Psychology Exam 2

_____________ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

Reinforcers

____________ is best described as the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

Sensation

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surfaces of different pieces of fabric to get the feel of them. This action is referred to as what?

active touching

A(n) __________ is the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed.

afterimage

Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes are known as _____________.

binocular cues

__________ is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

Extinction

In the context of the eye, changes in thickness of the lens permit:

A clear image on an object to be projected onto the retina

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n) _________

conditioned response

Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. After multiple times of using it, she notices that her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation for the food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective ___________ for Christine's dog.

conditioned stimulus

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into the driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a strangers car is due to ____________.

discrimination

In a ____________ a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent time that reinforcement is available.

fixed-interval schedule

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the __________.

fixed-interval schedule

Joe is a web contest writer. He gets paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, Joe's payment is based on the ___________ of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio schedule

In the context of operant conditioning, the removal of a pleasant stimulus is known as ____________.

negative punishment

In operant conditioning, organisms learn to do or not do things because:

of the consequences of their behavior

The retina consists of cells called ___________ that are sensitive to light.

photoreceptors

According to the law of ___________, there is a perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another.

proximity

The process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation is known as ____________.

sensitization

_______ is the sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies' positions relative to gravity.

the vestibular sense

What is true about Color (hue)?

It is determined by the wavelength of visible light.

Which of the following theories proposed that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?

The opponent-process theory

___________ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.

The principle of closure

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?

Umami