Psychology chapter 5 Consciousness

Suppose you wanted to sample the contents of preconsciousness in a group of volunteers. Which technique would be most appropriate? a) Ask them to recall specific memories to consciousness. b) Ask them to recall a dream. c) Do a priming experiment. d) Have them undergo psychoanalysis. e) Give them MRI scans.

a) Ask them to recall specific memories to consciousness.

All of the following are related to our circadian rhythms, except a) daydreaming. b) waking. c) dreaming. d) sleep. e) jet lag.

a) daydreaming.

Which of the following groups of drugs have the opposite effects on the brain? a) stimulants and depressants b) depressants and opiates c) hallucinogens and sedatives d) opiates and sedatives e) hallucinogens and stimulants

a) stimulants and depressants

Which of the following is true regarding unconscious decision making?

a. Research has shown that unconscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices.

activates dopamine receptors and interferes with the neurochemical processes involved in memory

alcohol

a type of depressant that produces feelings of relaxation, analgesia, and euphoria used to relive pain and suffering ex) heroin, morphine, codeine

opiates

Your friend has a child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look. The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning. Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder. Based on your knowledge of sleep, you reply that the child:

d. likely is sleepwalking, and this condition is typical for her age group

You have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter? Select one: a. slow-wave sleep b. theta wave sleep c. k-complex sleep d. paradoxical sleep

d. paradoxical sleep

Which of the following is NOT involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles? Select one: a. pineal gland b. reticular formation c. melatonin d. frontal cortex

d. frontal cortex

In comparison to cocaine, methamphetamine does all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. increases the release of dopamine b. stays in the body longer c. is easier to manufacture d. has fewer side effects

d. has fewer side effects

What brain regions have been linked to narcolepsy? Select one: a. motor cortex b. parietal lobe and spinal cord c. temporal lobe and frontal lobe d. hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT likely a purpose of sleep? Select one: a. strengthening of neuronal connections that serve as the basis for learning b. consolidation of information c. maintenance and strengthening of the immune system d. reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

d. reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease? Select one: a. REM b. stage 4 c. stage 3 d. stage 2

d. stage 2

The band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres is known as: Select one: a. the central sulcus b. the information superhighway c. I-10 d. the corpus callosum

d. the corpus callosum

Which of the following is the most likely cause of insomnia? Select one: a. disrupted sleep cycles b. altered theta waves c. narcolepsy d. worrying about sleep

d. worrying about sleep

the most commonly used illicit drug that can have the effects of a depressant, a hallucinogen, and a stimulant used to relieve nausea and pain

marijuana

stays in the body and brain much longer than other drugs damages various brain structures (frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and limbic system) causes insomnia, anxiety, and heart skin, and dental problems used for weight loss and staying awake

metamphetamines

the world's second most commonly used illicit drug that yields much higher levels of dopamine in the synapse by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increasing its release

methamphetamines

Physical dependence on a drug is referred to as: Select one: a. tolerance b. withdrawal c. addiction d. dependence

...

severe memory loss and intellectual deterioation by alcohol

Korsakoff's syndrome

drug that produces an energizing effect similar to that of stimulants but causes slight hallucinations depletes serotonin (Users often feel depressed when the drug's rewarding properties wear off

MDMA (ecstasy)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an altered state of consciousness similar to meditation? Select one: a. runner's high b. automated behavior c. religious ecstasy d. focused attention

Not b. Probably c or d.

You and your friends are having a sleepover. One of the friends falls asleep and is snoring. The rest of you are talking loudly without waking her, but when you begin to make cookies, the smell jolts her from sleep immediately. How can this be?

a. The brain blocks out most stimuli even though it is processing the information; a good smell was worth attending to.

Opiates such as heroin have enormous reward value to the brain because they _____ and _____. a. activate dopamine receptors; bind with opiate receptors b. inhibit dopamine receptors; bind with opiate receptors c. activate dopamine receptors; block opiate receptors d. inhibit dopamine receptors; block opiate receptors

a. activate dopamine receptors; bind with opiate receptors

Which of the following drugs costs the United States the most in terms of lost workdays, medical treatment, and rehabilitation costs? Select one: a. alcohol b. marijuana c. cocaine and methamphetamine d. opiates

a. alcohol

Two areas of the brain that have been critically linked to the development of addiction include the: Select one: a. dopamine system and the insula b. dopamine system and the forebrain c. opiate system and the insula d. opiate system and the forebrain

a. dopamine system and the insula

Which two factors are involved in "runner's high"? a. endorphin release in the brain and a shift in consciousness similar to meditation states b. endorphin release in the brain and a focus on the running activity itself c. a shift in consciousness similar to meditation states and dopamine release in the brain d. a focus on the running activity itself and dopamine release in the brain

a. endorphin release in the brain and a shift in consciousness similar to meditation states

In concentrative mediation a person: Select one: a. focuses attention on one thing, such as a mantra b. allows thoughts to flow freely c. keeps her or his eyes open throughout the experience d. none of the above

a. focuses attention on one thing, such as a mantra

Which of the following actions reflects a choice to engage with life, rather than to escape the self? Select one: a. gaining temporary relief from personal issues by engaging in a flow activity b. distracting oneself from reflecting on failures or problems c. escaping problems d. avoiding individuals and situations causing distress

a. gaining temporary relief from personal issues by engaging in a flow activity

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether or not Terri was: Select one: a. in a persistent vegetative state or a minimally conscious state b. able to make current medical decisions for herself c. more dependent on her parents or her husband d. able to vocalize her choices

a. in a persistent vegetative state or a minimally conscious state

Tetrahydrocannabinol is the psychoactive chemical in which drug? Select one: a. marijuana b. MDMA c. tetracycline d. crack cocain

a. marijuana

Consciousness is best defined as: Select one: a. moment-to-moment subjective experiences b. focused attention c. a state of wakefulness d. the sum of your voluntary experiences

a. moment-to-moment subjective experiences

Your text suggests that from infancy through adolescence, hours of sleep per night is probably _____ correlated with age in years. Select one: a. negatively b. not c. positive d. perfectly

a. negatively

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, dreaming is the result of: Select one: a. neural stimulation, which activates mechanisms that normally interpret visual input b. neural inhibition, which inhibits mechanisms that normally interpret visual input c. inhibition of the amygdala d. stimulation of the amygdala to process visual information

a. neural stimulation, which activates mechanisms that normally interpret visual input

Linnea said that she had dreams about what she was going to wear and what pencil to bring to class. What type of sleep was she probably in? Select one: a. non-REM b. REM c. luna d. SCN

a. non-REM

With respect to its neurochemical effects, alcohol is rewarding because it activates receptors for the neurotransmitter: Select one: a. norepinephrine b. dopamine c. glutamate d. acetylcholine

a. norepinephrine

The difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence is that:

a. psychological dependence involves habitual and compulsive substance abuse despite the consequences, whereas physical dependence refers to tolerance and withdrawal

As you get older, you have fewer (less) _____ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping. Select one: a. sleep spindles b. delta waves c. k-complexes d. synchronization

a. sleep spindles

Sleep spindles are indicative of which stage of sleep? Select one: a. stage 2 b. stage 1 c. REM d. stage 4

a. stage 2

A drug works by blocking normal reuptake of dopamine, allowing released dopamine to remain in the synapse for a longer period of time. This drug must be a: Select one: a. stimulant b. depressant c. opiate d. antipsychotic

a. stimulant

REM sleep is paradoxical because: Select one: a. the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed b. the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive c. the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages d. dreams occur more often during REM sleep than during other sleep stages

a. the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed

Giacomo has used crystal methamphetamine for a while. To feel the effects of the drug, he now needs to take a couple of lines instead of just one. Which term best describes Giacomo's experience? Select one: a. tolerance b. dependence c. withdrawal d. addiction

a. tolerance

One example of an automatic process is: Select one: a. walking b. taking a test c. driving in stormy weather d. threading a needle

a. walking

Which statement is true about daydreaming? a) Daydreams help focus your attention. b) Most people daydream every day. c) Daydreams are usually more vivid than night dreams. d) Daydreams usually serve as an escape from the concerns of real life. e) Most people can easily suppress unwanted thoughts.

b) Most people daydream every day.

Rapid eye movements are reliable behavioral signs that a) a person is very low in hypnotizability. b) a sleeper is dreaming. c) one has achieved a genuine meditative state. d) an individual has reached the deepest level of sleep. e) an individual is under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.

b) a sleeper is dreaming.

According to cognitive neuroscience, a) consciousness has no relationship to the brain. b) consciousness is a product of the brain. c) creativity arises from altered states of consciousness. d) consciousness does not exist. e) the conscious mind has little access to the larger world of mental activity in the unconscious.

b) consciousness is a product of the brain.

Which of the following drugs would be most likely to produce hallucinations (sensory experiences with no basis in reality)? a) benzodiazepines b) mescaline c) amphetamines d) alcohol e) nicotine

b) mescaline

Which of the following is not one of the functions of consciousness cited by your text? a) manipulating a mental image of the world b) relinquishing control to enhance self-awareness c) combining sensation with memory d) selecting pertinent information for further processing e) restricting attention to what is relevant

b) relinquishing control to enhance self-awareness

Three major effects sought by users of _____ are increased alertness, greater self-confidence, and euphoria. a) barbiturates b) stimulants c) depressants d) opiates e) hallucinogens

b) stimulants

Psychoactive drugs usually create their effects by _____ in the brain. a) causing delayed stress reactions b) stimulating reward circuits c) rewiring neural pathways d) disabling dendrites e) altering memories

b) stimulating reward circuits

Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome, as described in your text?

b. After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.

Split-brain patients can walk, talk, think, and interact as though nothing major has happened. Why might this be?

b. All brain functions are left intact. Since each hemisphere controls only half of the body, it does not matter much that the two hemispheres are not connected.

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep? a. Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move off the bed. b. The brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed. c. You are consciously aware of the bed's boundaries at all times during sleep. d. Most people typically fall out of bed, but because they are unaware of it they do not report it.

b. The brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.

Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is NOT correct? Select one: a. Sleep is an altered state of consciousness. b. The brain shuts down during sleep. c. Complex thinking can occur during sleep. d. Conscious experience of the outside world is largely turned off during sleep.

b. The brain shuts down during sleep.

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG? Select one: a. beta waves b. alpha waves c. theta waves d. sleep spindles

b. alpha waves

Marijuana has been known to produce memory effects in long-time users. This result is most likely due to the altering of a large percentage of _____ receptors in the _____ of the brain. Select one: a. cannabinoid; frontal lobe b. cannabinoid; hippocampus c. ACTH; frontal lobe d. ACTH; hippocampus

b. cannabinoid; hippocampus

Which of the following is NOT a general form of meditation? Select one: a. focusing attention on one particular thing, such as one's breathing pattern b. consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts c. repeating a mantra d. listening to your inner voice without responding

b. consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation? Select one: a. chronic insomnia b. depression c. hypertension d. ADHD

b. depression

A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely: Select one: a. awake b. in stage 1 sleep c. in stage 4 sleep d. in stage 2 sleep

b. in stage 1 sleep

The manifest content of a dream: Select one: a. consists of symbols b. is the dream you remember having c. directly reveals the dreamer's unconscious wishes d. both A and B

b. is the dream you remember having

According to cross-cultural studies, _____ consume more alcohol. Select one: a. women b. men c. the elderly d. none of the above

b. men

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as: Select one: a. the smart unconscious b. subliminal perception c. split brain d. none of the above

b. subliminal perception

Latent content is to _____ as manifest content is to _____. a. seeing a tower in a dream; the psychological meaning of the tower b. the psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream c. the ability to identify a ladder in a dream; the ability to physically climb the ladder d. the ability to physically climb a ladder; the ability to identify a ladder in a dream

b. the psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true? a) Anyone can be hypnotized if the hypnosist knows the most effective techniques to use. b) Hypnosis has no medical value. c) Hypnotizability relies on a person's ability to respond to suggestion. d) Hypnosis is actually a form of NREM sleep. e) The less intelligent or educated a person is, the more hypnotizable he or she will be.

c) Hypnotizability relies on a person's ability to respond to suggestion.

Which one of the following is a sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions when the sleeper stops breathing, wakens, resumes breathing, and falls back asleep? a) analgesia b) night terrors c) apnea d) daytime sleepiness e) insomnia

c) apnea

Hypnosis is sometimes used by psychological researchers to a) cure patients suffering from severe mental disorders. b) improve memory c) create mental states, such as anxiety or euphoria. d) study the effects of psychoactive drugs. e) induce amnesia for traumatic experiences.

c) create mental states, such as anxiety or euphoria.

Owens and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of normal individuals imagining the same activity. According to your text, what does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness? a. Consciousness is unrelated to awareness. b. Consciousness is necessary for awareness. c. Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness. d. Consciousness is equivalent to awareness.

c. Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.

According to the evolutionary hypothesis of dreaming, which of the following statements does NOT describe a function of dreams? Select one: a. Dreams serve as a means to simulate threatening events to allow people to rehearse coping strategies. b. Dreams help people develop adaptive strategies to increase survival. c. Dreams may be the result of unconscious processing of Freudian slips. d. Dreams may involve practicing resolution of negative emotions.

c. Dreams may be the result of unconscious processing of Freudian slips.

Regarding the concept of addiction, which statement most nearly captures your text's position? Select one: a. Physical dependence is necessary for addiction. b. Both physical and psychological dependence are necessary for addiction. c. Physical dependence is sufficient for addiction. d. Psychological dependence is sufficient for addiction.

c. Physical dependence is sufficient for addiction.

What part of the brain is known as the interpreter? a. The right hemisphere, in that it likes to construct a world that makes sense. b. The parietal lobe, because it regulates all information and helps translate speech. c. The left hemisphere, because it is vital in constructing a world that makes sense. d. The frontal lobe, because it deals with higher-order thinking.

c. The left hemisphere, because it is vital in constructing a world that makes sense.

The compulsive use of a drug despite negative consequences is referred to as: Select one: a. tolerance b. withdrawal c. addiction d. dependence

c. addiction

According to the sociocognitive theory, hypnosis is: Select one: a. a trancelike state b. a dissociative state c. an act d. none of the above

c. an act

Circadian rhythms can best be described as: Select one: a. special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood b. the rise and fall of the sun each day c. biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle d. the ancient art of star tracking, which is used today to figure out sleep patterns

c. biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle

Sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. He asks if this could be possible. Based on what you know about dream behavior, you are likely to: a. agree with him because you do not dream either b. disagree with him because he is 18 and everyone can dream after the age of 12 c. disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication d. agree with him because not everyone has dreams in REM sleep

c. disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication

Which of the following actions does NOT happen during sleep? Select one: a. analyzing danger b. controlling body movements c. experiencing conscious awareness d. finding comfortable positions

c. experiencing conscious awareness

According to the _____ model, consciousness should be a function of _____. Select one: a. sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas b. blindsight; visual processing c. global workspace; which brain circuits are active d. consciousness; the level of arousal

c. global workspace; which brain circuits are active

To be considered a stimulant, a drug must _____ both _____ activity. Select one: a. decrease; mental and behavioral b. decrease; mental and emotional c. increase; mental and behavioral d. increase; mental and emotional

c. increase; mental and behavioral

A mind-altering substance that changes the brain's neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter receptors is called a: Select one: a. neuromodulator b. neurotoxin c. psychoactive drug d. psychoendorphin

c. psychoactive drug

When the corpus callosum is severed, the result is: Select one: a. loss of consciousness b. death c. split brain d. inability to form new memories

c. split brain

A Freudian slip can best be described as a: Select one: a. conscious thought that was verbally misleading b. conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time c. unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time d. unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later

c. unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time

Byron drinks five or more cups of coffee each day during the week. On Saturday and Sunday mornings, when he sleeps in late, he often has a headache when he gets up, and it only goes away after he drinks some coffee. It is likely that Byron is experiencing _____ to the coffee. Select one: a. tolerance symptoms b. psychological dependency c. withdrawal symptoms d. contextual cravings

c. withdrawal symptoms

stimulant that produces its stimulating effect (feeling good, alert, energetic, sociable, and wide awake) by increasing the concentration of dopamine in the neural synapse if used a lot, paranoid, psychotic behavior, and violence

cocaine

was put in Coca-Cola until the U.S. government outlawed it

cocaine

Suppose that you are working in a sleep laboratory, where you are monitoring a subject's sleep recording during the night. As the night progresses, you would expect to see that a) dreaming becomes less frequent. b) the four-stage cycle gradually lengthens. c) Stage 3 and 4 sleep periods lengthen. d) REM periods become longer. e) Stage 1 keeps reappearing.

d) REM periods become longer.

Which of the following symptoms suggests the presence of a sleep disorder? a) needing nine hours of sleep each night in order to feel rested b) napping during the day c) not remembering your dreams d) a REM period at the beginning of sleep e) a brief cessation of breathing once or twoce a night

d) a REM period at the beginning of sleep

Which of the following statements concerning the adaptive nature of sleep is true? Select one: a. Sleep enables the brain to restore itself. b. Activity is limited during sleep, thereby reducing threats of harm. c. Sleep strengthens neural connections. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

Regarding escapist pursuits, which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Escapist activities are associated with flow. b. Escapist activities are almost always harmful. c. Escapist activities are generally beneficial. d. Escapist activities are sometimes harmless, but sometimes detrimental.

d. Escapist activities are sometimes harmless, but sometimes detrimental.

Which of the following relationships is NOT correct? Select one: a. marijuana-THC receptors b. cocaine-dopamine receptors c. opiates-opiate receptors d. MDMA-acetylcholine receptors

d. MDMA-acetylcholine receptors

According to research on the cognitive effects of meditation, which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Meditation may improve attention and reduce stress. b. Long-term practicing of meditation may result in structural brain changes. c. Meditation may delay age-related cognitive declines. d. Meditation is identical to hypnosis.

d. Meditation is identical to hypnosis.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to use marijuana for a medicinal purpose? Select one: a. an Alzheimer's patient for memory loss b. a schizophrenic to reduce fearful hallucinations c. an alcoholic to reduce the withdrawal symptoms d. a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy to reduce nausea

d. a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy to reduce nausea

Consciousness can by altered through: Select one: a. hypnosis b. meditation c. drug use d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Sleep deprivation may lead to: Select one: a. immune system suppression b. problems in mood c. problems in cognitive performance d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Hypnosis, meditation, and drug use allow an individual to: Select one: a. escape the self b. achieve flow c. alter consciousness d. both A and C

d. both A and C

Which of the following actions is LEAST likely to occur unconsciously? Select one: a. swinging your arms b. chewing gum c. walking to the store d. following GPS directions

d. following GPS directions

Psychology has verified that meditation can be useful for producing a) heightened cognitive arousal. b) a deeper understanding of oneself. c) enlightenment. d) increased metabolic rates. e) a state of relaxation.

e) a state of relaxation.

According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreams are a) replays of events during the previous day. b) wish fulfillments. c) mental garbage. d) storylike episodes that provide clues about problems in the unconscious mind. e) an attempt by the brain to make sense of random activity in the brain stem.

e) an attempt by the brain to make sense of random activity in the brain stem.

An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified either by mental, behavioral, or chemical means. This suggests that a) some states of consciousness are mystical phenomena that cannot ever be explained. b) altered states of consciousness are the primary source of creativity in our minds. c) consciousness is immutable. d) all states of consciousness are controlled by unconscious needs, desires, and memories. e) psychologists can study altered states of consciousness with scientific methods.

e) psychologists can study altered states of consciousness with scientific methods.

drugs that increase behavioral and mental activity activate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure improve mood but also cause people to become restless disrupt sleep

stimulants

the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana that produces a relaxed mental state, an uplifted or concentrated mood, and some perceptual and cognitive distortions

tetrhydrocannabinol (THC)