Psych of aging exam 1

Older adults take more medications on average than any other age group. When the counterdrugs are included, this averages to about _________ medications per older adult.

6-7

Which of the following factors may encourage participants to participate in the research?

All of these b.participants must be warned about potential risks or harm. c.participants must be told the purpose of the project. d.participants must be told whether they are free to discontinue participation at any time without penalty. All of these

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

Because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation

A research design combines two or more cross-sectional designs

Cross-sectional

A developmental psychologist wants to survey several cohorts of people aged 60-years-old to get their opinions concerning Medicare (e.g., assessing 60-year-olds in 2010, then another group of 60-year-olds in 2015, and yet another in 2020). Which research design is best suited to this task?

Cross-sequential

Development is said to have plasticity when there is more than one path to successful aging.

False

Events are characterized as normative if they are important to the individual but do not happen to most people.

False

Which type of commitment is not possible for most researchers?

Following many people over long periods of time, generating new samples, and conducting complex data analyses.

According to Baltes et al. (2006) life-span development consists of the dynamic interaction among all of the following factors except

Geographic location

One of the perspectives of life-span development is that people develop within a certain set of circumstances that are determined by the culture in which they were born. The perspective is called:

Historical context

Age changes are studied most effectively using a design.

Longitudinal

In this type of sequential design, cohort and time-of-measurement effects are examined.

Longitudinal-sequential

If the surviving participants in the last wave of testing in a longitudinal study on health and aging are those who initially had the lowest blood pressures, then we have a case of

Negative selective survival

The advent of social media internet technology is an example of a

Normative history-graded event

Population trends in the United States, specifically the continuing rise in the number of elderly people, are

Not unique because the population of elderly persons is increasing in most parts of the world

What additional evidence would have strengthened K. Werner Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities over time?

People with different economic backgrounds would provide insight into the effects on intellectual development variables. b.All of these c.People with differing levels of access to health care would provide insight on the effects of these variables on intellectual ability over time. d.People who live in different geographical areas would provide evidence as to whether the results are limited geographically. all of these

The belief that one's capacity can be learned or improved with practice is called

Plasticity

According to Lazarus and Folkman, arguing that "I don't have to worry about plane crashes because I never fly" is an example of

Primary appraisal

According to Schaie (1994), how can someone reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age?

Remaining cognitively active through lifelong reading and learning

Loss of memory due to Alzheimer's disease is an example of

Secondary aging

Name the type of investigation design invented by K. Warner Schaie.

Sequential design

Which of the following originated in Australia as a public messaging campaign adopted by the American Cancer Society?

Slip! Slop! Slap! and Wrap

In the case of a very specific personality trait, such as shyness, you can expect to see _____ over time throughout adulthood.

Stability

Plasticity refers to

The ability to change and improve abilities over time and with development

Why is osteoporos is more common in women than in men?

The decrease in estrogen in women following menopause greatly increases boneloss.

Informed consent involves gaining permission from the participant before collecting data and telling theparticipant about any potential risks and benefits.

True

Life-span perspective divides human development into an early phase and a later phase.

True

When a participant cannot give informed consent, such as in the case of a participant with advanced Alzheimer's disease, then a family member may give consent.

True

When one cannot determine which of two or more variables is responsible for an observed behavior or outcome, the results are said to be uncorrelated.

True

When participants begin but do not finish a longitudinal assessment or study, there may be a problem with dropout.

True

The P-FIT theory created by Jung and Haier (2007) was based upon

a meta-analysis of 37 research studies

In the brain, ________________has an important role in arousal, sensory perception, and sustaining attention.

acetylcholine

Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data?

activationimaging

Functional imaging techniques focus on the _______ of the brain.

activity

Diseases with a rapid onset that last a relatively short time are

acute diseases

Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue that the integrative approach provided by the STAC-r model embraces a "life long potential for plasticity and the ability to ______ age-related changes."

adapt to

Which of the following is not a characteristic associated with your textbook's definition of frail older adults?

adults who have limited access to medical care

While going through her late 40s and early 50s a woman is experiencing menopause. This is an example of a(n)

age effect

Chronic stress has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system, including

all of these are correct

Developmental researchers are interested in understanding

all of these are correct. b.age-related differences or variations. c.age-related changes. d.how people change over time. all of these are correct

Which part of the brain shows less age-related deterioration?

amygdala

When a person accurately remembers negative high-arousal items, this corresponds to increased activation of the

amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Activation in both the left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called ________ activation.

bilateral

Measuring the functioning of various vital or life-limiting systems, such as the human sensory system, is an assessment of

biological age

Bowman and colleagues (2012) identified three different _______ associated with cognitive functioning and brain volume.

biomarkerpatterns

Oliver Sacks explored numerous aspects of brain-behavior relations in individuals who had

brain disorders

Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain __________ functions are preserved into old age.

cognitive

The posterior-anterior shift in aging (PASA) is thought to reflect age-related

compensation

Grady (2012) points out that reduced prefrontal recruitment in aging is

context-dependent

As people age, the speed at which they react decreases. This phenomenon is cited in your textbook as an example of

continuity

A research design that seeks to determine the nature of the relationship between two variables, such as amount of in-ear headphone use and the prevalence of hearing loss in old age, is called a(n)

correlational study

In a design, groups of participants who vary in age are studied at one point in time.

cross-sectional

Processing speed ________ as people age.

decreases

The two neuroimaging techniques that are most of ten used provide

detailed images of the anatomical features of the brain and indications of brain activity.

Multidirectionality refers to

development and aging involving both decline and growth

Having difficulty completing daily activities of living due to a chronic condition is known as

disability

___________ is the neuro transmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention, and planning.

dopamine

Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in ______ memory and _________ tasks.

episodic; speed

Factors that make the situation worse than it originally was are called

exacerbators

When a researcher manipulates a key factor that he thinks is responsible for specific behavior and allocates testing participants according to which factor is tested, the resulting groups are called _______ groups.

experimental

Due to physiological changes, older adults are at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

faster excretion of medication

SPECT and PET are examples of

functional neuroimaging techniques

While sensory presbycusis __________, neural presbycusis ____________.

has little effect on other hearing abilities; affects the ability to understand speech

Executive functioning failures in older adults can be seen when older adults

have difficulty factoring out false information in anarticle they are reading

The sequence of loss of function is referred to as the

hierarchy of loss

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging-revised (STAC-r) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at __________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

high

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces

highly detailed images of the anatomical structures of the brain

Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain. However, the shrinkage is selective. The prefrontal cortex, the _______ , and the _________ all show profound shrinkage.

hippocampus; cerebellum

At 85-years-old, Elizabeth has recently begun to lose control of her bladder, which has led to several embarrassing situations when she has been out with friends. Elizabeth is suffering from

incontinence

John frequently feels the urge to urinate and some times does not make it to the restroom in time. Because of this,he does not like to be far from a restroom. As a result, John has stopped playing golf and is spending more time at home. John probably has

incontinence

The ability, termed Theory of Mind, _________ during childhood and ____________ after age 75.

increases; decreases

Which variables are manipulated by the researcher(s) in an experiment?

independent variables

Because U.S. society places high value on looking young, middle-aged and older adults, especially women, may be regarded as

inferior.

The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or

inhibitory control

According to the textbook, researchers are gathering evidence that vaping

is turning out to be a harmful habit after all.

One way researchers study how brain activation patterns among key structures operate is to study them in people with

known neurological disorders

Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires

light adaptation

Graduate student Patty Hope Davis wants to follow the 2017 class of medical school graduates across the first decade after their graduation. Which research design will Patty most likely use?

longitudinal

The career development center at a local university wants to know what will happen to the 2015, 2020, and 2025 classes of gerontology graduates during the decade following their graduation. Which research design will the center most likely use?

longitudinal-sequential

Across all racial and ethnic groups, more affluent older adults have _____________________ and _____________________ than individuals in lower socioeconomic groups.

lower levels of disability;higher health-related quality of life

An example of a longitudinal-sequential design would be

measuring two cohorts of people over time

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

medications and lifestyle changes

Executive functions include all of the following EXCEPT

monitoring internal temperature

Understanding that development is shaped by biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces defines which feature of the life-span perspective?

multiple causation

Which area of neuroscience has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior?

neuroimaging

Which approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain?

neuropsychological

Which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the biological theories of aging?

none of the biological theories can completely explain normative aging

Normative history-graded influences are events that

often give a generation its unique identity.

Even if age is positively correlated with speed of cognitive processing, we cannot conclude that age "caused" this increase because

only experimental studies can demonstrate cause and effect relationships

If participants at the end of a longitudinal study tend to be those who were initially higher on some variable, then we have a case of

positive selective survival

The _________ are involved in higher-order executive functions such as the ability to make and carry out plans, switch between tasks, and maintain attention and focus.

prefrontal and frontal cortex

Winecoff's research found that fMRI data showed that emotion regulation modulates the functional interaction between the

prefrontal cortex and the amygdala

Which region of the brain is implicated in emotional processing?

prefrontalcortex

The emotional processing areas of the brain are more _________ overtime, where as higher-order executive cognitive processes seem to __________.

preserved; decline

When a person makes a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from a change in the situation, they are making a

reappraisal

One of the most significant findings in the neuroscience literature is the observed ________ of neural activation patterns in older adults' brain activity when compared with the brain functioning of younger adults.

reduced lateralization

If you are using a questionnaire to assess memory in older individuals, and each time you administer the questionnaire it produces different results, it can then be said that the measure has low

reliability

_________ are long-standing behaviors that increase one's chances of a disability.

risk factors

Developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmental factors that are not inevitable are termed

secondary aging

Neuroimaging has allowed us to

see inside the brain of a living person to examine the structures of the brain.

The areas of the brain related to sensory functions, such as the visual cortex, show relatively little

shrinkage

Viewing stress as the interaction of a thinking person and an event is known as the

stress and coping paradigm

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the ________ of the brain.

structure

Which of the following is NOT a general pain management technique?

surgical

Which of the following is a nonnormative influence on behavior?

surviving a natural disaster

Compared with younger adults, older adults' metabolism of medication

takes more time

Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in _______________ and there by shorten one's lifespan.

teleomeres

A resident of an assisted living center experiencing a marked decline in intellectual abilities in the years directly preceding death, known as terminal drop, is an example of which type of aging?

tertiary

Donald is 71-years old and is more motivated to derive emotional meaning form life and to maintain positive feelings. Donald's feelings are characteristic of

the positivity effect

Neuroscientific methods have limitations that include all of the following EXCEPT

they must use computer-basef imaging.

Testing people's fear of bridges shortly following a well-publicized bridge collapse might produce a(n)

time-of-measurement effect

According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, people should do all of the following to combat osteoporosis EXCEPT

to begin taking countermeasures to osteoporosis after the onset of menopause.

A cohort is a collection of people born in the same time period and/or who experience the same historical events.

true

Understanding the cultural and ethnic differences between !Kung African and European American family structures falls under which controversy?

universal versus context-specific

The compelling research regarding the effects of aerobic exercise and diet on the aging brain and how well it functions suggests which of the following old saying appears to be true?

use it or lose it

The degree to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure is an indication of its

validity

For most gerontologists, whether stability or change is the rule depends on:

what personal aspect is being considered

In the United States, which of the following statements about sex differences in average longevity is TRUE?

women tend to live longer than men

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and performance in memory tasks.

working

Tanaina keeps mixing her blue and green socks when she is folding the laundry. The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is due to

yellowing of the lens.