Psych of aging exam 1
Older adults take more medications on average than any other age group. When the counterdrugs are included, this averages to about _________ medications per older adult.
6-7
Which of the following factors may encourage participants to participate in the research?
All of these b.participants must be warned about potential risks or harm. c.participants must be told the purpose of the project. d.participants must be told whether they are free to discontinue participation at any time without penalty. All of these
Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?
Because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation
A research design combines two or more cross-sectional designs
Cross-sectional
A developmental psychologist wants to survey several cohorts of people aged 60-years-old to get their opinions concerning Medicare (e.g., assessing 60-year-olds in 2010, then another group of 60-year-olds in 2015, and yet another in 2020). Which research design is best suited to this task?
Cross-sequential
Development is said to have plasticity when there is more than one path to successful aging.
False
Events are characterized as normative if they are important to the individual but do not happen to most people.
False
Which type of commitment is not possible for most researchers?
Following many people over long periods of time, generating new samples, and conducting complex data analyses.
According to Baltes et al. (2006) life-span development consists of the dynamic interaction among all of the following factors except
Geographic location
One of the perspectives of life-span development is that people develop within a certain set of circumstances that are determined by the culture in which they were born. The perspective is called:
Historical context
Age changes are studied most effectively using a design.
Longitudinal
In this type of sequential design, cohort and time-of-measurement effects are examined.
Longitudinal-sequential
If the surviving participants in the last wave of testing in a longitudinal study on health and aging are those who initially had the lowest blood pressures, then we have a case of
Negative selective survival
The advent of social media internet technology is an example of a
Normative history-graded event
Population trends in the United States, specifically the continuing rise in the number of elderly people, are
Not unique because the population of elderly persons is increasing in most parts of the world
What additional evidence would have strengthened K. Werner Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities over time?
People with different economic backgrounds would provide insight into the effects on intellectual development variables. b.All of these c.People with differing levels of access to health care would provide insight on the effects of these variables on intellectual ability over time. d.People who live in different geographical areas would provide evidence as to whether the results are limited geographically. all of these
The belief that one's capacity can be learned or improved with practice is called
Plasticity
According to Lazarus and Folkman, arguing that "I don't have to worry about plane crashes because I never fly" is an example of
Primary appraisal
According to Schaie (1994), how can someone reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age?
Remaining cognitively active through lifelong reading and learning
Loss of memory due to Alzheimer's disease is an example of
Secondary aging
Name the type of investigation design invented by K. Warner Schaie.
Sequential design
Which of the following originated in Australia as a public messaging campaign adopted by the American Cancer Society?
Slip! Slop! Slap! and Wrap
In the case of a very specific personality trait, such as shyness, you can expect to see _____ over time throughout adulthood.
Stability
Plasticity refers to
The ability to change and improve abilities over time and with development
Why is osteoporos is more common in women than in men?
The decrease in estrogen in women following menopause greatly increases boneloss.
Informed consent involves gaining permission from the participant before collecting data and telling theparticipant about any potential risks and benefits.
True
Life-span perspective divides human development into an early phase and a later phase.
True
When a participant cannot give informed consent, such as in the case of a participant with advanced Alzheimer's disease, then a family member may give consent.
True
When one cannot determine which of two or more variables is responsible for an observed behavior or outcome, the results are said to be uncorrelated.
True
When participants begin but do not finish a longitudinal assessment or study, there may be a problem with dropout.
True
The P-FIT theory created by Jung and Haier (2007) was based upon
a meta-analysis of 37 research studies
In the brain, ________________has an important role in arousal, sensory perception, and sustaining attention.
acetylcholine
Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data?
activationimaging
Functional imaging techniques focus on the _______ of the brain.
activity
Diseases with a rapid onset that last a relatively short time are
acute diseases
Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue that the integrative approach provided by the STAC-r model embraces a "life long potential for plasticity and the ability to ______ age-related changes."
adapt to
Which of the following is not a characteristic associated with your textbook's definition of frail older adults?
adults who have limited access to medical care
While going through her late 40s and early 50s a woman is experiencing menopause. This is an example of a(n)
age effect
Chronic stress has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system, including
all of these are correct
Developmental researchers are interested in understanding
all of these are correct. b.age-related differences or variations. c.age-related changes. d.how people change over time. all of these are correct
Which part of the brain shows less age-related deterioration?
amygdala
When a person accurately remembers negative high-arousal items, this corresponds to increased activation of the
amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Activation in both the left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called ________ activation.
bilateral
Measuring the functioning of various vital or life-limiting systems, such as the human sensory system, is an assessment of
biological age
Bowman and colleagues (2012) identified three different _______ associated with cognitive functioning and brain volume.
biomarkerpatterns
Oliver Sacks explored numerous aspects of brain-behavior relations in individuals who had
brain disorders
Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain __________ functions are preserved into old age.
cognitive
The posterior-anterior shift in aging (PASA) is thought to reflect age-related
compensation
Grady (2012) points out that reduced prefrontal recruitment in aging is
context-dependent
As people age, the speed at which they react decreases. This phenomenon is cited in your textbook as an example of
continuity
A research design that seeks to determine the nature of the relationship between two variables, such as amount of in-ear headphone use and the prevalence of hearing loss in old age, is called a(n)
correlational study
In a design, groups of participants who vary in age are studied at one point in time.
cross-sectional
Processing speed ________ as people age.
decreases
The two neuroimaging techniques that are most of ten used provide
detailed images of the anatomical features of the brain and indications of brain activity.
Multidirectionality refers to
development and aging involving both decline and growth
Having difficulty completing daily activities of living due to a chronic condition is known as
disability
___________ is the neuro transmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention, and planning.
dopamine
Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in ______ memory and _________ tasks.
episodic; speed
Factors that make the situation worse than it originally was are called
exacerbators
When a researcher manipulates a key factor that he thinks is responsible for specific behavior and allocates testing participants according to which factor is tested, the resulting groups are called _______ groups.
experimental
Due to physiological changes, older adults are at risk for all of the following EXCEPT
faster excretion of medication
SPECT and PET are examples of
functional neuroimaging techniques
While sensory presbycusis __________, neural presbycusis ____________.
has little effect on other hearing abilities; affects the ability to understand speech
Executive functioning failures in older adults can be seen when older adults
have difficulty factoring out false information in anarticle they are reading
The sequence of loss of function is referred to as the
hierarchy of loss
The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging-revised (STAC-r) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at __________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.
high
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces
highly detailed images of the anatomical structures of the brain
Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain. However, the shrinkage is selective. The prefrontal cortex, the _______ , and the _________ all show profound shrinkage.
hippocampus; cerebellum
At 85-years-old, Elizabeth has recently begun to lose control of her bladder, which has led to several embarrassing situations when she has been out with friends. Elizabeth is suffering from
incontinence
John frequently feels the urge to urinate and some times does not make it to the restroom in time. Because of this,he does not like to be far from a restroom. As a result, John has stopped playing golf and is spending more time at home. John probably has
incontinence
The ability, termed Theory of Mind, _________ during childhood and ____________ after age 75.
increases; decreases
Which variables are manipulated by the researcher(s) in an experiment?
independent variables
Because U.S. society places high value on looking young, middle-aged and older adults, especially women, may be regarded as
inferior.
The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or
inhibitory control
According to the textbook, researchers are gathering evidence that vaping
is turning out to be a harmful habit after all.
One way researchers study how brain activation patterns among key structures operate is to study them in people with
known neurological disorders
Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires
light adaptation
Graduate student Patty Hope Davis wants to follow the 2017 class of medical school graduates across the first decade after their graduation. Which research design will Patty most likely use?
longitudinal
The career development center at a local university wants to know what will happen to the 2015, 2020, and 2025 classes of gerontology graduates during the decade following their graduation. Which research design will the center most likely use?
longitudinal-sequential
Across all racial and ethnic groups, more affluent older adults have _____________________ and _____________________ than individuals in lower socioeconomic groups.
lower levels of disability;higher health-related quality of life
An example of a longitudinal-sequential design would be
measuring two cohorts of people over time
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with
medications and lifestyle changes
Executive functions include all of the following EXCEPT
monitoring internal temperature
Understanding that development is shaped by biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces defines which feature of the life-span perspective?
multiple causation
Which area of neuroscience has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior?
neuroimaging
Which approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain?
neuropsychological
Which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the biological theories of aging?
none of the biological theories can completely explain normative aging
Normative history-graded influences are events that
often give a generation its unique identity.
Even if age is positively correlated with speed of cognitive processing, we cannot conclude that age "caused" this increase because
only experimental studies can demonstrate cause and effect relationships
If participants at the end of a longitudinal study tend to be those who were initially higher on some variable, then we have a case of
positive selective survival
The _________ are involved in higher-order executive functions such as the ability to make and carry out plans, switch between tasks, and maintain attention and focus.
prefrontal and frontal cortex
Winecoff's research found that fMRI data showed that emotion regulation modulates the functional interaction between the
prefrontal cortex and the amygdala
Which region of the brain is implicated in emotional processing?
prefrontalcortex
The emotional processing areas of the brain are more _________ overtime, where as higher-order executive cognitive processes seem to __________.
preserved; decline
When a person makes a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from a change in the situation, they are making a
reappraisal
One of the most significant findings in the neuroscience literature is the observed ________ of neural activation patterns in older adults' brain activity when compared with the brain functioning of younger adults.
reduced lateralization
If you are using a questionnaire to assess memory in older individuals, and each time you administer the questionnaire it produces different results, it can then be said that the measure has low
reliability
_________ are long-standing behaviors that increase one's chances of a disability.
risk factors
Developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmental factors that are not inevitable are termed
secondary aging
Neuroimaging has allowed us to
see inside the brain of a living person to examine the structures of the brain.
The areas of the brain related to sensory functions, such as the visual cortex, show relatively little
shrinkage
Viewing stress as the interaction of a thinking person and an event is known as the
stress and coping paradigm
Structural neuroimaging focuses on the ________ of the brain.
structure
Which of the following is NOT a general pain management technique?
surgical
Which of the following is a nonnormative influence on behavior?
surviving a natural disaster
Compared with younger adults, older adults' metabolism of medication
takes more time
Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in _______________ and there by shorten one's lifespan.
teleomeres
A resident of an assisted living center experiencing a marked decline in intellectual abilities in the years directly preceding death, known as terminal drop, is an example of which type of aging?
tertiary
Donald is 71-years old and is more motivated to derive emotional meaning form life and to maintain positive feelings. Donald's feelings are characteristic of
the positivity effect
Neuroscientific methods have limitations that include all of the following EXCEPT
they must use computer-basef imaging.
Testing people's fear of bridges shortly following a well-publicized bridge collapse might produce a(n)
time-of-measurement effect
According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, people should do all of the following to combat osteoporosis EXCEPT
to begin taking countermeasures to osteoporosis after the onset of menopause.
A cohort is a collection of people born in the same time period and/or who experience the same historical events.
true
Understanding the cultural and ethnic differences between !Kung African and European American family structures falls under which controversy?
universal versus context-specific
The compelling research regarding the effects of aerobic exercise and diet on the aging brain and how well it functions suggests which of the following old saying appears to be true?
use it or lose it
The degree to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure is an indication of its
validity
For most gerontologists, whether stability or change is the rule depends on:
what personal aspect is being considered
In the United States, which of the following statements about sex differences in average longevity is TRUE?
women tend to live longer than men
Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and performance in memory tasks.
working
Tanaina keeps mixing her blue and green socks when she is folding the laundry. The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is due to
yellowing of the lens.