Psychology Chapter 9: Study Guide

Albert sees a great deal of difference between all of his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same. Albert's beliefs are best explained by A. theoutgrouphomogeneityeffect. B. theingroupbias. C. hissocialdominanceorientation. D. the own-race bias.

A

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given race is called A. racism. B. prejudice. C. discrimination. D. a stereotype.

A

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given sex is called A. sexism. B. prejudice. C. discrimination. D. a stereotype.

A

Data from 27 countries shows that people everywhere perceive women as more _______ and men as more _______. A. agreeable; outgoing B. outgoing; agreeable C. democratic; emotional D. emotional; collectivist

A

In which situation are people LEAST likely to rely on stereotypes? A. when they are very calm B. when they are short on time C. when they are tired D. when they are preoccupied

A

Joe is an American. He views people trying to immigrate into America as nothing more than pests. This is an example of A. infrahumanization. B. ethnocentrism. C. xenophobia. D. terror management.

A

Karen's idea about what all football players are like is based on her knowledge of Tim Tebow. Which of the following is the problem with Karen's perception? A. Tim Tebow, a vivid case, is not the best basis for judging the entire group B. Karen's perception is based on her meta-stereotype C. Karen is clearly stigma conscious D. Karen's perception is based on an illusory correlation

A

Paul is a very tolerant White male. When he meets Bill, an African-American, Paul assumes that Bill will view him as an arrogant spoiled White man. Paul's belief is an example of a(n) A. meta-stereotype. B. prejudice. C. own-racebias. D. outgroup homogeneity.

A

Vince and Wanda are both members of the high school band. Vince plays tuba and Wanda plays the flute. Vince believes that the brass section is the strongest section of the band while Wanda believes the woodwinds are the most important section. Vince and Wanda's beliefs are best explained in terms of A. their ingroup biases. B. theoutgrouphomogeneityeffect. C. realisticgroupconflicttheory. D. scapegoat theory.

A

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism? A. "Women have a superior moral sensibility." B. "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash." C. "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men." D. "Women are more emotional than men."

A

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism? A. Women have a superior moral sensibility B. Once a man commits, the woman controls his life C. Men are immoral D. Men are from Mars and women are from Venus

A

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort. B. It is easy to resist categorizing people into groups. C. Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice. D. Categorization always leads to discrimination.

A

Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______. A. gender-role norms;gender stereotypes B. gender stereotypes;gender-role norms C. gender preferences;gender roles D. sexist attitudes; sexists stereotypes

A.

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is a(n) A. prejudice. B. stereotype. C. discrimination. D. emotion.

B

A review of research on gender attitudes suggests A. that most people havegut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably. B. a "women-are-wonderful" effect. C. that most people express more admiration than affection for women. D. that men and women are viewed as equally understanding and helpful.

B

Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of A. a form of prejudice. B. a favorable stereotype. C. hostile sexism. D. discrimination.

B

In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher evaluations if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students than White students. This finding is an example of A. subtleprejudice. B. modernprejudice. C. racism. D. explicit prejudice.

B

In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most children A. chose the Black dolls. B. chose the White dolls. C. refused to choose between them. D. used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.

B

Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is A. discrimination. B. a stereotype. C. a behavioral tendency. D. an example of groupthink.

B

Kevin has just met Fred, a White American teenage boy. Kevin assumes that Fred would not be a good basketball player because "white men can't jump." This is an example of A. prejudice. B. stereotyping. C. discrimination. D. sexism.

B

Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice. A. frustration B. unequalstatus C. conformity D. authoritarianism

B

Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____. A. descriptive; prescriptive B. prescriptive;descriptive C. worldwide;personal D. personal; worldwide

B

On the reality television show "Survivor," two tribes compete for luxuries such as food and shelter. During such challenges, one group's success becomes another group's failure. According to _____, such dynamics may breed prejudice. A. socialization theory B. realistic group conflict theory C. authoritarianism D. scapegoat theory

B

People who move to a region of the country where racism is unknown, students who attend a college that prizes multicultural values, and children raised by open- minded parents all become less prejudiced. These findings support a(n) ____ explanation of prejudice. A. scapegoat B. socialization C. authoritarianism D. realistic group conflict

B

Sally believes that all psychology majors are nosey. When she meets Jonathan she is surprised because, although he is a psychology major, he respects her privacy and doesn't push her to share things if she doesn't want to. What will likely happen to Sally's stereotype of psychology majors? A. She will revise her current stereotype. B. ShewillsaythatJonathanistheexceptiontotherule. C. ShewilldislikeJonathan. D. She will assume he is being nice for some other self-serving reason.

B

Stereotype threat explains why A. individuals hide their prejudicial biases in most social situations. B. individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. C. people evaluate individuals more positively than groups. D. stereotypes can be unwarranted generalizations across situations.

B

Targets for displaced aggression are commonly referred to as A. stereotypes. B. scapegoats. C. outgroups. D. bigits.

B

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? A. People with high self-image tend to be more prejudiced. B. People with low self-image tend to be more prejudiced. C. There is no connection found between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice. D. The connection between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice is a weak one.

B

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as A. discrimination. B. displaced aggression. C. realistic group conflict. D. institutional supports.

B

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. ethnocentrism. D. arrogance.

C

Amanda, thirty-five year-old Black woman, has witnessed a crime. When shown a lineup of suspects, Amanda is most likely to recognize the culprit if the culprit A. is White. B. is a senior citizen. C. is in his 30's. D. is Asian.

C

Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. After meeting Kim who as a 4.0 GPA and spends 20 hours each week volunteering to help the disabled children Beth says "well, she's the exception to the rule." This is an example of A. terrormanagementtheory. B. astereotypethreat. C. subtyping. D. thejust-worldphenomenon.

C

Elvis is a gay man. He believes that every time he speaks people interpret his opinions in terms of his homosexuality and expects to be the victim of prejudice of discrimination. Which of the following best describes Elvis? A. Hewouldscorehighinsocialdominanceorientation. B. Hewouldscorehighinameasureofauthoritarianism. C. Heisverystigmaconscious. D. He has a self-perpetuating stereotype.

C

Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds such a strong belief that her ethnic group is superior to all others that she could accurately be described as being A. prejudiced. B. discriminatory. C. ethnocentric. D. arrogant.

C

People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that _______ hierarchies and oppose policies that _______ hierarchies. A. establish; eliminate B. eliminate;establish C. maintain;undermine D. undermine; maintain

C

People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them. This is called A. discrimination expectation. B. prejudice anticipation. C. stigma consciousness. D. stereotype threat.

C

Persons high in _____ tend to view people in terms of status hierarchies—with themselves being at the top. A. sexism B. racism C. social dominance orientation D. bigotry

C

Prejudice is a(n) A. behavior. B. cognition. C. attitude. D. affect.

C

The benefit of being high in stigma consciousness is that it can buffer individual A. autonomy. B. freedom. C. self-esteem. D. confidence.

C

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the A. ingroup heterogeneity effect. B. out group homogeneity effect. C. own-racebias. D. faceism effect.

C

The tendency of people to get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the A. group-servingbias. B. stigma consciousness. C. just-world phenomenon. D. outgroup homogeneity effect.

C

We tend to _______ the competence of those in high-status positions and _______ those who agreeably accept a lower-status position. A. like; respect B. devalue;admire C. respect;like D. admire;ignore

C

Which of the following is NOT an example of subtle prejudice? A. exaggerating ethnic differences B.feeling less admiration and affection for immigrant minorities C. believing one race to be better at certain tasks than others D. rejecting minorities for supposedly nonracial reasons

C

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Motivations not only lead people to be prejudiced but also lead people to avoid prejudice. B. Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal rather than external. C. Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is external rather than internal. D. Categorization is necessary for prejudice.

C

Which statement is true? A. Surveys indicate that Americans are becoming more prejudiced. B. Prejudice is more overt now than in the past. C. Measures of automatic attitudes suggest that surveys may underestimate the amount of prejudice in America. D. Prejudices, since they are attitudes, have three components: beliefs, opinions, and sentiments.

C

Who is most likely to support a policy, such as tax cuts for the wealthy, that maintains hierarchies? A. a male B. a female C. a person high in social dominance D. a person low in social dominance

C

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) A. affect. B. behavioral tendency. C. cognition. D. stereotype.

D

A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups is what social psychologists call A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. unequalstatus. D. social dominance orientation.

D

A person is labeled as ______ if they believe in the superiority of his/her own ethnic and cultural group and shows disdain for all other groups. A. discriminatory B. high in social dominance orientation C. xenophobic D. ethnocentric

D

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called A. racism. B. discrimination. C. sexism. D. prejudice.

D

All of the following are true of societies with large income disparity except A. they exhibit less communal health. B. theyhavemoreinstancesofdruguse. C. theyhaveamoreobesepopulation. D. they have fewer prisons.

D

All of the following statements are social sources of prejudice EXCEPT A. A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position. B. Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice. C. Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice. D. Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.

D

Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT A. affects. B. behavioral tendencies. C. cognitions. D. stereotypes.

D

Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. Which of the following statements would likely be true of Bill? A. He suffers from antisocial personality disorder. B. He scores highly on modern racism scales. C. He has a social identity disorder. D. He has an authoritarian personality.

D

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in A. schools. B. government. C. the media. D. All of the above

D

In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher evaluations if participants were led to believe they were written by A. White students. B. Male students. C. Femalestudents. D. Black students.

D

In an extensive review of studies on gender bias in the evaluation of men's and women's work, the most common result was A. higher ratings of women's work by women. B. higher ratings of women's work by men. C. high ratings of men's work by women. D. no differences in the ratings of men's or women's work by either sex.

D

In which of the following situations are people LEAST likely to experience ingroup bias? A. whentheingroupissmall B. when the in-group is lower in status than the outgroup C. when our in-group is successful D. when the ingroup is in the majority

D

Most Americans agree that A. the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family. B. they would probably move if Black people came to live in great numbers in their neighborhood. C. the two sexes are equally emotional. D. they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

D

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations A. are more widespread than formerly believed. B. are higher among females than males. C. are higher among males than females. D. can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.

D

Research concerning automatic prejudices reveals that A. automatic processing is associated with the frontal cortex. B. pictures of outgrips that elicit the most disgust elicit more frontal lobe activity. C. automatic processing is a conscious activity. D. automatic processing involves primitive areas of the brain associated with fear.

D

Which of the following is NOT a social source of prejudice? A. unequal status B. socialization C. institutional support D. social identity theory

D

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity. B. The less our familiarity with a social group, the more we stereotype. C. We are likely to exaggerate the similarities within a group we are not a part of. D. The larger and more powerful the group, the less we attend to them and the more we stereotype.

D

Which statement is FALSE? A. Strong gender stereotypes exist. B. Members of a stereotyped group accept the stereotypes. C. Worldwide, women are perceived as more agreeable. D. Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.

D

_______ is a negative attitude; _______ is a negative behavior. A. A stereotype;racism B. Racism; stereotyping C. Discrimination;prejudice D. Prejudice; discrimination

D

Which of the following is true about men compared to women? A. they are more likely to be murdered B.theyaremorelikelytobediagnosedwithautism C. theyaremorelikelytocommitsuicide D. they are more likely to suffer from anxiety disorders

all of the above.