Psychology Exam 1 Chapter 1-7

If you can't come up with a good answer to a difficult problem, often the best way to tackle the problem is to:

sleep on it

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

Wilhelm Wundt and his students used what type of approach to break down consciousness into elements of sensation and feelings?

structuralism

Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?

William James

Compared with the children of authoritative parents, children of permissive parents tend to be _____ and immature.

aggressive

A study of an individual may mislead us if the individual is atypical. This expresses a limitation of the _____ method of descriptive research.

case study

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of stability and _____.

change

Jameson is a magician who amazes his audience by seeming to make objects disappear into thin air. He is exploiting his audience's _____, for example, by distracting them with hand movements as he slips objects down his sleeves.

change blindness

In grade school, Jessica refused to interact with any of the boys in her class. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude toward boys represents the:

change side of the stability and change developmental issue.

Transduction

changing one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

According to the text, electrical and _____ activities of the brain are the bases of perception, thoughts, memories, and feelings, or the human subjective sense of self.

chemical

Laurie has a thought about the meaning of life. This mental process arises from electrical and _____ activity in the brain. physical world of the body was related to the subjective, psychological world of the mind.

chemical

Which of the following has research demonstrated is NOT a possible biological cause of autism spectrum disorder?

childhood MMR vaccinations

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is MOST directly relevant to the issue of:

continuity and stages

Sandra is a 21-year-old college student who is unsure how her current relationship will be affected if she chooses to wait until marriage to be sexually active. A psychology researcher would tell her:

couples who wait until they are deeply committed have the best sex lives

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.

cross-sectional

After coming home from the store, Jason forgets to get the groceries out of the back of the car. This is an example of:

how humans behave automatically

Dr. Neider is studying how rats learn to navigate a maze. The results of this study can be applied to human learning because:

humans and rats have the same learning process

Puberty is the period of _____maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

sexual

Antonio is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Antonio is more likely to be:

sexually active

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates _____ constancy.

shape

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

shaping

Sonya cannot find her car keys in her apartment after searching every room. Her roommate found her keys next to Sonya's computer. Why Sonya's roommate found the keys and Sonya did not is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to changes sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

intensity

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)

A father takes his 1-year-old son out for a walk. The toddler reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the boy's mother brings home some red flowers. The boy cries loudly as soon as he sees them. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

the bee sting

Neurotransmitter is to neurons as hormone is to:

the bloodstream

Early case studies of the brain found that damage to one side of the brain caused numbness or paralysis on the opposite side of the body. This suggested that:

the body's right side is connected to the brain's left side, and vice versa.

Lynda drinks a cup of coffee in the morning, then several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily cups of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that Lynda experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of _____ symptoms.

withdrawal

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive emergency medical technician came over to her, Erin MOST likely said:

"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."

Barry is 65 years old and is worried that he will catch a cold that could escalate to something worse due to his age. What should you tell Barry?

"Don't worry too much. Older adults are less susceptible to short-term ailments because they have more antibodies than younger adults."

Fran's 8-year-old cat Minnie was stuck in a neighbor's cellar for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When her neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to Fran. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? (A) Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation (B) Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate shapes. (C) She will be totally blind. (D) Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate colors.

(A)

In a classic experiment, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. The researchers found that after viewing the erotic material: (A) the men who thought they drank alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt free. (B) the men who did NOT drink alcohol did NOT feel guilty and did not have sexual fantasies, regardless of whether they thought they drank alcohol. (C) all of the men had sexual fantasies and all felt the guilty. (D) the men who drank alcohol felt guilty for having sexual fantasies, regardless of whether they thought they drank alcohol.

(A)

Kiera stayed up way too late last night and her eyes are tired. She closes her eyes, and as she rubs the left side of her left eyelid, she notices a patch of light to the right. This is because: (A)nKiera's retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from her finger triggers them. (B) the pressure from Kiera's finger triggers a response in her cones, which are extremely responsive to darkness. (C) Kiera's pupils contract in the darkness. (D) Kiera's rods are responding to the darkness.

(A)

The link between chronic sleep deprivation and obesity can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT: (A) enhances the activation of the hippocampus which produces hormones that trigger hunger (B) increases cortisol, a stress hormone that stimulates the body to make fat. (C) increases ghrelin, a hunger-arousing hormone, and decreases its hunger-suppressing partner, leptin. (D) enhances limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food and decreases cortical inhibition.

(A)

The production and transmission of hormones in the endocrine system is MOST similar to which of the following scenarios? (A) You type a text message, which your friend shows to a third party, who reacts to it (B) Your computer gets a virus, which destroys your hard drive. (C) You receive a phone call, which disturbs you. (D) You receive a text message and immediately react.

(A)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates hindsight bias? (A) After seeing case information and an autopsy report, physicians may claim that they could have used the case information alone to predict the cause of death accurately. (B) Two physicians disagree about how best to treat a certain patient. They decide to see if research indicates which treatment has been more successful. (C) A physician predicts it will take her two hours to complete a surgical procedure that then takes her three hours. (D) Looking back on their medical training, physicians tend to exaggerate the number of hours they spent working during medical school.

(A)

A researcher subliminally presents words that are either emotionally positive (e.g., love) or negative (e.g., hate) immediately before showing pictures of houses to participants. When he asks the participants to rate the houses in terms of attractiveness, they: (A) give higher ratings to the houses with more windows. (B) give higher ratings to the houses that followed positive images. (C) give higher ratings to the houses that followed negative images. (D) rated all the houses equally.

(B)

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it: (A) stimulates activity in regions of the brain that are involved with emotion, especially positive emotions. (B) depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions. (C) is a stimulant. (D) increases activity in the motor regions while simultaneously decreasing activity in sensory regions.

(B)

Cocaine is powerful stimulant that can increase aggressive behavior. A research team hypothesizes that participants who are given cocaine will be more aggressive than participants who are not given cocaine. In the experiment, which of the following findings would support their hypothesis? (A) Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to drop out of the study. (B) Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant. (C) Men who were NOT given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant. (D) Men who were given cocaine were LESS likely to punish a pseudo-participant.

(B)

If you experience disrupted or inadequate sleep, how will it affect your memory? (A) It will prevent memories from forming. (B) It will decrease your ability to process and store memories. (C) It will improve your recall. (D) It will have no effect on memory.

(B)

Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. Getting up early on Monday morning is difficult for him because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would help him with his Monday morning problem? (A) Jasper should stay up later on Sunday nights. (B) Jasper should try to maintain the same bedtime on weekends as he does during the rest of the week. (C) Jasper should sit in front of a bright light before bedtime. (D) Jasper should sleep later on Sunday mornings.

(B)

Marge and Xavier are eating dinner in a crowded restaurant. Marge hears the people at the next table talking about the upcoming election; Xavier does not. Why Marge hears the people talking and Xavier does not is BEST explained by: (A) differences in absolute threshold. (B) signal detection theory. (C) the effects of priming. (D) differences in processing subliminal stimulation.

(B)

Which is NOT a psychologically induced state of consciousness? (A) sensory deprivation (B) daydreaming (C) hypnosis (D) meditation

(B)

Which is NOT a state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously? (A) daydreaming (B) hypnosis (C) dreaming (D) drowsiness

(B)

Which is NOT a warning sign of alcohol use disorder? (A) craving alcohol (B) overeating (C) failing to honor a resolve to drink less (D) drinking binges

(B)

Which is a biological influence contributing to disordered drug use? (A) significant stress (B) variations in neurotransmitter systems (C) difficult environment (D) negative peer influences

(B)

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the image. This BEST illustrates: (A) the difference between absolute and difference thresholds. (B) the pervasive impact of sensory interaction. (C) that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. (D) that the process of sensory adaptation takes place over a period of time.

(C)

Bees can see ultraviolet light but cannot see the color red. This means that bees are NOT sensitive to: (A) short wavelengths. (B) any color. (C) long wavelengths. (D) intense colors.

(C)

Joan was born without functioning ovaries. What is MOST likely to be true? (A) She will have difficulty urinating. (B) None of these things is true. (C) She will need sex hormone replacement therapy to replace the lost sex hormones. (D) She will identify as a man.

(C)

Which of the following represents a hypothesis implied by the theory that hunger improves intellectual performance? (A) Since 1990, elementary school children have performed better on standardized tests taken before lunch than after lunch. (B) Hungry children will have difficulty concentrating. (C) Hungry adults will score higher on a math test than adults who are not hungry. (D) Hunger is measured by the number of hours since eating.

(C)

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on a conversation with passengers BEST illustrates the importance of: (A) selective attention. (B) cognitive neuroscience. (C) cognition. (D) dual processing.

(D)

A friend has asked you to explain how hormones influence behavior. Which of the following topics should you address? (A) sex and aggression (B) aggression and food (C) food and sex (D) all of the above

(D)

About 28 percent of traffic accidents occur when people are: (A) talking with passengers. (B) watching other drivers. (C) listening to music. (D) talking or texting on the phone

(D)

Dr. Garcia is using neuroimaging technology to determine which part of the brain is active when prejudiced people view photographs of White and Black people. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is Dr. Garcia likely to use? (A) MRI scan (B) fMRI (C) EEG (D) PET scan

(D)

Which of the following sleep disorders is MOST strongly associated with obesity? (A) narcolepsy (B) insomnia (C) night terrors (D) sleep apnea

(D)

Which of the following declines in later life?

-visual sharpness -muscle strength -auditory levels

Kelsie's roommate, Janice, fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, Kelsie needs to awaken her so that they can get to a party on time. Janice is sleep talking about her boyfriend's dog. When Kelsie begins laughing, Janice wakes up. She was in NREM-_____ sleep.

2

To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing your name, researchers would make use of a(n):

EEG

Beginning at about _____ months, children may greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.

8

If _____ transmission is blocked, we are paralyzed.

ACh

An example of the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems can be seen in our response to danger. The _____ order(s) the adrenal glands to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which provide a surge of energy.

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

priming

Activating, often unconsciously, associations in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive, remember, or respond to objects or events in certain ways

Which of the following provides evidence in favor of the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

Adult life does not seem to progress through the fixed, predictable series of steps that Erik Erikson envisioned

All of the following are aspects of biological maturation EXCEPT:

All of the following are aspects of biological maturation EXCEPT:

_____ are to a relaxed, awake state as _____ are to deep sleep.

Alpha waves; delta waves

Which of the following is something NOT measured in reaction time?

Carlos is asked to rate how he feels about a recent love affair.

Those who emphasize continuity over stages would choose which of the following to illustrate their viewpoint?

Children learn to control their emotional outbursts when they learn that making a request in a rational manner helps them become more successful at getting what they want

Kari admires her neighbor, who is well known for having taken in numerous stray animals. Kari is also interested in studying how to get more people to adopt pets from the animal shelter. Which of the following is the BEST approach for studying this type of altruistic behavior?

Conduct a case study by intensely interviewing the neighbor over the course of a year, but remember that anything one learns about her altruistic behaviors might not be relevant to the rest of the population

Jason is a 25-year-old homosexual man who wonders why he is homosexual and his two younger brothers are not. Which of the following might be a partial explanation?

During the second trimester, he was exposed to hormone levels typically experienced by female fetuses

Ronald wakes up feeling tired and with a headache. His physician suspects he may have sleep apnea, a sleep disorder. To make a proper diagnosis, the doctor uses a(n) _______ to view Ronald's brain while he is asleep.

EEG

Nelson is creative and smart, whereas Felipe tends to take initiative and does better in school. Which man is most likely the morning lark?

Felipe

The distinction between manifest content and latent content is central to _____ theory of dreams.

Freud's wish-fulfillment

Patsy is afraid of contract a STI through sexual intercourse, so she has decided to stick with oral sex. She should be informed of the danger of contracting _____ through oral sex.

HPV

Three-month-old Jake is no longer interested in a puppet head. What has happened?

He has become habituated

To ensure he gets the most out of his cruise vacation, Toby stays up late night after night. He tries to sleep during the day, but his cabin is too noisy and he suffers from REM sleep deprivation. What can Toby expect to happen during his first several nights back home?

He will experience REM rebound

Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from people and places associated with his drug use. Why is this a good recommendation?

He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What explains Celia's behavior?

Her frontal lobes are developing

According to B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning principles, which of the following is NOT an effective way to change the behavior of others?

Increase the frequency of reinforcement once the desired behavior is well established

A good theory has which of the following characteristics?

It includes an integrated set of principles

Jasminder is creative and smart, whereas Gemma tends to take initiative and does better in school. Which woman is most likely the night owl?

Jasminder

Katie is creative and smart, whereas Shannon tends to take more initiative and does better in school. Which woman is MOST likely the night owl?

Katie

Stewart is creative and smart, whereas Keith tends to take more initiative and does better in school. Which man is MOST likely the morning lark?

Keith

Dr. Penn is a neurologist studying the effects of multiple concussions on the brain. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use which of the following to get a glimpse of his clients' brains?

MRI scan

Emily has epilepsy. She avoids foods made with:

MSG

______ disagreed with Franz Gall's theory of phrenology and conducted a series of experiments in which he removed parts of the brain of animals and discovered that the behaviors did not match Gall's theory.

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens

According to B. F. Skinner, which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing an undesirable behavior?

Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class.

_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response.

Negative

_____ learning allows us to learn from others' experiences.

Observational

Dr. Raine is studying the relationship between love and attraction. He is particularly interested in learning which parts of the brain are active when people view images of their partner versus a stranger or friend, and so he uses _______ scan to view the brain of his participants.

PET

Dr. Khan is studying the relationship between love and attraction. She is particularly interested in learning which parts of the brain are active when people view images of their partner versus a stranger or friend. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is Dr. Khan likely to use?

PET scan

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who won't get into the car to go to school in the morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl

Which of the following accurately characterizes the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Part of the frontal lobes enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories.

In the study on story recall described in the text, who showed the HIGHEST recall of information from the story after a one-week-delay?

Participants who studied the stories and then did a recall test.

In 1961, two neurosurgeons were able to reduce seizure activity in epileptic patients by severing the corpus callosum. The neurosurgeons were:

Philip Vogel and Joseph Bogen

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into permanent memories by decreasing the amount time spent in _____ -sleep.

REM

If you gently awaken someone who is in _____ sleep, the person is likely to report being in the middle of an interesting dream.

REM

Dr. Render works with split-brain patients. When she presents the word "TOADSTOOL" to one patient, "TOAD" transmits to his left visual field and "STOOL" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he sees. The patient will say _____.

STOOL

Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic effect that results from a mother's heavy alcohol use during pregnancy?

Sasha, who has marks on her DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off, causing fetal alcohol syndrome

Cross- _____ studies compare people of different ages with one another.

Sectional

_____ refers to the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Sensation

Three-month-old Anna Grace is staring intently at the new person who just came to visit her parents. What has happened?

She has an inborn preference for novel stimuli

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's beliefs is TRUE?

Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by external consequences, not by internal thoughts and feelings

Psychologist _____ conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for eight days.

Stratton

All of the following are true about death and dying EXCEPT:

Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger.

William James wrote which classic psychological text in 1890?

The Principles of Psychology

Which of the following BEST characterizes the functions of the brain's association areas?

The association areas are generally thought to be involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Kaiser company's studies indicate that its new medication for depression significantly reduces symptoms in 90 percent of people diagnosed with depression. However, many well-constructed replication studies indicate that the new medication is no more effective than a placebo. Which of the following statements is likely to reflect the thinking of psychiatrists who have read all the studies?

The company's studies should be re-evaluated because their findings could not be replicated

Those who emphasize change over stability would choose which of the following statements to illustrate their viewpoint?

The first two years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

Many young children take ballet lessons several times a week. What is likely to happen in the brain as a result of these lessons?

The neurons involved in complex ballet moves will connect with each other to form networks

In her introductory psychology course, Dr. Campbell requires each student and a partner to design and conduct a research study. Lisa has and her partner have selected the survey method. What should they keep in mind as the designs their study?

The order and wording of questions is critically important, as is choosing a random, representative sample of the population under study

If people stare at an object without flinching, why doesn't it disappear?

Their eyes are constantly moving

Why is it that older people account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes when they have slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road as compared to younger adults?

They drive less than younger adults

Lee is an 8-month-old infant who is already walking around the house. What would Lee's pediatrician likely say to his parents?

This is actually rare, as most babies do not start walking until around their first birthday

The difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates _____ law.

Weber's

The difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This BEST illustrates:

Weber's law

A psychologist who studied under Hermann von Helmholtz, and was interested in the scientific study of consciousness, was:

Wilhelm Wundt

Professor Marcum believes that psychology should focus on consciousness and analyzing the subjective feelings and thoughts of a person's experience by using introspection as the method of study. Professor Marcum views of psychology would most closely resemble:

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following best describes how William James and Wilhelm Wundt differed in their beliefs about laboratory work?

Wundt believed that laboratory work was important in Understanding mental processes, and James believed that laboratory work was limited.

What was the major difference in emphasis between Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener?

Wundt emphasized how the elements of consciousness were related, while Titchener focused on identifying the basic elements themselves.

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance--the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

According to the text, K.C. was a patient with amnesia who could not recall episodes from his past. When he was asked to think about what he might do tomorrow, he reported:

a complete "blank."

A statistical measure used to assess the extent to which two factors vary together and therefore how well either one predicts the other is called _____.

a correlation coefficient

Raul was born with crossed eyes which hampered his development of normal perceptions. He did not have corrective surgery until he was 18 years of age. Lacking a normal visual experience during the early years, he will never achieve normal perceptions. This is caused by a lack of visual stimulation during:

a critical period

monocular cue

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

binocular cue

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

The all-or-none response of a neuron is similar to a:

a light switch that has only two positions—on and off

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

If the same individual wins the Powerball lottery on two separate occasions, this occurrence best illustrates:

a random outcome

Marcus is showing his 2½-year-old brother a book with various colored vehicles. Marcus' brother points to a red truck and says "car." Marcus then points to the red truck and says "no, red truck." His brother then says "red truck." According to Lev Vygotsky, Marcus is providing _____ to help his brother think at a higher level.

a scaffold

Dr. Petrie is interested in learning about the immigration experiences of Somalian migrants in Minnesota. Which of the following methods would be BEST for this research interest?

a survey

Unlike many of his friends, 17-year-old Vance has not had sexual intercourse. Which of the following factors might correlate with his lack of sexual activity?

above-average intelligence

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on participants' _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

absolute

Forty-five-year-old Ray has noticed that newspaper print is too small for him to read. Ray needs reading glasses because the lenses of his eyes are less able to _____.

accommodate

Nell and her sister Hannah need a night light on at bedtime. They believe that if the night light is on, they will not have a bad dream. This is an example of:

acquisition

Carole stubbed her toe last night. Today, she is painfully aware of her toe. Carole does NOT usually notice her toe due to sensory _____.

adaptation

If Saoirse moves her watchband up her wrist an inch, she will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates sensory _____.

adaptation

According to the text, psychological processes are:

adaptive

Dr. Han is trying to determine which brain structure is associated with aggressive behavior among rats. Which part of the brain is she likely to stimulate?

amygdala

In conducting research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.

amygdala

gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

People who suffer from schizophrenia have, among other things, an excess of dopamine. Therefore, medications used to treat this disorder are dopamine:

antagonists

During her adolescent years, Michelle used drugs and was extremely active sexually. When she became pregnant at the age of 21, she quit using drugs and has not used since. After she had the baby, Michelle went to college and earned a degree in nursing. Now Michelle is employed full-time as a nurse and spends the majority of her time with her daughter. What happened with Michelle demonstrates that developmental patterns:

are flexible

In general, the sympathetic nervous system _____, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system _____.

arouses and mobilizes; maintains and conserves

Ehud was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Ehud's initial understanding BEST illustrates the process of _____.

assimilation

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

association

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through:

association

The ______________ of the cerebral cortex interpret, integrate, and act on sensory information and link it with stored memories—a very important part of thinking.

association areas

Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:

associative learning

Mario has been a smoker for more than 20 years and every morning has a cigarette with his coffee. His doctor has urged him to quit smoking. Now, when Mario has a cup of coffee, he craves cigarettes. What can explain this?

associative learning

Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:

associative learning

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.

atrophy

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

When people routinely perform certain habits they can be said to be on _____.

autopilot

Pierce is a 12-month-old infant who just began crawling. This may be a result of Pierce sleeping on his _____.

back

subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

In a psychology experiment, Charles is asked to hold two pencils in front of him and touch the tips together. She then asks him to do this with one eye closed. Charles finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of:

binocular cues

Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance use disorder. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his substance misuse. Dr. Brooks is MOST clearly using a(n) _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Gerhardt has a client who suffers from substance use disorder. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his addiction. Dr. Gerhardt is most clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Maryann suffered brain damage due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Although she cannot consciously see, she can still interact with objects placed in front of her—as though she can see. She has:

blindsight

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.

bluntness

While shopping at the local supermarket, Nora notices the "reduced for quick sale" table, which has discontinued items as well as dented cans. She buys some of the discontinued items and avoids the dented cans because she knows that improperly canned food can form:

botulin

A researcher who attempts to understand the origin of sexual orientation by examining fetal exposure to testosterone is testing the hypothesis that _____ determines the child's sexual orientation.

brain development

Studying the sexual response to men's and women's sweat is a way that researchers can evaluate:

brain differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals

A century ago, scientists used _______ to help them determine that the right side of the body was connected to the left side of the brain, and vice versa; that damage to the back of the brain resulted in vision damage; and that damage to the left-front part of the brain produced difficulties with speech.

case studies

Staying up late and sleeping in on weekends, then going to bed early on Sunday is most likely to have an influence on the _____ rhythm.

circadian

Venus noticed that all the fish in her aquarium direct their mouths toward the top of the tank when she walks by. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

While 5-year-old Hope was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, her brother took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Hope to flinch and blink. Later during the party, when her mother approached her with a balloon, Hope blinked and flinched. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

Darla's dog Sam barks every time he hears the doorbell ring. Sam now barks when he hears a doorbell on the television. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Lacey always gets gas when her car's gas light beeps and lights up. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when people see lightning, they often anticipate that they will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Michael noticed that all the fish in his aquarium direct their mouths toward the top of the tank when he walks by. This is most likely an example of:

classical conditioning

When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of bees in his backyard. Now every time he hears the sound of bees, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, her brother took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Martha to flinch and blink. Later during the party, when her mother approached her with a balloon, Martha blinked and flinched. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.

clock

Raul is a contractor surveying the progress on a home being built. Although the frame isn't complete, he can still get a sense of what it will look like. This illustrates the principle of:

closure

_____ is another word for mental processes.

cognition

Dr. Glasson asks questions about how consciousness arises from the material brain. She is studying _____.

cognitive neuroscience

Every night, after dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she drinks two glasses of red wine before she goes to bed. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to:

complain of insomnia

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the _____.

conditioned response

Dr. Garcia is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Typically, he closes the classroom door just before he's about to give a quiz, which makes his students anxious and tense. Students soon learn to feel anxious whenever Dr. Garcia closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n):

conditioned stimulus

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus

Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues.

monocular

Vanni wakes up while his room is still fairly dark. He looks over and sees his shirt hanging on a hook. Vanni knows it's his red shirt because he hung it there before going to bed, but in the dark it looks gray to him. This is because in the dim light, the _____ in Vanni's eyes are ineffectual.

cones

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing role _____.

confusion

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates that information can be processed outside of _____ awareness.

conscious

Dr. Ellinham asks questions about how humans assemble information from many sources as they reflect on their past, adapt to their present, and plan for their future. He is studying _____.

consciousness

Dr. Sim asks questions about how humans assemble information from many sources as they reflect on their past, adapt to their present, and plan for their future. He is studying _____.

consciousness

When Dion was younger and he got in trouble for doing something wrong, his mother would ask him how he felt after getting in trouble. What psychological concept was Dion's mother trying to help him understand?

consciousness

Operant behavior operates on the environment and produces _____.

consequences

Two beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after the liquid in one beaker is poured into a shorter, wider beaker. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.

conservation

Blanca thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. Her belief is most directly relevant to the issue of _____ and stages.

continuity

Steve had a stroke last year. Although he can remember many things from his childhood, he is unable to remember what he ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke:

damaged his frontal lobes

Dr. Schrody studies states of consciousness that occur spontaneously, such as:

daydreaming

Dr. Garcia tells parents that she is studying addiction to video games in children but she is really studying childhood aggression. Dr. Garcia brings children and their parents into her lab and has the child play a video game. Then, once the child is enjoying the game, the parent is asked to remove the game from the child. Dr. Garcia is interested in how the children react when the game is removed. Dr. Garcia is using deception in her research and must explain the purpose of the deception and must _______ participants when the study is over

debrief

Dr. Vockler conducted an experimental study to determine if different dieting programs had any impact on weight loss. In this context, weight loss would be the study's:

dependent variable

In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be the:

dependent variable

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. Dr. Matsuko is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

As a young child, Samantha was extremely shy. She spent most of her time alone in her room while the other children played together outside. As an 11-year-old, she spends her time outdoors with a group of newly acquired friends. Samantha's behavior is consistent with the view that:

developmental patterns can change

John was always in trouble during his late adolescent years and his early 20s. He was arrested several times for underage drinking, disorderly conduct, and possession of marijuana. John is now in his 40s and is a successful attorney. He has not been in trouble since he was 23 years old. John's behavior demonstrates the view that;

developmental patterns can change

Your friend describes an article they read about a tribe in Africa who believe that mind, or the soul, and body are separate entities. This tribe's beliefs address which idea?

dualism

Ahmad asked Reza to turn up the radio, so Reza increased the volume from level 5 to level 7. Reza could hear the difference but Ahmad couldn't. They differed in their _____ threshold.

difference

Farzana thinks she conceived about seven days ago. She rushes to find a book on pregnancy so that she can learn more about it. The book says that around the seventh day of pregnancy the cells of the zygote begin to _____.

differentiate

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is referred to as:

discrimination

Boris was raised in a Russian orphanage where he was given minimal care. At age 6, he was adopted by a loving American family. As he matures, it is likely that Boris will:

display anxiety

Research has shown that American couples who live together before marriage have had higher rates of _____.

divorce

In examining the role of genes and neurons in addictive behavior, researchers have found that the neurotransmitter _____ appears to be involved.

dopamine

Jakub has Parkinson's disease. He takes medication that increases the level of_____.

dopamine

When Marcia goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth under his eyelids. The child is also lying very still. It is likely that he is:

dreaming

Dr. Mecina, who is concerned with how vision is processed consciously and unconsciously, is studying _____.

dual processing

Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year-old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.

early

Mike is watching a Disney movie with his son, Jason. Jason likes the movie so much that he becomes excited and stands in front of the TV. Mike asks Jason to move so that he can see the TV. Jason doesn't move. Jason is demonstrating:

egocentrism

Viki's cousin miscarried during her eighth week of pregnancy. Her baby was in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

embryo

As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate, such as heroin, the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called:

endorphins

Collin often experiences a "runner's high" during his daily three-mile run. This is most likely produced by _____.

endorphins

Malcolm is unable to have an erection and has gone his doctor to discuss the problem. Malcolm's doctor referred to this problem as:

erectile disorder

John and Jaqueline have been married for 10 years and are still very much in love. Generally, they're very kind to each other, but during yesterday's argument, John told his wife that she was useless. Jacqueline shrugged off his words, thinking, "He's just having a bad day." Jaqueline perceives his insult as minimal due to her:

experience

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response.

fear of a loud noise

Marin has just given birth to a six-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small and slightly disproportioned. Marin drank heavily while she was pregnant, so it is possible that the infant has _____.

fetal alcohol syndrome

John acts "goth" at school. At home, he is the football player. What is John trying to do?

find his identity

Some research suggests that couples report greater relationship satisfaction, stability, and better sex when they:

first establish a strong commitment to each other

Scott received a money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer rewards program. With this program, he will get a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Which of the following is NOT a conditioned reinforcer?

food

Abigail is disgusted by the cover for a rapper's new album. The cover displays the artist wearing nothing but skimpy underwear. Abigail believes that the rapper's young female fans will see this self-objectification as acceptable and even mimic it themselves. Abigail has vowed to boycott any music or performances by the rapper. She has entered the _____ stage of development.

formal operational

Abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed during Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Christina is in the eighth grade and is taking Pre-Algebra. She is doing very well and will be taking Algebra 1 next year. Christina is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operational

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes.

frontal

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

Dr. Snell wants to use neuroimaging to detect which part of the brain is active when a person is lying. She asks half her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhood and half to tell a lie about such an event. Which brain imaging technique should she use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Which of the following early schools of thought in psychology focused on how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments?

functionalism

Jajuan's professor studies the mental processes in humans that have aided in survival. She uses the _____ approach within psychology that was developed by William James.

functionalist

Visual information is processed by _____ cells after it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells.

ganglion

In Laurie's psychology lab, she and her partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on. They soon discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited _____.

generalization

In Laurie's psychology lab, she and her partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on. They soon discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited:

generalization

In classical conditioning, _____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, this occurs when the organism's response to similar stimuli is also reinforced.

generalization

Dr. Nygard is interested in learning about the immigration experiences of Syrian migrants in Maine. After surveying 15 migrants in Maine, he concludes that all migrants in Maine have experienced racism and discrimination since coming to the United States. Dr. Nygard can _______ the results to other migrants from Syria in Maine.

generalize

Peter just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He felt that this gold watch was just a meaningless trinket and was glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Peter is in the stage of development called:

generativity vs. stagnation

A researcher subliminally presents words that are either emotionally positive (e.g., love) or negative (e.g., hate) immediately before showing pictures of houses to participants. When he asks the participants to rate the houses in terms of attractiveness, they:

give higher ratings to the houses that followed positive images

The endocrine system consists of:

glands

Delaying _____ is associated with future academic, vocational, and social success.

gratification

Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of _____, such as denial before anger.

grief

In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary has primary responsibility for regulating:

growth

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf on Monday morning. That morning he started driving to work instead of the golf course. This is an example of:

habitual behavior

Tanya recently retired from her job of 35 years at a local bank. She woke up Monday morning, got dressed, ate breakfast, and, before she realized it, found herself in the bank's parking lot. She did not even remember driving there. This may be an example of:

habitual behavior

Three-month-old Nolan is no longer interested in a puppet head. This is probably because he has become _____.

habituated

A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that:

higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress

After some research, Albert chose six companies in which to invest money. His wife fully supported his decisions, so he made the investments. After a year, five companies had gone bankrupt, wiping out Albert's investments. His wife was furious, claiming that anyone could have seen that these companies were going to fail. This claim illustrates a thinking error called:

hindsight bias

Before the annual "Blue versus Red" football game, Sara bet on the Blue team, who later lost. After the game, she claimed she knew the Blue team would lose. This illustrates:

hindsight bias

Martin was in a car accident that left him in a coma and near death. His physicians predicted that he would never wake up, but 13 days after the accident, Martin did wake up and was soon on the road to recovery. Martin's Aunt Marie proudly claimed, "I knew all along that Marty would make it." This illustrates a thinking error is called:

hindsight bias

Sandra bought 20 lottery tickets every week. After 15 years, she hit the jackpot and won millions of dollars. During an interview with a TV reporter, she was tempted to say that she had known all along that her number would come up someday, but she did not. Sandra avoided making a thinking error called _____.

hindsight bias

The homecoming queen from Jaiden's high school married the captain of the football team right after graduation. After learning that they are splitting up, Jaiden has the feeling that he would have predicted this, even though at the time he told his best friend that he could not imagine them apart. This illustrates:

hindsight bias

As a result of a car accident, Sari now has problems forming new memories of facts and events. Sari's _____ was damaged in the car accident.

hippocampus

Ulysses suffers from substance use disorder. Who is MOST likely to suffer from it as well?

his identical twin

sensory adaptation

reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation

Some baby animals form a rigid attachment known as:

imprinting

Ed has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He is taking an experimental medication, which is designed to:

increase the level of ACh

Sue has Parkinson's disease. She takes medication that:

increases the level of dopamine

If a researcher is studying different approaches to dieting to determine which is the most effective for weight loss, the manipulation of dieting is the:

independent variable

The results of Jasper's study for his dissertation showed that 200 mg of experimental Drug R had a minimal-to-modest effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He decided to revise his original hypothesis by increasing the dosage needed to reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent to 300 mg. This increase in Drug R is a manipulation of the:

independent variable

Adolescents in _____ cultures often try out different "selves" in different situations.

individualist

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Dr. Garcia believes that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories. Dr. Garcia is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.

information-processing

Dr. Williams believes that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories. Dr. Williams is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.

information-processing

The vast majority of neurons in the body's information system are:

interneurons

Julio wants his paintings of the English countryside to be realistic. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, which technique should he use?

interposition

When Janice was younger and she got in trouble for doing something wrong, her mother would ask her to take notes of how she felt after getting into trouble. What method was Janice's mother using?

introspection

When we are trying to explain psychological phenomena, overconfidence can lead us astray. This shows that we cannot rely solely on _____ and common sense.

intuition

Marissa has correctly predicted the final score of her university's basketball games in two consecutive games. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Marissa's predictive accuracy:

is a random and coincidental occurrence

Both men and women have said that they fantasize about sex. Fantasizing about sex:

is normal in sexually active people

Which of these is NOT a conscious experience?

knowing that three out of four dentists recommend the leading toothpaste

A highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have:

larger parietal lobes

Judith just turned 65. What stage of adult development is she entering?

late adulthood

The term for hemispheric specialization is:

laterization

Conditioning is the process of:

learning associations

Fannie is unable to speak as the result of a stroke that affected her ____ hemisphere.

left

Someone with a split brain will have trouble verbally identifying an object projected in their _____ visual field.

left

Paul Broca worked with a brain damaged patient, "Monsieur Leborgne," who could understand language but could only say the work "tan". When this patient died Broca examined his brain and found that his language problems were caused by damage to the _____of the brain.

left side

Forty-five-year-old Mortimer has noticed that newspaper print is too small for him to read. Mortimer needs reading glasses because the _____ of his eyes are less able to accommodate.

lenses

By _______ clusters of brain cells, scientists have discovered that damage to part of the occipital lobe results in a loss of vision.

lesioning

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Faircloth is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a _____ study.

longitudinal

_____ studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time

longitudinal

Depressed mood states are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine.

low; low

Delores, a 54-year-old woman, experienced menopause one year ago. She now finds that the frequency of her sexual fantasies and interest in sex has diminished. This change is due to:

lowered sex hormone levels

Phylisha dreams that a man with a baseball bat repeatedly gets in and out of a car parked in front of her house. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the specific dream details that Phylisha remembers are called the _____ content.

manifest

A police officer was shot in the head and immediately stopped breathing. It is likely the bullet pierced his:

medulla

The _____ sits at the base of the brainstem and below the pons.

medulla

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at a novel object and turn away from a familiar one provides compelling evidence regarding their:

memory capacities

In a clinical trial of Drug R for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), researchers hypothesize that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent, as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The independent variable is:

mg of Drug R administered

Pearl is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

Juanita is 56 years old. She is in which stage of adult development?

middle adulthood

Psychology is the study of ______ and ______.

mind; behavior

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

motor cortex

Tati suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. She is now unable to perceive _____.

movement

Pete's son Miles begins to comfort other people when he feels they are distressed. Pete and his wife have been divorced since before Miles was born. They both work very long hours, going to work before Miles wakes up and coming home after he goes to bed. If Miles gets hurt, his nanny tells him to "buck up." The fact that Miles comforts others, given the lack of comforting he has seen in his own life, is an example of:

nativism

The belief that the mental capacities of children resemble those of ancestors and have been passed down through generations is an example of: involved breaking down consciousness into elemental sensations and feelings.]]

natural selection

An instructor has asked her class to create a study to examine the behavior of coyotes in a nearby preserve. Because the instructor is asking students simply to observe and record behavior, not to detect relationships among factors or explore cause and effect, which of the following methods should students choose?

naturalistic observation

Dr. Hernandez is interested in parent-child interaction in a play environment. Which of the following would be the BEST research method for this topic?

naturalistic observation

Jeffrey Dahmer experiences sexual attraction to corpses. This is known as:

necrophilia

A research study indicated that as work-related stress increases, marital satisfaction decreases. This finding illustrates a _____ correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness.

negative

Michael is concentrating on a work assignment at home when his son asks to watch a movie. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right then. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific feature of a stimulus, such as shape, angles, or movement.

Five-year-old Miles is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At his age, this development is likely due to the growth of _____ networks in his frontal lobes.

neural

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat depression. The results of the company's studies indicate that the medication significantly reduces symptoms of depression in 90 percent of people diagnosed with depression. However, numerous well-constructed replications of these studies fail to obtain the same results; rather, the replication studies indicate that the new medication is no more effective than a placebo in reducing the symptoms of depression. We can conclude it is likely that the:

new medication is not an effective treatment for depression

The sleep disorder known as _____ is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. This disorder occurs during Stage 4 sleep within two to three hours of falling asleep.

night terrors

Which of the following chemical messengers is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

norepinephrine

Jason really enjoys eating ice cream. The joy he receives from eating ice cream comes from the dopamine secreted from an area of the brain located in front of the hypothalamus. This area is called the:

nucleus accumbens

Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts BEST describes how Jill is learning to play tennis?

observational learning

Bart was hit by a baseball at the back of his head and is now having severe difficulties with his vision. This is because the baseball hit his _____ lobe.

occipital

Retrieval is the process by which:

one brings to mind information that is in memory.

Dr. Hauser is a neurosurgeon working with patients who suffer major epileptic seizures. What might Dr. Hauser do to help reduce his patients' seizures?

sever the corpus callosum

A recent survey indicated that 25 percent of heterosexual couples met:

online

A recent survey indicated that two-thirds of same-sex couples met:

online

Online adaptive quizzes that provide immediate feedback utilize the principles of _____ conditioning.

operant

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:

operant conditioning

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when her name was called. Now the dog comes every time Macy calls her name. This is an example of:

operant conditioning

The office vending machine gives extra candy bars when either the "a" or "b" choice is selected. Employees continue to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

Three-year-old Chad is being potty-trained. His mom has made a sticker chart, and every time he uses the potty he gets a sticker. This is an example of:

operant conditioning

Wayne has a new pet hamster that he is trying to train to use the running wheel by giving the hamster treats. Which type of learning theory is Wayne trying to use to train the hamster?

operant conditioning

Jennifer trained her dog to howl when it heard her play the piano by giving it a treat for doing so. One day, as Jennifer played a CD of a piano concerto in her car, her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and was demonstrating _____ of a learned response.

operant conditioning; generalization

Ricardo was in a car accident and suffered compound fractures of his arm and leg. Since the accident, he has been taking morphine, a powerful pain-killer. What type of drug is Ricardo taking?

opiate

Which of the following is a psychological factor that helps people flourish in later life?

optimistic outlook

At the beginning of the school year, students were asked to predict several social behaviors, such as how often they would call their parents, and to say how accurate they thought their predictions would be. Their predictions were not as accurate as they had thought they would be. This illustrates a phenomenon known as:

overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct in predicting one's own behaviors illustrates an error in thinking called _____.

overconfidence

We cannot rely solely on intuition or common sense to explain psychological phenomena. This is because we tend to think we know more than we actually do know, known as _____, and because of the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon, or _____.

overconfidence; hindsight bias

A highly efficient computer engineer would most likely have larger _____ lobes.

parietal

Stacey experiences sexual arousal toward prepubescent children. She is experiencing:

pedophilia

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

The fact that _____ involves more than the sum of our sensations BEST illustrates the importance of top-down processing.

perception

Between 1981 and 1987, thousands of New Yorkers claimed to have seen a UFO. The UFO sighting, which turned out to be a hoax, was actually a group of small planes with multi-colored lights attached. The pilots would fly in a formation that gave the impression of a UFO. People who saw a UFO were influenced by their:

perceptual set

Professor Page is conducting a study on _____. She shows the participants a picture of a man and woman. She tells half the participants that they are looking at a husband and wife. She tells the other half that they are looking at a store owner and her employee. The group that thinks the pair is married rates them as being more emotionally attached than the group that thinks they are not married

perceptual set

When John learned that Sara had been abused by her ex-husband, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set

The spinal cord is like an information highway that connects the _____ to the brain.

peripheral nervous system

According to Skinner's critics, he neglected _____ in his theory of behavior.

personal freedom

It is common wisdom that if a person does not have the use of one sense, such as vision or hearing, the other senses become more enhanced. This BEST illustrates:

plasticity

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Javier has designed a survey to measure the attitudes of the students at his university about the bus service on campus. He hopes to survey 1000 of the 21,000 students on campus. All the students at Javier's university form the _____ from which he will draw his sample.

population

Anne has been working nights and weekends to complete a project at work. She is successful and is awarded a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

positive

Judd believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

Jason was in a serious skateboarding accident in which he crashed headfirst into a tree. Since the accident, he has been irritable and has had trouble controlling his behavior and planning future activities. Jason likely damaged his:

prefrontal cortex

Raul went to see his doctor because he reaches orgasm too quickly. Raul was diagnosed with:

premature ejaculation

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a problem or scene at the same time; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

The surge of _____ that follows orgasm is not as great when orgasm is achieved alone as opposed to with a loved one.

prolactin

The idea that a species' sleep pattern fits its ecological niche fits the theory that sleep:

protects us

As a 5-year-old, Elvis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help, he relearned how to speak. As an adult, Elvis had a stroke and again lost his ability to speak. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to the _____ process.

pruning

Yolanda is studying the play style differences of three-year-old boys and girls. In what scientific field is she working?

psychology

The period of sexual maturation is called:

puberty

Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to young adults if asked to do which of the following?

recognize the words

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each type is sensitive to one of three colors: _____, green, or blue.

red

Compared to unprimed tasks, procedural memories and priming are associated with _____ activity in various brain regions, such as parts of the occipital and frontal lobes involved in visual processing and word retrieval.

reduced

A developmental psychologist studies the responses of a newborn. She puts her finger in the baby's hand. The baby grasps it. Then she strokes the baby's palm and the baby puts his fist in his mouth and sucks. The psychologist is testing the baby's _____.

reflexes

cones

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina; in daylight or well-lit conditions, cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.

SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.

retrieve

Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal interrupts her. If Tamika wanted to use operant conditioning principles to successfully eliminate the behavior, the MOST efficient response would be to:

reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call

Toni had a brain tumor removed. Now she has no vision in her left eye. Her tumor was located in her _____ occipital lobe.

right

When a baby's cheek is touched, she will turn toward the touch and open her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _____ reflex.

rooting

Dr. Loyola administers surveys to 15 refugees of the roughly 5000 refugees from Somalia who reside in Minneapolis because she is interested in their immigration experiences. After examining the survey answers, Dr. Petrie concludes that all refugees in Minnesota, roughly 12,000 in total, have experienced racism and discrimination since coming to the United States. What are some problems with this study?

sample size and sample bias

Perceptual sets are the result of the _____ we form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.

schemas

Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.

sex

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) cross-_____ study.

sectional

Rachel is 15 months old. When she is with her mother, she feels free to explore her environment and plays comfortably. When her mother leaves, she cries but is comforted when her mother returns. Rachel is displaying which of the following forms of attachment?

secure attachment

Dr. Ruth decided to assess whether violent imagery affected people's sense of humor. She showed married couples either violent or nonviolent movie scenes. Then the couples watched a comedy skit, and Dr. Ruth's assistants measured how often the couples laughed. In this research, the dependent variable consisted of:

sense of humor

The peripheral nervous system consists of _____ and motor neurons.

sensory

The minute Antonio walks into his mother-in-law's house, he is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, he no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation

When Jesiah arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the locker room showers. By the time he finished changing, he no longer noticed the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation

Anthony has signed up for a horticulture class. When he walks into the classroom on the first day he realizes that everyone else in the class, including the teacher, are women. He is aware of his:

social identity

Blythe walks into a Chinese restaurant and becomes aware that she is the only American in the room. Blythe is very aware of her nationality. Her _____ has formed around her uniqueness.

social identity

Reaching down to pet your dog is a voluntary action communicated to your muscles via the _____ nervous system.

somatic

While taking a test, you inadvertently drop your pencil, so you reach down, pick it up, and put it back on the desk. This voluntary action involved motor signals that were communicated out to your muscles via the _____ nervous system.

somatic

Clare just felt someone touch her shoulder. Her _____ cortex was stimulated.

somatosensory

Jennifer just felt someone touch her shoulder. Her _____ was stimulated.

somatosensory cortex

An accident left Leiko paralyzed below the waist. Though her genitals do not respond to erotic images, she does experience an increase in vaginal lubrication in response to genital stimulation. Leiko has MOST clearly suffered damage to her:

spinal cord

Danielle's parents are divorced, and she spends every other weekend at her dad's house. Because she was always getting into trouble at school, she was frequently punished at both her dad's house and her mom's house. After about a month of being punished, she stopped her bad behavior. Two weeks ago, the behaviors reappeared at school. This is an example of:

spontaneous recovery

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea BEST illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

Tia lived in an inner-city neighborhood for several years walked to school every day, engaging in appropriate crosswalk behaviors. Then, her family moved to a rural area where she was not required to cross the road. Tia's family unexpectedly relocated back to a big city. On the first day of school, Tia was able to remember how to walk safely to school and obey all traffic rules. This is an example of:

spontaneous recovery

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of _____ and change.

stability

Those who emphasize change over _____ would suggest that the first two years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

stability

Alex believes that psychological development occurs in a similar fashion to physical development, where crawling precedes walking. Alex supports which of the following views of development?

stages

Eli thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of continuity and _____.

stages

Based on research on _____, it probably is best to study for a psychology exam at a desk in a quiet room.

state-dependent retrieval

Dr. Granite studies _____ of consciousness, such as normal waking awareness, meditation, and dreaming.

states

Neuroscientists can _____ various parts of the brain and then see the effect without causing lasting damage.

stimulate

Nicole almost drowned in the ocean when she was a teenager. As an adult, she fears to take a bath and will only shower. This new fear is an example of:

stimulus generalization

Which of the following is a social-cultural factor that helps people flourish in later life?

support from family and friends

Dr. Petrie is interested in learning about the immigration experiences of Somalian migrants in Minnesota. Which of the following methods would be BEST for this research interest?

survey

One main difference between negative punishment and positive punishment is that negative punishment _____ a desirable stimulus and positive punishment _____an unpleasant stimulus in an effort to decrease behavior.

takes away; administers

It would be harder for a person in late adulthood to win a game of Jeopardy because it:

takes longer to react

Concerning the stability and change developmental issue, our _____ is more predictable than our social attitudes.

temperament

Cora was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She MOST likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.

temporal

Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and do it harm are called:

teratogens

Men experience a gradual decline in sperm count, _____, and speed of erection and ejaculation.

testosterone level

A father takes his 1-year-old son out for a walk. The toddler reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the boy's mother brings home some red flowers. The boy cries loudly as soon as he sees them. Which of the following is the conditioned response?

the boy crying

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next

During _____, the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge.

the excitement stage

At the corner of Jessica's desk is one of her favorite antique statues. If you looked at Jessica's desk, you would tend to perceive the statue as _____, and her desk as _____.

the figure; the ground

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

the growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes

Which of the following is important to the endocrine system but is not an endocrine gland?

the hypothalamus

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye; contains the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Private inner experience refers to what part of the study of psychology?

the mind

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd)

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups.

Research on sex differences regarding the felt experience and brain activity during orgasm indicated that:

the pleasurable feeling of sexual release is much the same for both sexes

blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; this part of the retina is "blind" because it has no receptor cells.

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

perception

the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees them. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

the red flower

Juan had a brain tumor removed. Now he has no vision in his left eye. Where was the tumor located?

the right occipital lobe

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are "turned on" by green and "turned off" by red; others are turned on by red and off by green.

Young-Helmoltz trichromatic (three-color) theory

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors--one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue. When stimulated in combination, these receptors can produce the perception of any color.

"If hunger improves intellectual performance, then hungry adults will score higher on a math test than adults who are not hungry." In that statement, "hunger improves intellectual performance" is a(n):

theory

Studies indicate that anxiety may be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Using information from these studies, a chemist at a pharmaceutical company has an idea for a new medication that she thinks will correct the imbalance. The chemist's idea is a(n) _____.

theory

Studies indicate that anxiety may be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Using information from these studies, a chemist at a pharmaceutical company has an idea for a new medication that she thinks will correct the imbalance. The chemist's idea is a(n):

theory

Ethel loves to talk about when she and her husband first were married. She has so many stories about their struggles and accomplishments. This is common, as older adults tend to remember:

things that happened during their teens and twenties well

Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood, this will be a vivid memory for him. This is because older adults tend to remember:

things that happened during their teens and twenties well.

B. F. Skinner believed that external influences, NOT _____, shape the behavior of humans and other animals.

thoughts and feelings

In classical conditioning one learns:

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

Analysis that is guided by higher-level mental processes, such as experience and expectations, is called:

top-down processing

The fact that perception involves more than the sum of our sensations BEST illustrates the importance of _____.

top-down processing

When Lisa opens her eyes in the morning, she sees flowers by her bedside. Lisa's eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called _____.

transduction

When Lottie opens her eyes in the morning, she sees flowers by her bedside. Lottie's eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

transduction

A survey showed that approximately ____ of adults who reported getting the sleep they needed were very satisfied with their personal lives.

two-thirds

A father takes his 1-year-old son out for a walk. The toddler reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the boy's mother brings home some red flowers. The boy cries loudly as soon as he sees them. Crying upon being stung is the _____ in this example.

unconditioned response

Sara had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. After a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:

unconditioned response

Jovan had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. After a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make him nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

unconditioned stimulus

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will win the next hand, which will enable him to break even. Jack is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Robert is in Las Vegas and decides to play roulette in his hotel's casino. He is convinced that there is a method to determine where the ball will land. However, roulette and similar games actually run on a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Tim has been working at a travel agency for 10 years and without notice and different times receives bonuses for his performance. This schedule would BEST be described as:

variable-ratio