Psychology 105

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario?

A mnemonic device

Which of the following is the most widely used depressant?

Alcohol

Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens.

As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle.

From the following, identify an accurate statement about behavioral measures.

Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be?

Cognitive

Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?

Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.

In the United States, the first practitioner of moral treatment of the mentally ill was _____________. John Locke

Dorothea Dix

How do psychologists define learning?

Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

______________ are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation and are also regarded as standards of right and wrong.

Ethics

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

______________ psychology is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice.

Forensic

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Giving a child a "time-out" from a play session for throwing tantrums

Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma?

Glasgow Coma Scale

_______________ play an important role in communication between neurons, produce the material that insulates neurons, and aid cell metabolism.

Glial cells

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

Growth of new neurons

What happened when Phineas Gage sustained an injury to his frontal lobes when he was shot through the head with an iron bar in a railroad accident?

His personality changed.

Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply?

Mia is in REM sleep.

Which of the following is true about dementia?

Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.

Which of the following is ethically permissible while conducting research on humans?

Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis

Which of the following statements is true about pruning?

Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

______________ is the science of understanding individuals—animals as well as people.

Psychology

Dr. Ahmed calculated a +0.87 correlation coefficient between the number of days students attended their classes for the semester and their final exam scores. What can he interpret from this finding?

Students who attended classes regularly performed well in exams.

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

The cocktail party effect

For which of the following reasons is ancient Greece significant in the history of psychology?

The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece.

Which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night?

The rods

What are the two aspects of consciousness?

Wakefulness and awareness

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage?

Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Madeline is an elderly person who takes medicine to treat memory loss that accompanies her Alzheimer's disease. Madeline's medication likely enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter ______________.

acetylcholine

Early humans, as hunter-gatherers, did not know when they would find food. If they found fat, they ate it, because fat could be stored in the body and used later when food might be scarce. For this reason, humans evolved to like fat. Human cravings have not changed much, even though our environments have. So our preference for fatty foods can be attributed to _____________.

adaptation

A variable can be defined as:

anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.

Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter:

are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions.

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________.

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

Ed, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the environment impacts tendencies to act. He believed that focusing on the mind through introspection was not scientific. Ed was most likely a:

behaviorist.

Samantha inherits one blue-eye allele and one brown-eye allele. Her eye color is most likely to be ____________.

brown because it is the dominant gene

The independent variable is the __________, and the dependent variable is the _________.

cause; effect

The ________________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.

central nervous system

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

circadian rhythm

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the _________.

control group

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

The term _____________ can be defined as the study of changes in the way genes are activated or deactivated without changing the sequence of DNA.

epigenetics

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory.

episodic

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with:

evaluating the effects of social forces on one's behavior.

Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge and thoughts come from _____________.

experience

Robert asks Thomas if he heard a knock at the door, and Thomas says that he did not. Robert, swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it, but there is no one there. Signal detection theorists would label Robert's perception that someone knocked at the door as a _______.

false alarm

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

false memory.

The extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics is termed as ____________.

heritability

During the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter _________.

is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______.

linear perspective

Axons that become ____________ are insulated and can transmit impulses more efficiently.

myelinated

Chan Lee, an Asian primatologist, studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n) ___________.

naturalistic observation

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ______ for fastening the seat belt.

negative reinforcement

During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jamal has developed ___________.

object permanence

Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the:

participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits.

Immanuel can see few children flying a kite on top of a building at a distance. As the kite flies farther up into the sky it looks like it is getting smaller and smaller. However, Immanuel knows the kite is not shrinking due to his brain's ability to maintain _______.

perceptual constancy

In a study on sugar consumption and activity level, an artificial sweetener would be an appropriate __________.

placebo

When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

preoperational

Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of:

psychology.

A study was conducted by a group of researchers in Asian cities to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. Another group of researchers conducted the same study in North American cities to determine if they could duplicate the results of the first study. In this scenario, the scientific method followed by the second group of researchers can be termed as ______.

replication

Yasmin no longer senses the sound of air conditioner as she sits in the classroom. She has stopped attending to its stimulation because she sits in the same classroom every day. Psychologists call this experience _______.

sensory adaptation

Ravi is a participant in a cognitive experiment, but he does not know if he is in the experimental group or the control group. The researchers, however, are aware of the condition to which he has been assigned. The study in which Ravi is participating is called a(n) ___________.

single-blind study

With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that:

sleep changes throughout the night.

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________.

social learning

Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down, because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the ________________ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the ______________ relaxed her body after the crisis.

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:

the addition of a stimulus.

Transduction can be defined as:

the conversion of physical into neural information.

Clinical psychology can be best defined as the study of:

the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health.

Researchers design a study in which neither the participants nor the investigators interacting with them know whether the participants have been assigned to a control group or to an experimental group because:

the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior.

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:

the serial position effect.

Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks:

theory of mind.

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories