Psychology 142 Final Exam Review

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ______. a) homeostasis b) jet lag c) night terrors d) parasomnia

b) jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? a) crying while asleep b) kicking and punching while asleep c) snoring while asleep d) talking while asleep

b) kicking and punching while asleep

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ______ learning. a) conditioned b) latent c) partial d) primary

b) latent

A ______ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. a) letter b) morpheme c) phoneme d) syllable

b) morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ______ concept. a) modular b) natural c) prototypical d) artificial

b) natural

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ______. a) negative punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement

b) negative reinforcement

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ______ blindness. a) sensorineural b) night c) foveal d) conductive

b) night

A negative correlation means ______. a) a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship b) one variable decreases as the other increases c) there is a relationship between two variable, but it is not statistically significant d) two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

b) one variable decreases as the other increases

In ______ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. a) continuous b) partial c) primary d) secondary

b) partial

On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ______. a) podiatrist b) psychiatrist c) clinical psychologist d) counseling psychologist

b) psychiatrist

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ______, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory. a) transience b) recognition c) recall d) the Stroop effect

b) recognition

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ______. a) validity b) reliability c) standardization d) operationalization

b) reliability

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ______. a) demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins b) revealed a genetic component to intelligence c) suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption d) suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

b) revealed a genetic component to intelligence

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ______. a) operant conditioning b) stimulus discrimination c) stimulus generalization d) higher-order conditioning

b) stimulus discrimination

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? a) In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. b) In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. c) In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. d) Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

a) In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the ______ variable. a) Independent b) Dependent c) Correlational d) Experimental

a) Independent

______ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. a) Jane Goodall b) Sigmund Freud c) Suzanne Fanger d) Tatiana Hogan

a) Jane Goodall

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their points of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify? a) interpersonal b) intrapersonal c) linguistic d) naturalist

a) interpersonal

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ______. a) learned b) instinctive c) reflexive d) reactive

a) learned

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? a) mild b) moderate c) profound d) severe

a) mild

Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the ______. a) naturalistic observation method b) experimental method c) survey method d) psychometric approach

a) naturalistic observation method

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? a) night terrors b) narcolepsy c) restless leg syndrome d) sleep apnea

a) night terrors

A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ______. a) volunteer bias b) a representative sample c) an experimental group d) a control group

b) a representative sample

The work of Freud was built around ______. a) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes b) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts c) a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully record and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior d) a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations

b) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ______. a) representation sample b) case study c) single-blind study d) naturalistic observation

b) case study

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ______ bias. a) anchoring b) confirmation c) hindsight d) representational

b) confirmation

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ______. a) conscience b) consciousness c) REM sleep d) unconsciousness

b) consciousness

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ______ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a) analytic b) creative c) fluid d) crystallized

b) creative

Alcohol is considered a ______ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

b) depressant

______ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious; one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. a) cognitive behavioral b) dissociative c) Jungian d) social-cognitive

b) dissociative

In a ______ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. a) control b) double-blind c) pilot d) randomly assigned

b) double-blind

What is the confirmation bias? a) believing the event you just experienced was predictable b) focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs c) focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision d) stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

b) focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? a) anchoring bias b) functional fixedness c) hindsight bias d) representative bias

b) functional fixedness

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ______ bias. a) egocentric b) hindsight c) stereotypical d) transient

b) hindsight

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ______ memory. a) explicit b) implicit c) semantic d) sensory

b) implicit

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrated which concept? a) bottom-up processing b) inattentional blindness c) sensory adaptation d) top-down processing

b) inattentional blindness

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in a flowered dress. This is an example of ______, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. a) transience b) suggestibility c) recognition d) decay

b) suggestibility

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ______ practice. a) chunked b) massed c) distributed d) proactive

c) distributed

Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like "+" and "=", and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy's parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from ______. a) dyslexia b) dysgraphia c) dyscalculia d) intellectual disability

c) dyscalculia

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? a) cognitive behavioral b) dependent c) evolutionary d) Freudian

c) evolutionary

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? a) the scientific study of behavior b) the scientific study of mental processes c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes d) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a) free will b) brain psychology c) the unconscious mind d) external consequences

c) the unconscious mind

What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly? a) to comply with legal requirements b) to identify all the extraneous variables c) to allow researchers to replicate experiments d) to explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them

c) to allow researchers to replicate experiments

Taylor smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ______. a) physical dependence b) psychological dependence c) tolerance d) withdrawal

c) tolerance

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? a) A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference. b) It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories. c) It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency. d) It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

d) It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory

The more modern form of psychoanalysis is called the ______ perspective. a) Gestalt b) Humanistic c) Eclectic d) Psychodynamic

d) Psychodynamic

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ______ sleep. a) night terrors b) non-REM c) NREM d) REM

d) REM

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. a) The American Psychological Society b) The National Institute of Mental Health c) The Centers for Disease Control d) The American Psychological Association

d) The American Psychological Association

Elaborative reearsal involves ______. a) immediately applying new information to a practical problem b) organizing information into manageable bits or chunks c) sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it d) thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

d) thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? a) down-top b) inside-out c) outside-in d) top-down

d) top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ______. a) a just noticeable difference b) subliminal perception c) top-down processing d) transduction

d) transduction

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? a) dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier b) drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied c) using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam d) using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

d) using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a) fixed interval b) fixed ratio c) variable interval d) variable ratio

d) variable ratio

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ______ sense helps keep him balanced so he has a less chance of falling over. a) nociception b) proprioception c) somatosensation d) vestibular

d) vestibular

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"? a) Gestalt psychologist b) behaviorist c) structuralist d) functionalist

a) Gestalt psychology

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? a) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. b) Fear is a conditioned response. c) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. d) One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

a) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

______ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eyes receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. a) Binocular b) Opponent c) monocular d) Trichromatic

a) Binocular

______ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. a) Cognition b) Personality c) Conceptualization d) Priming

a) Cognition

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? a) Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. b) Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. c) Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. d) Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

a) Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores? a) Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. b) Jerry and Jerica are fraternal twins who were raised in the same house. c) Vondra and Victoria are a mother and daughter who have lived together for all of Victoria's 15 years. d) Annabeth and Andre are half-siblings who have the same father but different mothers. They've lived together since they were 3 and 5 years old, respectively.

a) Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families.

The theorist who discussed our ability to perceive a change in stimulus as being relative to the amount of change versus the intensity of the original stimulus was ______. a) Weber b) Klein c) Skinner d) Pavlov

a) Weber

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? a) afterimage b) preimage c) binocular image d) monocular image

a) afterimage

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ______ learning. a) associative b) instinctive c) processual d) reflexive

a) associative

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ______ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. a) attention b) friendship c) habit d) mood

a) attention

______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. a) attrition b) experimenter bias c) generalizing d) single blinding

a) attrition

Which of the following is an example of an instinct? a) baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked b) believing that nudity is wrong c) a teacher demonstrating algebra to students d) a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents

a) baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ______. a) can sometimes be tested with animal studies b) can only be examined using a descriptive or correlational approach c) are used to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive d) are not possible to test with any form of empirical methods

a) can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ______. a) chunking b) elaborative rehearsal c) a mnemonic device d) persistence

a) chunking

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ______ cycles are aligned with the outside world. a) circadian b) external c) melatonin d) diurnal

a) circadian

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? a) cones b) fovea c) lens d) rods

a) cones

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ______. a) confirmation bias b) confounding variable c) correlational research d) observer bias

a) confirmation bias

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a) continuous b) partial c) primary d) secondary

a) continuous

Light waves are first transmitted through the ______ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ______ before shining onto the retina. a) cornea; pupil b) sclera; lens c) lens; sclera d) pupil; cornea

a) cornea; pupil

Melatonin release from the pinal gland is stimulated by ______ and inhibited by ______. a) darkness; light b) light; darkness c) pulsing light; steady light d) twilight; gloom

a) darkness; light

Which of the following is NOT part of obtaining informed consent? a) explaining the hypothesis to the participants b) letting participants know that participation is voluntary c) obtaining the participant's signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor d) reviewing that data is confidential

a) explaining the hypothesis to the participants

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ______ memory. a) explicit b) implicit c) procedural d) episodic

a) explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? a) explicit memories b) implicit memories c) sensory memories d) short-term memories

a) explicit memories

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a) fixed interval b) fixed ratio c) variable interval d) variable ratio

a) fixed interval

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? a) homeostasis b) insomnia c) melatonin d) rhythm

a) homeostasis

After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea? a) hypothesis b) dependent variable c) extraneous variable d) experimental estimate

a) hypothesis

What is episodic memory? a) information about events we have personally experienced b) knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c) storage of facts and events we have personally experienced d) type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

a) information about events we have personally experienced

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) REM

b) 2

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? a) Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. b) Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. c) Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. d) Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

b) Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. a) Beliefs b) Concepts c) Emotions d) Values

b) Concepts

______ assess the consistency of observations by different observers. a) Attrition b) Inter-rater reliability c) A control group d) Validity

b) Inter-rater reliability

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? a) It receives sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. b) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. c) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. d) It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

b) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

The ______ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. a) Rhino b) Placebo c) Rorschach d) Cosmos

b) Placebo

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? a) The psychoanalytic perspective b) The humanistic perspective c) The cognitive perspective d) The behavioral perspective

b) The humanistic perspective

Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a) Ivan Pavlov b) William James c) Wilhelm Wundt d) Max Wertheimer

b) William James

______ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. a) archival research b) case studies c) surveys d) university experiments

c) surveys

An intelligence score that falls below ______ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability. a) 130 b) 100 c) 70 d) 40

c) 70

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ______. a) A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. b) An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. c) An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. d) Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

c) An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Which of the following questions could be answered by using the survey method? a) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? b) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? c) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? d) What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average?

c) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is FALSE? a) Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. b) Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. c) Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. d) Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

c) Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.

What is the Flynn effect? a) Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. b) The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. c) The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. d) The obseration that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

c) The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism? a) Gestalt and Wundt b) Freud and Watson c) Watson and Pavlov d) Pavlov and Wundt

c) Watson and Pavlov

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ______. a) William James b) William Tell c) Wilhelm Wundt d) Sigmund Freud

c) Wilhelm Wundt

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? a) consistency b) applicability c) accuracy d) repetition

c) accuracy

______ amnesia is a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. a) retrograde b) proactive c) anterograde d) retroactive

c) anterograde

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months? a) correlational b) sequential c) cross-sectional d) longitudinal

c) cross-sectional

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ______. a) acquisition b) conditioning c) extinction d) learning

c) extinction

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? a) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room b) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student d) rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

c) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification b) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. c) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart d) playing the slot machine

c) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ______ content. a) ego-driven b) preconscious c) latent d) manifest

c) latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a) conditioning b) instincts c) learning d) reflexes

c) learning

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ______ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory. a) bodily kinesthetic b) interpersonal c) logical-mathematical d) spatial

c) logical-mathematical

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ______ design. a) cross sectional b) experimental c) longitudinal d) survey

c) longitudinal

A state of ______, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. a) cognizance b) insomnia c) meditation d) narcolepsy

c) meditation

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a) automatic processing b) effortful processing c) memory d) sensory encoding

c) memory

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ______ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory. a) linguistic b) logical-mathematical c) musical d) spatial

c) musical

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ______. a) somnambulism b) damage to his K-complex c) narcolepsy d) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

c) narcolepsy

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? a) corneal b) acoustic c) optic d) gustatory

c) optic

A(an) ______ is a basic sound unit of a given language. a) syllable b) morpheme c) phoneme d) syntactic unit

c) phoneme

______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. a) classical b) operant c) primary d) secondary

c) primary

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology? a) structuralism b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis d) behaviorism

c) psychoanalysis

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ______. a) distributed practice b) the method of loci c) rehearsal d) chunking

c) rehearsal

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ______. a) inter-rater reliability b) standardization c) replication d) validity

c) replication

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ______. a) encoding b) hyperthymesia c) retrieval d) storage

c) retrieval

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ______ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. a) artificial b) event c) role d) script

c) role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? a) interpretation b) language c) semantics d) syntax

c) semantics

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ______. a) extinction b) stimulus discrimination c) stimulus generalization d) spontaneous recovery

c) stimulus generalization

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illimunation varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ______. a) Merkel's theory b) the law of thermoception c) the principle of transduction d) Weber's law

d) Weber's law

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ______. a) binocular disparity b) similarity c) good continuation d) a figure-ground relationship

d) a figure-ground relationship

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ______. a) after dreaming about having a fight with their parents b) after dreaming they were on television c) after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character d) after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

d) after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

The goals of psychology are to ______. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ______ variable and word retention is the ______ variable. a) control; experimental b) dependent; independent c) experimental; control d) independent; dependent

d) independent; dependent

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ______ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ______. a) cornea; iris b) fovea; lens c) iris; retina d) lens; fovea

d) lens; fovea

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ______. a) confirmation bias b) functional fixedness c) hindsight bias d) mental set

d) mental set

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ______. a) Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm b) equipotentiality hypothesis c) levels of processing theory d) misinformation effect paradigm

d) misinformation effect paradigm

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? a) classical conditioning b) imitation c) modeling d) operant conditioning

d) operant conditioning

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of ______ interference. a) retrograde b) anterograde c) proactive d) retroactive

d) retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ______ amnesia. a) anterograde b) flashbulb c) graduated d) retrograde

d) retrograde

______ are the most commonly used species for animal research. a) elephants b) birds c) cats and dogs d) rodents

d) rodents

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? a) cones b) fovea c) iris d) rods

d) rods

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a) acquisition b) learning c) reinforcement d) shaping

d) shaping

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ______ theory. a) absolute threshold b) just noticeable difference c) Weber's d) signal detection

d) signal detection

Cocaine is considered a ______ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

d) stimulant

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? a) deciding that you want to be a parent b) jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship c) addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised d) the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

d) the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ______, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. a) deductive reasoning b) inductive reasoning c) the experiment d) the scientific method

d) the scientific method

A(n) ______ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. a) conclusion b) hypothesis c) operational definition d) theory

d) theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ______. a) smoking causes lung cancer b) smoking contributes to lung cancer c) there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer d) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

d) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer