Psych of Adolescence Exam 2

Indifferent parents

Characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness Adolescents raised in indifferent homes are often impulsive and more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior and in precocious experimentation with sex, drugs, and alcohol.

Indulgent parents

Characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child's happiness Adolescents raised in indulgent households are less mature, less responsible, and more conforming to their peers.

hostile attribution bias

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile Many unpopular aggressive children display hostile attribution bias.

According to research, what are the signs that a student will commit an act of lethal violence?

The tendency toward lethal violence is almost impossible to detect in adolescents.

Javier has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose ___

athletics.

According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents:

children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:

clique avoiders

During the 1920s, the _____ was designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

comprehensive high school

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:

decrease in family values.

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:

participant observation.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does connection mean?

positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

relational aggression

In early adolescence, ________ friendships are common, but in late adolescence, ________ friendships begin to occur more.

same-sex; opposite-sex

Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?

school climate

The idea that an individual's behavior is influenced by other's expectations for them is a description of a(n) ___

self-fulfilling prophecy.

middle school/junior high teachers

- They are less likely to trust their students, more likely to emphasize discipline. - They are more likely to believe that students' abilities are fixed. - They are less likely to feel confident about their teaching ability There is a developmental mismatch between what adolescents need and what they get from teachers. •Bureaucratic organization and anonymity of junior high schools may have negative effect on teachers. •Cultural stereotypes may have negative influence on teachers.

The 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting

1. What you do matters 2. You cannot be too loving. 3. Be involved in your child's life. 4. Adapt your parenting to fit your child. 5. Establish rules and set limits. 6. Help foster your child's independence. 7. Be consistent. 8. Avoid harsh discipline. 9. Explain your rules and decisions. 10. Treat your child with respect.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness, often in school situations •In 50 to 70% of cases, ADHD persists into adolescence. •Three subtypes exist: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, and combined. •ADHD is a biological disorder with a very strong genetic component. •It is frequently treated with stimulant medication. •One concern is that medication is shared with non-afflicted friends.

Internet addiction

A disorder in which an individual's use of the Internet is pathological, defined by six symptoms: salience, mood change, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse and reinstatement •Salience: being online is the most important thing in life •Mood change: one's mood fluctuates as a function of Internet experiences •Tolerance: needing more and more Internet time to feel satisfied •Withdrawal: experiencing negative feelings when prevented from being online •Conflict: the Internet has caused problems in one's relationships or some other aspect of life •Relapse and reinstatement: returning to addictive Internet behavior after getting it under control

Zero-tolerance

A get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction •Some writers contend this policy has not helped.

Reference groups

A group against which an individual compares him or herself •Crowds act as reference groups and provide their members with an identity in the eyes of others. •Adolescents judge one another on the basis ofthe company they keep, and they become branded on the basis of the people they hang out with.

Experience Sampling Method (ESM)

A method of collecting data about adolescents' emotional states, in which individuals are signaled and asked to report on their mood and activity. •Adolescent moods are most positive when with friends, least positive when alone. •They report moderate levels of concentration in school, very low levels of motivation or interest.

Routine Activity Theory

A perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior •Unstructured, unsupervised time with peers leads to depression, delinquency, drug and alcohol use, violence, and precocious sexual activity. •Adolescents who spend five or more evenings out in an average week are at least four times more likely to be involved in antisocial activity than those who go out less than twice a week.

Uses and gratifications approach

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed

Media practice model

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact

Cultivation theory

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals

Midlife Crisis

A psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45 - Parents are experiencing increased concern about their bodies, attractiveness, and sexual appeal even as adolescents are maturing and approaching a period of life labeled one of the most attractive. - Parents are beginning to feel that the possibilities for change are limited, while their children are looking toward the future.

Ethnography

A type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings •A study found that many individuals managed to transform themselves from "nerds" into "normals" during high school. •The transformation of "nerds" to "normals" was enabled by a combination of factors both within the context and within the adolescent.

Bullying

About one-third of American and European youth report physical bullying in the past year. •Bullying is differentiated by its repetitive nature and by the imbalance of power between bully and victim. •Prevalence of bullying is higher in schools and in countries characterized by greater income inequality •Direct and indirect exposure to bullying result in similar and dissimilar effects.

relational aggression

Acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others (malicious gossip)

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.

Instrumental aggression

Aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned

Reactive aggression

Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive

Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following?

All of these are correct.

Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually change adolescents' behaviors?

All of these statements are true.

Familism

An orientation toward life in which the needs of the family take precedence over the needs of the individual

Adolescent's Relationship with siblings

As children mature from childhood to early adolescence, sibling conflict increases. Over the course of adolescence, sibling relationships change: •Become more equal •Become more distant •Become less emotionally intense The quality of sibling relationships is affected by the quality of parent-child relationships. The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescent's relationships with peers and vice versa.

Ethnic Differences in Parent Practices

Authoritative parenting is less prevalent among Black, Asian, or Hispanic families than among White families. •Ethnic minority parents are often more demanding. •Many Asian and Asian-American families use a parenting style better labeled as protective or "strict-affectionate," which does not have same negative outcomes as authoritarian parenting.

Role of Puberty & Families

Biological and cognitive maturation at puberty throws the family system out of balance. •Diminished closeness is mostly due to increased teenager privacy and less physical affection than to serious loss of love or respect. •The first half of adolescence may be a particularly strained and distant time. •Because disagreements revolve around parental control, patterns of bickering may vary across cultural groups.

Cyberbullying

Bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phones •Less common than in-person harassment •Affects victims in ways that are similar tophysical bullying •Becomes more common during adolescence •Associated with both emotional and behavioral problems Types of bullying are correlated. •Victims of traditional bullying are also bullied online. •Perpetrators of traditional bullying also engage in cyberbullying.

Crowds

Crowds: "Reputation-based clusters of youths, whose function in part is to help solidify young people's social and personal identity" •Crowds include "jocks," "brains," "nerds," "populars," and "druggies." (Labels may vary, but the groups are commonplace.) •Membership in a crowd is based mainly on reputation and stereotype, rather than on actual friendship or social interaction. •Changing membership in a crowd can be very difficult. •Crowds likely contribute more to the adolescent's sense of identity and self-conception than to his or her actual social development. Clusters •based on reputation and stereotype •contribute to identity and self-conception

Prefigurative cultures

Cultures in which society is changing so quickly that adults are frequently socialized by young people, rather than the reverse

Postfigurative cultures

Cultures in which the socialization of young people is done primarily by adults Contemporary societies have shifted away from postfigurative cultures.

Cofigurative cultures

Cultures in which young people are socialized both by adults and by each other

Parental demandingness

Degree to which parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child

Parental responsiveness

Degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner

Alleles

Different versions of the same gene

Learning Disability

Difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction

New Media

Digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other Internet-based devices

Generational Dissonance

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents

Fear of missing out (FOMO)

Excessive worry that others are having rewarding experiences that don't include you •Social media sites are a context in which the socially rich get richer and the socially poor get poorer.

Comprehensive high school

General education, college preparation, and vocational education all housed under one roof By 1920s, educators called for curricular reform to match changes in social composition of schools. •Focus on intellectual training •New focus on preparing youth for life in modern society (roles of work and citizenship)

School vouchers

Government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition

Peer groups

Groups of individuals of approximately the same age •Educators first developed the idea of free public education, with students grouped by age. Adolescent peer groups based on friendships formed in school were not prevalent until well into the twentieth century.

Perceived popularity

How much status or prestige an individual has

Sociometric popularity

How well-liked an individual is

Dyscalculia

Impaired ability in arithmetic

Dysgraphia

Impaired ability in handwriting

Dyslexia

Impaired ability in reading or spelling

Isolates

Individuals who have few or no links to others in the network Boys are more likely isolates.

Clique members

Individuals who have most of their interactions with the same small group of people Despite popular image, fewer than half the adolescents were members of cliques during a research study. - Girls are more likely members. - Positions in cliques are relatively stable over time.

Liaisons

Individuals who interact with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique

The rise in secondary education in America

Industrialization •Urbanization •Immigration

Compulsive Internet use (CIU)

Internet addiction

School Size and Class Size

Large schools have a more varied curriculum and more diverse extracurricular activities. •Student achievement is higher in more intimate schools. •Schools within schools: Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness •Smaller school size encourages participation, thus developing skills and abilities. •Smaller school students are more likely to hold leadership positions, do things that make them feel confident and diligent. •Academically marginal students are outsiders in bigger schools. •More inequality of educational experiences exists in larger schools.

Which of the following statements about adolescents' social communication on the Internet is most supported by scientific research?

Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the Internet.ogg

Which of the following is the most likely result of the effects of divorce on a child in the United States?

Mekwi gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates.

Secondary Education

Middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools •Almost all American adolescents are enrolled in school. •Enrollment varies in developing countries.

Nonshared environmental influences

Nongenetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different from people they live with - Both genetic and nonshared environmental influences are very strong during adolescence; shared environmental influences are less so. •Genetic factors strongly influence many qualities previously assumed to be shaped mainly by environment. •Adolescents with same the genetic predispositions develop differently in different environments.

Shared environmental influences

Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other

Gangs

Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals •Gang members are at greater risk for many types of problems (e.g., antisocial behavior, psychological distress, exposure to violence, victimization). •Adolescent gangs both resemble and differ from other sorts of peer groups. •Gang members tend to be more isolated from their family, have more emotional and behavioral problems, and have poorer self-conceptions than other adolescents.

Generation Gap

Parents and teens generally have similar beliefs about core values, such as religion, work, and education. However, they usually have differences in opinions for matters of personal taste, such as style of dress, music preferences, and leisure activities.

Diathesis-stress model

Perspective on psychological disorders that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to stress in the environment •Inherited tendencies to develop particular disorders is why mental illnesses run in families, but not all people with a genetic tendency toward a disorder will develop that disorder.

Foster care

Placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child's parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety •Nearly one-third of young people in foster care enter as adolescents, generally due to parental maltreatment or delinquency. •Adolescents who have spent time in foster care are at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. •Emotional and behavioral problems may be a result of the abuse or neglect that necessitated their placement in foster care or from foster care placement itself. •After a period, they are either sent back to their parents or declared independent, if old enough.

Standards-based reform

Policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests

Tracking

Practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level Schools that use tracking may be more exclusive or more inclusive regarding the highest track, or they may be "meritocratic." Pros and Cons of Tracking •Allows teachers to design class lessons that are more finely tuned to students' abilities •Account for mastery of certain basic skills •Remedial track students generally receive poorer quality education, not just different education •Socialize only with peers from same track •May discriminate against poor and ethnic minorities Teachers may sort based on ability without formal tracking; this results in raised expectations and evaluations for high-ability students and lowered expectations and evaluations for low-ability students

Sleeper Effects

Preadolescents and adolescents whose parents divorce often have adjustment difficulties, even into their 30s. Sleeper effects may not be apparent until much later in development. •The behaviors demonstrating adjustments difficulties, such as drug use, may not surface until adolescence. •Certain developmental challenges related to relationships will not be apparent until the adolescent has a romantic relationship.

Social Promotion

Promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

Common core

Proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all American schools would be expected to use •Difficult to establish the standards •Problems when a large proportion of high school seniors do not pass standardized graduation examinations •Economic, social, and political costs of holding back large numbers of students

Charter Schools

Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices •Home schooling

Reverse Causation

Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due not to the first thing causing the second, but to the second causing the first

Spurious Causation

Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with some third factor •The only sure way to demonstrate cause and effect of media influence is to conduct an experiment in which people are randomly assigned to be (or not be) exposed to the medium to see how it affects them.

Family Systems Theory

Relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing, because it is during these times that the family's equilibrium often is upset.

Sexting

Sending sexually explicit content, usually pictures, over the Internet •Most, but not all, sexting is flirtatious and consensual. •Sexting is tied to other sorts of risky activity, including risky sex.

Single Parenthood

Sixty percent of all children are born outside of marriage. •A significant number of these children are still living with more than one adult. •While 80 percent of all Asian children, 75 percent of all White children, and 67 percent of all Hispanic children live with two parents, only 38 percent of Black children do.

Cliques

Small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age The clique provides the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another. Small groups •defined by activitiesor friendship •provides main social context to interact

Gifted Students

Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance

Divorce

The U.S. divorce rate began increasing during the 1960s, peaked during the 1980s, and has apparently been declining since. •The marriage rate has declined and cohabitation rates are up. •Approximately one-third of people who married in the 2000s will be divorced within 20 years. •Adolescents are more likely than children to grow up in a divorced family than actually experience their parents' divorce. Some teenagers are more vulnerable to the short-term effects of divorce. In general, immediate problems are relatively more common among the following: •Boys •Younger children •Children with a difficult temperament •Children who do not have supportive relationships with adults outside the immediate family •Children whose parents divorce during the transition into adolescence

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?

The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

Causation

The correlation between two things attributable to the effect one thing has on the other

Flow Experience

The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time •Positive combination of high motivation, concentration, and engagement are most common when involved in sports or some arts.

Student Engagement

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work Student disengagement comes in different forms, including behaviorally, emotionally, and cognitively.

Correlation

The extent to which two things vary systematically with each other

Positive Youth Development

The goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development •Interest in helping young people develop strengths has grown in recent years. •One model emphasized five Cs of positive youth development: Competence, Confidence, Connection, Character, Caring/Compassion. •The EPOCH model stresses Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness, and Happiness.

Differential susceptibility theory

The idea that the same genetic tendencies that make an individual especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences also make him or her especially likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences.

Mainstreaming

The integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms

Social Capital

The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family

No Child Left Behind

The law mandates that all states ensure that all students, regardless of economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency on standardized annual tests. •Schools that repeatedly fail face losing funding and closing. Not enough resources •Teaching to the test—subjects and skills not on the test at risk for being cut or ignored •Impossible to assess critical thinking through standardized tests No common set of standards—"Gaming the system" through low standards •Reporting school-wide average scores without revealing the huge gaps between low-and high-performing students

Baby Boom

The period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large •Approximately 13 percent of Americans are between the ages of 10 and 19 today. •Changes in the number of adolescents may warrant changes in the allocation of funds for social services, educational programs, and health care. •Changes in the size of the adolescent population have implications for understanding the behavior of cohorts. •There are mixed opinions about whether age segregation is a good or bad thing. The teenage population grew rapidly between 1955 and 1975, then decreased until 1995.

The occupational plateau

The point at which adults can tell how successful they are likely to be.

Age grading

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

Which of the following statements about the history of the student worker is not true?

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs increased dramatically during the first decade after the year 2000.

Big fish-little pond effect

The reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers

Behavioral genetics

The scientific study of genetic influences on behavior

Molecular genetics

The scientific study of the structure and function of genes

Critical Thinking

Thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it

Rejected Adolescents

Three types of unpopular adolescents: •Those who have problems controlling aggression •Withdrawn adolescents who are shy, anxious, and inhibited •Those who are both aggressive and withdrawn Peer rejection in adolescence can often be traced to rejection during earlier periods of development. Rejection by peers is a major source of stress for adolescents, who have a stronger biological stress response to it than children do.

Remarriage

Two-thirds of divorced men and half of divorced women will remarry. •Most children of separated parents will also live in a stepfamily. •Most children whose parents remarry will live through a second divorce. •Frequent changes in living arrangements adversely affect adolescents. Adolescents growing up in stepfamilies often have more problems than their peers. Like the short-term effects of divorce, the short-term effects of remarriage vary among children. •Girls have more difficulty than boys. •Older children have more difficulty than younger children. Both boys and younger children have more to gain from their mother's remarriage than do girls or older children, who may have become accustomed to having a single mother. Difficulties Adjusting to Parental Remarriage •Remarriage is stressful when new stepparent relationship is not accommodated. •Many adolescents have trouble adjusting to a new authority figure, who may have different ideas about discipline and rules. •Stepparents also find adjustment difficult. •Child adjustment declines each time family household composition changes. •Relationship with noncustodial parent has a major impact on adjustment to stepfamilies. •Adolescents close to both father and stepfather have better outcomes.

Latrogenic effects

Unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention •Other approaches to violence reduction that make sense intuitively have frequently proven ineffective.

Authoritarian parents

Use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and place a premium on obedience and conformity. Adolescents raised in authoritarian homes are more dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less curious.

Authoritative parents

Use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction Children raised in authoritative houses are more psychosocially mature, responsible, self-assured, creative, curious, socially skilled, and academically successful than peers raised with other parenting styles.

Classroom Climate

Various aspects of the school climate have important effects on youngsters' learning and achievement: •How teachers interact with students •How class time is used •The standards and expectations teachers hold for students All of these aspects are more important than school size, ethnic composition, approach to ability group, or age group combination.

Victimization

Victims report a range of adjustment problems: low self-esteem, depression, academic difficulties, and difficulties in controlling negative emotions. •Psychological problems have been shown to be the causes of victimization as well as the consequences. •Public victimization is particularly humiliating. •Victimization undermines academic performance, school attendance, school engagement, and feelings of academic competence, all of which has cascading effects well beyond adolescence. •Many adolescents who report having been victimized also report bullying others. School-based anti-bullying programs have a little effect during elementary school, but may lead to bullying during high school. •Onlookers are more likely to intervene and defend the victim in schools in which doing so was expected by other students. •A significant amount of bullying occurs outside of school. Four categories of victims: •Mainly passive (e.g., ignoring the bully or walking away) •Mainly aggressive (e.g., fighting back, either physically or verbally) •Support-seeking (e.g., telling a parent) •Those who do a little of everything

Media Saturation

Virtually all American households have at least one television. •Computers and Internet access are present in virtually all homes. •More than 90 percent of American teens go online daily, and 25 percent report being online "almost constantly." •Almost three-fourths of adolescents have their own smartphone. •The average adolescent spends 9 hours per day using media. •Internet use has increased enormously over the last decade. •Online gaming is particularly likely to be associated with compulsive Internet use. The ultimate value of Internet depends on quality and content of information.

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is true?

Younger children have an easier time adjusting to stepfamilies than adolescents.

Lethal School Violence

Widely publicized and significant, but rare •Adolescents more likely to be killed at home or in the community than in school •Almost impossible to predict Most effective policies: •Limiting access to guns •Identifying and treating young people with mental health problems •Creating school climates were students feel responsible for each other (and are prepared to take actionif they hear/see something)

The Experience Sampling Method involves:

adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions: _____ and _____.

adult orientation; peer orientation

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

both selection and socialization.

Junior high school

educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents

Middle School

educational institution housing 7th-and 8th-grade students along with adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings?

family socioeconomic status

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do?

get a job at the local music store

Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as:

indulgent.

According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except:

industrialization.

Secondary education refers to -

middle school, junior high school, and high school.

Taisha was discouraged from taking math classes throughout her high school years. Although she is intelligent, a likely long-term implication of this biased tracking is that Taisha will:

miss the opportunity to pursue certain careers for which she may be well qualified.

Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is:

not likely.

What is a policy that focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests?

standards-based reform

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that:

students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

Jacquelynne Eccles describes all of the following changes in school environment when moving from elementary school to middle school or junior high school, except that:

teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities.

One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:

the big-fish-little-pond effect.

Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include which of the following?

the uses and gratifications approach

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:

the youth culture.

One potential reason that Mallory and Mikey, a brother and sister growing up in the same family, have completely different personalities may be that

they have very different family experiences, both through differential treatment by parents and their own perceptions of similar experiences.

The determinants of sociometric popularity are ______, though the determinants of perceived popularity are _____.

things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable

For which of the following decisions would Nozomi, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules?

what time of night she needs to be home by