight
Deshawn believes he could have foreseen his car getting stolen. This is an example of ________ bias.
suggestibilty
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
postconventional
During the Vietnam War in the 1960s, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He did not want to go to war against his will because he believed it was an imperialistic war that victimized the vast majority of the people in Vietnam. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning.
personality
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
Encoding information occurs through ________.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
Generalizability
Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.
observable
For something to be considered a behavior, it has to be:
Abstract Operational Stage
Gain capacity for hypothetical-deductive thought.
prototype
Gene thinks of the 1969 Mustang as the best representation of sports cars. In this way, the 1969 Mustang serves as a ___
secondary
Growing breasts is an example of a _____ sex characteristic
Semantics
Meaning of words and sentences
she has formed a cognitive map of the area.
Meka always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, she discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Meka immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:
implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
jet lag
Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.
are not;synapse
Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____.
move the mouth toward
One would place an object on a baby's cheek if one wanted the baby to _____ the object.
Biopyschologist
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a
weaken;weaken
Positive punishers _____ behavior, and negative punishers _____ behavior.
Parasympathetic
Rachel encounters a cougar in the foothills and escapes by running very quickly to her car. After reaching the safety of her car, her heart rate and breathing begin to slow down because of her _____ nervous system.
song
Savannah always hated having her diaper changed, but she loved cake. So, Savannah's mother decided to use classical conditioning to make diaper changes less miserable. Every time she changed Savannah's diaper, her mother would play the same song and give Savannah a small bite of cake. Now, as soon as Savannah hears the song, she is happy to have her diaper changed. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?
placebo effect
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.
S-O-R Learning
Stimulus-Operant-Response Learning How cognitivists describe conditioning. Takes into account what has this person learned before now. What are their expectations. How do they interpret the situation.
syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Observation
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
concept
The fact that you recognize golden retrievers, poodles, Irish setters, and cocker spaniels as being dogs is an example of a __________
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
acquisition
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
human memories are diffused throughout the brain in many different structures
The logical conclusion from years of searching for the engram is that __________.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
insight learning
The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known
reticular formation
The small cluster of neurons called the _____ regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.
foresight bias
The tendency to overestimate the number of correct answers on a future test.
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
correlation
Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables? It is a number that tells us if one variable can be predicted from another variable.
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
it is complex
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
younger average age for marriage
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
It will probably lead to substance abuse.
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?
Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system
Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?
random sampling
Which of the following terms describe selecting a sample in such a way that each member of the target population had an equal chance of being selected?
Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?
defining anxiety as how much heart rate increases when a person is exposed to mild electrical current
Which of these is an example of an operational definition?
Hippocampus
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
gestalt
Which psychological perspective would agree with the statement "The whole is more than the sum of its parts"?
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
Which sequence accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?
dendrites, cell body, axon
Which sequence is correct for information traveling within a single neuron?
saddle
Which structure is NOT one of the bones of the middle ear?
cologne
Zada's always-angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Zada was at the post office when she smelled the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness. In this example the conditioned stimulus is:
consolidation
Zinovy was in a car accident and suffered a head injury. He cannot remember what happened immediately before the accident. Zinovy's injury prevented the _____ of the events
humanism
_ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Dopamine
_ is the neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal.
Positive reinforcement; positive punishment
____ involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs, and _____ involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.
deductive;inductive
_________ reasoning starts with a generalization that is tested against real-world observations; _________ reasoning uses empirical observations to construct broad generalizations.
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
flashbulb
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
dysthymia
a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
sensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
forensic psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
memory attribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
frontal lobe
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
avoidant attachment
attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others
mean
average
empirical
based on observation or experiment
operants
behaviors that are emitted by the organism rather than elicited by the environment
interpersonal
between people (usually describing social activities)
academic intelligence
intellectual capacity as measured by performance on tasks typically encountered in school or on standard IQ tests
proactive amnesia
characterized by an inability to form new memories, amnesia where information after the accident cannot be retrieved
manifest
clear or obvious to the eye or mind
natural concepts
concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world
reliabilty
consistency of measurement
purity
interpreted as timbre (a richness in the tone of the sound)
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
intrapersonal
existing or occurring within your own mind
bipolar cells
eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells
sympathetic
fight or flight
sleep terrors
frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
ambivalent
having contrary feelings or attitudes, uncertain as to course of action
temporal lobe
hearing
latent
hidden, present but not realized
Accuracy
how close a measurement is to the true value
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
dissociative
in a state which severs or has severed the association of (oneself); a separate state
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
fixed interval
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
cognitive behavior
learned behavior that involves thinking, reasoning, and information processing
observational
learning by watching how others behave
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
stimulus generalization
learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response
inter-related reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
interposition
monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away
authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
linguistic
pertaining to language
longitudinal
research studies the same groups of participants over time.
ventral tegmental area
stimulates amygdala for pleasure and reward center
lifespan psychology
study of human development from conception to death
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
Power
the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions
analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
practical intelligence
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful
signal detection
the analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli
industrial-organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Phonemes
the basic units of sound in language
sexism
the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
upbringing
the care and training a child gets while growing up
declarative memory
the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Aging
the combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older
transfer
to move from one place to another
sensory recognition
turn towards mom-scented clothing
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
cross sectional
type of study that measures a variable across several age groups at the same time
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
occipital lobe
vision
